ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ РАДИАЦИИ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ В ТЕПЛОЕ ВРЕМЯ ГОДА ЗА МНОГОЛЕТНИЙ ПЕРИОД ПО ДАННЫМ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ И МОДЕЛИ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ

A high resolution satellite view of surface solar radiation over the climatically sensitive region of Eastern Mediterranean

For the explanation of the observed decadal variations in surface solar radiation (known as dimming and brightening), the relative importance of clouds and the cloud‐free atmosphere (particularly aerosols) is currently disputed. Here, we investigate this issue using daily data from the prominent long‐term observational radiation record at Potsdam, Germany, over the 71‐year period 1947–2017. We identify cloud‐free days based on synop cloud observations as well as on days with maximum atmospheric transmission. Irrespective of the cloud‐screening method, strong dimming and brightening tendencies in the atmospheric transmission are evident not only under all‐sky but also of similar magnitude under clear‐sky conditions, causing multidecadal variations in surface solar radiation on the order of 10 Wm−2. This points to the cloud‐free atmosphere as a main responsible for dimming and brightening in central Europe and suggests that these variations are anthropogenically forced rather than of natural origin, with aerosol pollutants as likely major drivers.

<p>Previous studies have documented that the surface solar radiation (SSR) over most regions of China has shifted from the ‘global dimming’ since the 1950s to the ‘global brightening’ after 2005. In this paper, the potential factors that affect the annual trends of SSR over East China from 2005 to 2018 based on different satellite-derived products are analyzed. Then, due to the lack of long-term various aerosol species from observation data, the focus of this study is to calculate the contributions from direct effects of different types of cloud fraction on SSR relative to the effects of total cloud fraction over East China during the same period using a BCC_RAD radiative transfer model. The results show that clouds and aerosols are the primary factors that affect the SSR over East China from 2005 to 2018, followed by water vapor and ozone.</p><p>The annual mean all-sky SSR from 2005 to 2018 is significantly increased over the North China Plain, Northeast China, Yunnan, and Eastern Sichuan provinces, with the increases up to 0.6 W m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. This is probably due to the combined reductions of aerosols and clouds during this period, but clouds even play a more important role over Shanxi and northern Shaanxi. Changes in aerosols dominate the increase of SSR over Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces, whereas clouds contribute more to the decreases of SSR over Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Zhejiang provinces. Meanwhile, the simulations indicate that the marked annual mean decreases in high cloud fraction, especially for low cloud fraction, are the main causes of simulated increases in SSR due to total cloud fraction over most regions of East China, while the increases in high, medium-high, especially for medium-low cloud fraction, play more important roles in reductions of SSR over southern China. Moreover, the direct effects of various types of cloud fraction on changes in SSR for each season are also examined. It seems that the direct effects of low cloud fraction on SSR are likely the strongest among all kinds of clouds. Take southern China as an example, the direct effects of medium-low and low cloud fraction are stronger for spring and autumn, while contributions from low cloud fraction are largest in winter. However, the combined increases in high, medium-high, medium-low cloud fraction exceed decreases in low cloud fraction, thus causing the reduction in SSR in summer. This study highlights that different types of clouds may have different impacts on SSR not only on the annual mean scale but also on seasonal scales.</p><p>Keywords: surface solar radiation, aerosols, different types of cloud fraction</p>

