Zhytomyr Ivan Franko State University

The article highlights the peculiarities of speech therapy assistance to children of middle preschool age using computer didactic games. All the children who were assisted had generalized underdevelopment of speech (GUS). These children have difficulty understanding and using language, including building sentences, pronouncing sounds, and enriching vocabulary. To increase the effectiveness of pedagogical work, a targeted logotherapeutic program using a computer was introduced into the education process of preschool education institutions. The key criteria were identified, according to which the directions of speech therapy assistance were formed and computer exercises and games for such children were developed accordingly. Didactic material aimed at the development and therapy of speech disorders is posted on the education platforms LearningApps and Wordwall. Methodological rules for speech therapists and other pedagogical staff on organizing and providing assistance to preschoolers have been developed and mastered. Examples of didactic exercises and games are provided for each area of speech therapy practice (articulatory motor skills, sound pronunciation, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, grammatical structure of speech, and connected speech). The development of computer materials was carried out taking into account the individual and age characteristics of children of middle preschool age. To test the effectiveness of the logotherapeutic program, the implementation of its content using computer didactic games, a pedagogical experiment was conducted on the basis of preschool education institutions in Zhytomyr. The formative stage in the experimental group was conducted for 6 months. Diagnostics of the level of these competencies in middle-aged children with speech development disorders before and after the implementation of the logotherapeutic program convincingly demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach in speech therapy. Speech therapists should make more active use of the potential of computer didactic games both in preschool education institutions and at home.

The aim of the article is to analyse selected court cases involving women who killed their children, which were heard in Zhytomyr District Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in order to determine the psychosocial motives for the crime. The research methodology is based on general scientific and special historical methods, taking into account the basic principles of historical knowledge (analysis, historicism, objectivity). The methodological tools of social history, women’s studies, case studies and microhistorical analysis are used to highlight the specific peculiarities of the issue. The scientific novelty is conditioned by the fact of studying psychosocial factors of infanticide using specific criminal cases as examples, based on previously unpublished archival sources from Zhytomyr District Court. As a result, the author concluded that infanticide was caused by the spread of extra-marital relationships and the violation of social and cultural norms through manifestations of sexual freedom, ignoring control by the family or community, which often concerned pregnant women, soldiers’ wives, widows, and formally married women. The desire to hide extramarital pregnancies led women to destructive reactions: secret labor, deliberate refusal of help, lack of empathy to the child, which often resulted in the baby’s death. Therefore, the main motives for infanticide were: condemnation by the community or relatives, shame for illegitimate child, resentment to the newborn, refusal to care for and raise an unwanted child. Most women who killed their children were unprepared for future motherhood, in particular due to possible financial difficulties, loss of marriage prospects, and lack of examples of maternal care and love. Psycho-emotional tension caused by social pressure and adherence to established social and cultural norms pushed women, regardless of social status, age, or wealth, to protect their usual way of life and fulfil their social roles.

BACKGROUND: Russia’s long-term military aggression has caused stress that has affected all Ukrainians and catastrophically worsened their health, as evidenced by many studies. However, longitudinal dynamics of changes in the psycho-emotional-cognitive-behavioral state of victims have not yet been conducted, nor has a comprehensive set of protective-rehabilitation measures been provided. The above-mentioned shortcomings formed the basis of the study.METHODS: The sample covered most regions of Ukraine. Four categories of participants were selected: civilians, “internally displaced persons,” military personnel, persons released from captivity (N.=3916, aged 5-73 years). The research period lasted during the three years of the war in Ukraine (i.e., 2022, 2023, 2024). Twelve diagnostic tools were used.RESULTS: Of the 3916 participants, 2677 were diagnosed with various stress/trauma related disorders (951 males, 1726 females), mainly male military personnel and persons after captivity or occupation. Sleep disorders were recorded in 284 participants. Other psychosomatic disorders with concomitant eating disorders, negative somatics, anxiety and depression were identified in 184 participants, which provoked physical, emotional and sexual violence between partners and even suicidal tendencies in young people. Various behavioral disturbances/disorders were recognized in 771 children.CONCLUSIONS: Identified symptoms can provoke serious chronic neurological-somatic disorders/diseases. As a recreational tool, a complex system of Art-Therapy (AT) and rehabilitation techniques were developed, which implementation gave positive health-recovery results. Our study may contribute to expanding the range of nursing interventions in providing comprehensive care to populations affected by various disasters/conflicts, especially by war-induced psycho-emotional stress.