<p>The quantification of Earth’s solar radiation budget and its temporal changes is essential for the understanding of the genesis and evolution of climate on our planet. While the solar radiative fluxes in and out of the climate system can be accurately tracked and quantified from space by satellite programs such as CERES or SORCE, the disposition of solar energy within in the climate system is afflicted with larger uncertainties. A better quantification of the solar radiative fluxes not only under cloudy, but also under cloud-free conditions can help to reduce these uncertainties and is essential for example for the determination of cloud radiative effects or for the understanding of  temporal changes in the solar radiative components of the climate system.</p> <p>We combined satellite observations of Top of Atmosphere fluxes with the information contained in surface flux observations and climate models to infer the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere, which we estimated at 73 Wm<sup>-2</sup> globally under cloud-free conditions (Wild et al. 2019 Clim Dyn). The latest generation of climate models participating in CMIP6 is now able to reproduce this magnitude surprisingly well, whereas in previous climate model  generations the cloud-free atmosphere was typically too transparent for solar radiation, which stated a long-standing modelling issue (Wild 2020 Clim Dyn, Wild et al. 1995 JClim).</p> <p>With respect to changes in solar fluxes, there is increasing evidence that the substantial long-term decadal variations in surface solar radiation known as dimming and brightening occur not only under all-sky, but similarly also under clear-sky conditions (Manara et al. 2016 ACP, Yang et al. 2019 JClim; Wild et al. 2021 GRL). This points to aerosol radiative effects as major factor for the explanation of this phenomenon.</p>

Previous research indicates that clear‐sky downward solar radiation measured at the surface over China significantly decreased by about −8.6 W m−2 per decade during 1961–1989 and insignificantly increased during 1990–1999. Furthermore, solar radiation over Japan remained relatively constant during 1971–1989 and significantly increased by +5.3 W m−2 per decade during 1990–1999. The present study compares observed trends with those from twentieth century simulations by 14 global climate models in the CMIP3/IPCC‐AR4. Since radiative forcing by aerosols is the primary contributor to long‐term variations in surface solar radiation, the simulations are expected to resemble the observed trends if the input aerosol histories are realistic. To minimize the confounding impact of different cloud realizations in the observations and models, the radiative effects of cloud cover anomalies are removed from the surface solar radiation anomalies via linear regression. Although all of the models exhibit significant dimming trends over China before 1990, the largest model trend is −3.4 W m−2 per decade, less than half the magnitude and significantly different from the observed trend. Models including black carbon aerosol produce stronger decreasing trends than those that do not. The models also fail to reproduce the trend during 1990–1999 over Japan, and the largest model trend is +2.3 W m−2 per decade, only about half of the observed trend. These results suggest that global climate models uniformly underestimate the increase in aerosol radiative forcing over China prior to 1990 and uniformly underestimate the decrease in aerosol radiative forcing over Japan after 1990.

Variability of surface solar radiation under clear skies over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Role of aerosols and water vapor

The article examines the key events and trends associated with the establishment and development of the “Belarusian Studies, History of Belarus and the Belarusian Diaspora” academic programme at the Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University. For the first time, it introduces data on the main stages of intergovernmental cooperation between the Faculty of History at Moscow State University and leading Belarusian educational and scientifi c centres involved in the study and teaching of history. These centres include the Faculty of History of Belarusian State University, the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the Academy of Management under the President of the Republic of Belarus, and others. The article identifi es the initiative contributions of national-cultural autonomies, public organizations, and associations of the Belarusian diaspora in Russia and worldwide to this process. The key results of the joint activities between historians from the Union State are highlighted, including the creation of the academic programme “Belarusian Studies, History of Belarus and the Belarusian Diaspora”, the launch of the fi rst Russian-Belarusian international joint master’s programme off ering dual qualifi cations from Lomonosov Moscow State University and Belarusian State University in “History of the Belarusian Diaspora”, the creation of the unique format of inter-university event “Days of Friendship between Lomonosov Moscow State University and Belarusian State University”, the establishment of the Archive of the Belarusian Diaspora History and the Belarusian Scientifi c Literature Cabinet at the Faculty of History, and the regular organization of scientifi c events involving representatives of the Moscow University History Faculty and Belarusian historians. The article also discusses projects in which the Faculty of History played an active role, which have since become signifi cant intergovernmental initiatives, including the establishment of the Russian-Belarusian Expert and Consulting Council on History. The final conclusion is that the Faculty of History at Lomonosov Moscow State University has made a special contribution to the formation of a unifi ed RussianBelarusian socio-humanitarian space. Within the framework of this collaboration, a unique Russian-Belarusian intergovernmental unified scientifi c school is being systematically established.

Downward surface solar radiation (SSR) is a crucial component of the Global Energy Balance, affecting temperature and the hydrological cycle profoundly, and it provides crucial information about climate change. Many studies have examined SSR trends, however they are often concentrated on specific regions due to limited spatial coverage of ground based observation stations. To overcome this spatial limitation, this study performs a spatial interpolation based on a machine learning method, Random Forest, to interpolate monthly SSR anomalies using a number of climatic variables (various temperature indices, cloud coverage, etc.), time point indicators (years and months of SSR observations), and geographical characteristics of locations (latitudes, longitudes, etc). The predictors that provide the largest explanatory power for interannual variability arediurnal temperature rangeandcloud coverage. The output of the spatial interpolation is a 0:5° ×0:5° monthly gridded dataset of SSR anomalies with complete land coverage over the period 1961-2019, which is used afterwards in a comprehensive trend analysis fori)each continent separately, andii)the entire globe.The continental level analysis reveals the major contributors to the global dimming and brightening. In particular, the global dimming before the 1980s is primarily dominated by negative trends in Asia and North America, while Europe and Oceania have been the two largest contributors to the brightening after 1982 and up until 2019.

The proceedings of the Round Table on "Reason vs Post-Truth: Ontology, Axiology, Geopolitics" (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, November 21, 2018).Authors of the proceedings:V.V. Mironov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences , D.Sc. in Philosophy, Professor)K.K. Momdzhyan (Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.Sc. in Philosophy, Professor)A.V. Belokobylskyi (Ukrainian Institute of Strategies of Global Development and Adaptation, D.Sc. in Philosophy, Professor)A.P. Kozyrev (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ph.D. in Philosophy)O.A. Efremov (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ph.D. in Philosophy, Associate Professor)M.V. Bratersky (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Ph.D. in Political Sciences, Professor)A.V. Pilko (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Ph.D. in History)V.S. Levytskyy (Ukrainian Institute of Strategies of Global Development and Adaptation, Ph.D. in Philosophy)

Objective: Purpose: to assess the effect of various factors on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in patients with hypertension identified at screening. Design and method: A survey of 354 patients with hypertension identified at screening was carried out and the influence of various factors on SBP was assessed. Results: The average age of patients is 54 years [Q1-Q3: 50–54], of which 36.2% are men, 63.8% are women. Middle systolic blood pressure is 140 [Q1-Q3: 130–140] mm Hg. Most of the respondents have varying degrees of obesity. The average body mass index is 31.86 [Q1-Q3: 29.4–31.86]. The average waist is 95 [Q1-Q3: 92–95]. Mean values of total cholesterol. 5.8 [Q1-Q3: 5.6–5.8]. With an increase in age by 1 full years, an increase in SBP by 0.148 mm.Hg. should be expected. In accordance with the coefficient of determination R2 in the resulting model, 0.56% of the factors influencing the value of SBP were taken into account. With an increase in body mass index by 1, a decrease in SBP by 0.059 mm Hg should be expected. In accordance with the coefficient of determination R2 in the resulting model, 0.04% of the factors influencing the SBP were taken into account. With an increase in the waist by 1 cm, an increase in SBP by 0.059 mm Hg should be expected. In accordance with the coefficient of determination R2 in the resulting model, 0.09% of the factors influencing the SBP were taken into account. With an increase in total cholesterol by 1 mmol/l. an increase in SBP by 24.466 mm Hg should be expected. In accordance with the coefficient of determination R2, the resulting model took into account 34.27% of the factors affecting the SBP. The effect of total cholesterol on SBP was statistically significant (p = 0.001) (methods used: Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusions: The effect of total cholesterol on SBP is statistically significant (p = 0.001). With an increase in total cholesterol by 1 mmol/l. an increase in SBP by 24.466 mm Hg should be expected.