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the structure of musculoskeletal injuries in patients during the war in Ukraine and to determine the organizational and methodological features of the rehabilitation of patients with these injuries according to the conclusions of rehabilitation specialists. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 2022-2024, 102 rehabilitation specialists participated in it. Scientific methods: analysis of sources of scientific information, questionnaires, statistical methods. The survey of rehabilitation specialists was conducted using the author's questionnaire, which contains 27 questions divided into 3 blocks. Results: It was established that during the war years, significant changes occurred in the structure of appeals from patients with musculoskeletal diseases. The share of appeals for help for limb amputations increased to 23.6%, for injuries to joints, muscles and tendons - to 37.3%, for habitual dislocation of the patella - to 6.8%. Physiotherapists are convinced that the quality of rehabilitation services can be improved by using the latest equipment (35.3%), systematic advanced training of specialists (26.5%), expanding access to equipment (21.6%), and introducing the latest physiotherapy methods (13.7%). Conclusions: Based on the conducted research, a system of exercise therapy tools for certain diseases of the musculoskeletal system and the sequence of their application were determined, and practical recommendations were developed for the rehabilitation of the population with musculoskeletal disorders, taking into account changes in their structure and the opinions of rehabilitation specialists who have experience working during the war in Ukraine.

The article examines current trends and teaching methods used in the system of art education in the Republic of Poland. In the context of globalization, digitalization, and socio-cultural changes, the implementation of innovative approaches to art education becomes particularly important, as it should not only preserve cultural heritage but also foster the development of creativity, emotional intelligence, and visual thinking of learners. The aim of the study is to analyze contemporary pedagogical strategies in art education, their impact on the formation of a creative personality, and to compare innovative practices with traditional teaching methods. Particular attention is paid to the views of Polish scholars, including Urszula Szuszczyk and Beata Kunat, who substantiate the need for a holistic approach to art education through the integration of verbal and visual communication, stimulation of students’ individual experience, and the development of their perception, imagination, and thinking. The study also analyzes modern educational methods such as learning through action, intuitive drawing, the valorization method, the use of information and communication technologies, multimedia content, group creative projects, and others. It describes school educational and art projects such as "What Do Works of Art Tell Us?", "Art Around Us", "Virtual Museum of Imagination", as well as extracurricular art initiatives: the "Children’s Museum" project at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków; the "Summer Art" project at the Małopolska Cultural Center in Nowy Sącz; and the e-mobius project developed at the Institute of Arts of the University of Silesia. The conclusions emphasize the need to enhance the status of art education in Poland and Ukraine. The importance of continuous professional development of art educators, modernization of curricula, and the understanding of art as a multidimensional tool of humanitarian influence and personal development is highlighted.

The global consumption of broiler chicken meat is increasing annually, which involves the use of intensive technologies in poultry farming and the application of a significant number of additives aimed at preventing infectious diseases in livestock. One such means is the probiotic preparation TIMM-P, which includes Bifidobacterium gallinarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei. To determine the effectiveness of its use, two groups of one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens, each comprising 50 birds, were formed. The probiotic TIMM-P was administered via drinking over 2 hours in the morning, before feeding, on days 1–5, 21–25, and 30–35 of the rearing period. The liver microstructure of one-day-old broiler chickens did not differ between the groups, more pronounced changes were recorded at an older age. On the 14th day of growth in broiler chickens that received the basic diet, the cytoplasm of hepatocytes was characterised by a reduced optical density and contained small lipid droplets. During the administration of the probiotic TIMM-P to the chickens in this period, the cytoplasm of hepatocytes had a uniform and intense colouration while maintaining the radiality of the tubular structure of the liver lobules. On the 28th day of growth in broiler chickens of the control group, the development of fatty liver dystrophy was observed. The administration of probiotics to broiler chickens was associated with the development of small-droplet fatty liver dystrophy. On the 42nd day of growth, the phenomena of apoptosis, necrosis of hepatocytes, and fatty liver dystrophy with sections of the portal tracts in a state of interstitial inflammation, with stasis in various sections of the venous bed were detected in the liver of broiler chickens of the control group. The use of probiotics in broiler chickens partially reduced the intensity of pathological changes in the liver; however, in some animals, destruction of the tubular structure within its lobules was detected, accompanied by perivascular infiltration by polymorphic cells. The use of probiotics in broiler chickens did not significantly affect the volume of hepatocytes and their nuclei. Still, it contributed to a tendency to reduce their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, which indicated a higher intensity of liver function regeneration. The results obtained from the study indicate a positive effect of the complex probiotic TIMM-P on the liver microstructure, which, considering the indicators of meat quality and safety, may justify its introduction into industrial-scale broiler chicken meat production.