The study of excitation transfer between light-harvesting antenna and reaction center in chromatophores from purple bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum by selective picosecond spectroscopy

The ability to read the Koran is still a serious problem in society, as well as what happens to students, there are many factors that can affect a person's ability to read the Qur'an. Among these factors is the existence of a competent teacher. professional and learning methods that can facilitate students in learning to read the Koran. This type of research used by researchers in this study is quantitative research with multiple regression analysis techniques. The research site is at SDI Child Friendly Depok-West Java. Based on the research results obtained information that; 1) the teacher professional competence variable has a positive and significant effect on students' reading ability of the Al-Qur'an with the Pearson correlation (ry1) correlation coefficient of 0.701. The magnitude of the influence is indicated by the coefficient of determination R2 (R square) = 0.491, which means that the effect of professional competence on students' reading ability of the Al-Qur'an is 49.1% and the remaining 50.1% is determined by other factors. 2) the variable using the Ummi method has a positive and very significant effect on students' reading ability of the Qur'an with the Pearson correlation (ry2) correlation coefficient of 0.795. The magnitude of the influence is indicated by the coefficient of determination R2 (R square) = 0.633, which means that the effect of using the Ummi method on students' reading ability of the Al-Qur'an is 63.3% and the remaining 36.7% is determined by other factors. 3) the variable teacher professional competence and the variable using the ummi method together have a positive and very significant effect on students' reading ability of the Al-Qur'an with the Pearson correlation correlation coefficient (ry1.2) is 0.829. The magnitude of the influence is shown by the coefficient of determination R2 (R square) = 0.688, which means that the effect of the professional competence of teachers and the use of the Ummi method together on students' reading ability of the Koran is 68.8% and the rest is 31.2%. determined by other factors..

[1] A method to estimate aerosol optical thickness and single scattering albedo from broadband direct and diffuse irradiances was developed. Using irradiances simulated with and without errors, the accuracies of estimated optical thickness from 0.7 to 0.8 μm and single scattering albedo in the visible wavelength region were determined to be about 0.02 and 0.05, respectively. Resulting time variations in optical thickness and single scattering albedo by broadband radiometers agreed well with sky radiometer retrievals. Long-term variations in optical thickness and single scattering albedo from 1975 to 2008 at Tsukuba, Japan, were estimated by the method described. Optical thickness increased until the mid-1980s, then decreased until the late 1990s, and was almost constant in the 2000s. The single scattering albedo was about 0.8 until the late 1980s, gradually increased, and has remained at approximately 0.9 since the mid-1990s. The surface global irradiance under clear sky conditions calculated from estimated aerosol optical properties showed an apparent transition from dimming to brightening around the mid-1980s. The magnitude of the brightening was about 12.7 W m−2; of this, 8.3 W m−2 was due to a decrease in optical thickness, and the remaining 4.4 W m−2 was due to an increase of single scattering albedo. On the other hand, the surface global irradiance measured under cloudy conditions increased by 2.6 W m−2. The dimming and brightening by aerosols were weakened by the changes in clouds. The method described could be useful in evaluating aerosol influences on long-term changes in the surface solar radiation at many sites around the world.

Is there a transition of solar radiation from dimming to brightening over India?

Exploration of the diurnal pattern of global dimming and brightening has been limited by the paucity of high‐temporal resolution observations. Based on 22 years’ continuous observations of hourly surface solar radiation (SSR) over 96 stations across China for 1993–2014, this study evidences higher relative changes in diurnal SSR in terms of both frequency and magnitude at sunrise and sunset, with a longer pathway for the sun passing through the atmosphere, than the hours in between. This, in general, leads to a further shortening of the days between sunrise and sunset in the cold seasons and the polluted region of north China with low radiation levels but a further extension in the other seasons and regions with sufficient sunlight. Pollution reduction by 39.4%–69.7% during the 2014 Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at Beijing are accompanied with a 10.4–80.0% rebound of diurnal SSR in the forenoon and late afternoon.