The article deals with the professional development of special education teachers and practical psychologists. The main approaches to this process as a set of research and practical activities in the context of neuropsychology are considered. In addition, it is shown how to develop professional competence in the context of the modern educational paradigm. Research activity is considered as the result of theoretical and methodological approaches to the professional activity of special education teachers and practical psychologists. It is important that the article reveals the main manifestations of the scientific and practical activity of special education teachers and practical psychologists, through the method of determining the level of their professional competence as a result of neuropsychological approaches. The main goal of the article is the analysis of the considered problem in the context of the modern educational paradigm. Accordingly, the article proves that the educational process can be considered effective when it is based on new approaches and technologies aimed at involving children in active learning. There are obvious connections between the effectiveness of the scientific and practical activities of special education teachers, practical psychologists and the level of development of children's competencies and values. The research methods include generalisation, analysis, description of scientific methods,, and practical activities in the context of the modern educational paradigm of neuropsychology, as well as current ways of researching the connections between the professional activities of a defectologist and a practical psychologist, the levels of competences and values of children.

Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity that feature Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may be challenging in the classroom setting. However, little is known about language teachers’ self-efficacy and the approaches they would employ to deal with context-specific ADHD-like behaviours. Therefore, this mixed-method study used the vignette methodology to investigate the self-reported efficacy and teaching approaches of 62 pre-service English language teachers from Japan, Poland, Turkey, and Ukraine in managing ADHD-like behaviours in six hypothetical classroom scenarios. By comparing diverse educational and cultural contexts, the study aimed to identify convergences and divergences in coping with these behaviours to promote evidence-based approaches in inclusive language teaching. Data were gathered using an online questionnaire with both open- and closed-ended questions on a Likert-type scale. The findings indicate that participants feel moderately confident in managing ADHD-like behaviours; however, some statistically significant country-related differences were observed. A number of similar teaching approaches were identified across the sample, but prominent country-specific differences in approaching specific ADHD-like behaviours were present. The approaches used by participants align with evidence-based recommendations for teaching students with ADHD to some extent. The discussed implications of the study inform pre-service teachers’ education and call for approaches that are more universal in design and language-skill-development-oriented.

To determine the ecological and toxicological situation and assess the impact of various adverse factors in the aquatic env i ronment on aquatic organisms, a morphological analysis of specific organs, which are primarily subjected to adverse effects, should be conducted. Histological and ultramicroscopic features of the liver structure in the fish of the carp family, specifically the bighead carp – Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Eschmeyer, 2003), are considered in this paper . An analysis of the microstru c ture of liver tissue was carried out using light microscopy and ultramicroscopic methods, which enabled us to identify the organ's key morphological and functional features. It was established that during the phylogenetic development of fish that grow in aqu a tic environments, specific structural rearrangements of the liver occur: adaptations to various living conditions were accompanied by changes in several parameters of liver morphology. In the bighead carp (herbivorous), the liver is trilobed. A characteristic feature of the bighead carp liver is the presence of a hepatopancreas (liver and pancreas associated as a single organ). A distin c tive feature of the microscopic structure of the liver in the carp family is the poorly developed interlobular connective tissue. In contrast, the parenchyma of the liver lobule has a tubular structure consisting of polygonal, irregular, thick-walled tubules whose walls are formed by hepatocytes. These tubules are represented by sinusoidal capillaries, which ensure efficient exchange of substances between the blood and liver cells, aiding in the detoxification and processing of nutrients. Large glycogen reserves are also observed in these tubules, indicating a high level of metabolic activity and the ability of the carp liver to accumulate energy resources. The state of hepatocytes, the liver's vascular system, and structural changes resulting from various ecological and physiological factors were investigated. The main adaptive mechanisms of liver tissue, which ensure its functional activity in bighead carp, were identified. The results of this study expand and complement the knowledge of the macro- and microscopic structure of the liver concerning the species characteristics of the bighead carp, contributing to our understanding of its anatomy, histology, comparative anatomy, zoology, and more.