О знаменитостях первых десятилетий ХХ века, носивших нехарактерные для туркмен фамилии с окончаниями -ский и -ская: Мамед-хан Текинский

The Gorky Epistolary is a life chronicle viewed at the levels of biography facts, the literature process history in Russia and abroad, and the country fate at the turn of the century and statehood. The eventfulness of a letter as a communication genre confirms this. The communicative ability of Gorky manifested itself as a linking element between a human and the society. The analysis of Gorky’s correspondence revealed the following characteristics in the field of communication: “a middle man”, “arch”, “buffer”. At each stage of the literary process these modified characteristics confirmed the role of the writer as a world communication figure. In the article the author suggests an analysis of theoretical hypothesis about the specifics of Gorky’s letters which are the unique combination of documentary and art within a single text. The analytical process is connected with the purpose of the article: the research of letters in the context of the epistolary development as a communicative genre. This allowed isolating the classification of genre subtypes of letters, including three groups. These three groups include a letter-request, a letter of a reconstructed request, a publicist letter. While analyzing texts, the biographical method, the comparative – historical method, and the method of immanent poetic were used, what made it possible to identify these conditional groups. A general view of the problem of the Soviet epistolary allowed asserting that the writing genre began modifying, turning from the personal property of an addressee into the “link” of a communicative chain in the society.

In recent years, the interest of both the general public and the scientific community to get better acquainted with the culture of national minorities in Ukraine has been growing. Therefore, intelligence becomes relevant, which covers the processes of development of cultures of these minorities and actualizes the directions of further research in this area. One such minority is the Jewish minority. Jews belong to one of the oldest ethnic minorities in Ukraine, known since ancient times. The number of Jews declined sharply in Ukraine in the middle of the last century, due to the policy of extermination by the German Nazis during World War II, and continued to decline during the independence of Ukraine due to the departure of a large number of Jews to their ancient homeland. territory of the State of Israel. However, in the new post-Soviet conditions of an independent Ukrainian state, the Jewish community has better opportunities to develop its national culture. The purpose of the article and our task was to review the personal fund of the economist and researcher of the history of the Jewish community of eastern Poland and western Ukraine, which makes up the historical and biographical background. Archival research methods were used in compiling the descriptions of J. Honigsman’s fund, and a biographical method was used in compiling the biographical information about the scientist. Autobiographies, personal documents, memoirs, articles about the scientist, as well as correspondence were used for the analysis. General historical research methods and the historical source method were useful. The described archive of J. Honigsman can be useful first of all to economists who study the economy of Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. There are some values of his work on the life and death (Holocaust) of Jews during the German occupation of Galicia, as well as documents relating to the life of the Jewish community in Lviv after Ukraine gained independence in 1991. Keywords: Honigsman, Jewish literature, old prints, manuscripts, B’nai Brith International, reviews, ghetto, Ukrainian-Jewish relations, correspondence.

The article examines the history of creation of the Karelian studio of the Central Theater School - Leningrad Theater Institute in 1938-1943. The author focuses on the reasons for the formation of actors' studio in connection with the transformation of the Finnish Drama Theater KASSR into Karelian one. The article discusses the specifics of the work of theater schools in the 1930s which prepare the national personnel. Attention is focused on the stages of the formation of the Karelian studio and its composition. The work is based on a complex of methods with the dominance of the historical and biographical method. Variety of sources, mainly archival documents, have been used in the study, most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. As a result of the work done, the personnel of the Karelian workshop was restored. It is concluded that the emergence of the national studio was caused by a complex of circumstances, the dominant role among which was played by the vector of national-state policy in the USSR.

Purpose. Presentation of a review of scientific publications by Professor V.I. Komissarov dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the reputable forensic scientist to the scientific community. Methodology: historical and biographical method, statistical method. Conclusions. In every branch of science, and forensic science is no exception, there is a number of scientists who have been paying attention to its development for many years. A prominent representative of forensic science if Vladimir I. Komissarov, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, LL.D., Professor, who has devoted all his life to scholarly elaboration of forensic support of solving, investigating and preventing crime. Most scientific works of Professor V.I. Komissarov cover relevant areas of improvement of forensic support of law enforcement bodies' activities, which should be considered a contribution to the forensic science development. Scientific and practical relevance. the scientist's works are invaluable and deserve attention of both students oh higher education institutions and persons involved in scientific activities, as well as employees of law enforcement bodies.

The aim of the article is to publish the little-known information about the life and professional achievements of domestic organizer of production and designer in the field of electrical engineering Yuriy Bakumov; to reveal some peculiarities of production activity in the electrotechnical industry in the period of the 60’s – 70’s of the 20 th century. Research methods. Historical and biographical methods are applied in the work in the context of consideration the stages of life and assessment of production experience of Y. Bakumov. The use of the interview method yields additional previously unknown information about his life and activities. Main results. The special role of Kharkiv electrotechnical enterprises and the activity of their manufacturers for the development of the electrotechnical industry in Soviet times are emphasized. Kharkiv Electrotechnical Plant was the largest manufacturer of induction motors, generators and electric pumps in Ukraine. Its development began in 1932. One of the developers and organizers of the production of the most famous A4 series engines was Y. V. Bakumov. Y. V. Bakumov’s life was very difficult: his father was repressed, he was in forced labour in Germany. He made his career from a simple locksmith to a chief engineer at the HELZ plant. In this position, Y. V. Bakumov worked for more than ten years. In 1975, Y. V. Bakumov became the CEO of the newly formed Ukrelectromash production association. There is a detailed analysis of the main achievements of the enterprise led by Y. V. Bakumov. The scientific contribution of Y. V. Bakumov in the development of electrical engineering, memories of his personal life and family are presented. Y. V. Bakumov died in 1977, and in 1979 he was posthumously awarded the State Prize of the USSR and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Concise conclusions. Y. Bakumov made a significant contribution to the development of the domestic electrical industry. Under his leadership, the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of the production of electric motors were carried out, its efficiency was increased, and new equipment was created and implemented at the enterprises of Ukrelectromash. Nevertheless, the greatest achievement of Yuriy Viktorovich and the whole team of the Production Association are reliable electric motors, which are still successfully operating in various fields. Practical meaning. The formation of historical science should be based on the achievements, discoveries and developments made by individual figures within a certain direction of scientific and technological progress or industry. That is not simply recorded objectively existing results but continue to serve humanity, promoting his civilizational progress. Originality. Scientific research concerning the consideration of personalities and the life path of individuals who contributed to the formation of our country's industries (especially in the Soviet era) is urgent. Equally important is the fact that, until recently, within the national history of science and technology, very little research has been conducted aimed at isolating the wealth of Ukrainians in the development of scientific and technological thought and industrial production in the Soviet period. In our view, replenishment of national historical science with such data will not only serve patriotic goals, but also help to restore justice and give greater objectivity in assessing the role of our compatriots in civilizational progress. Scientific novelty. The topic of formation of the domestic electrotechnical industry and its scientific support in recent years has caused a great scientific interest on the part of domestic scientists. The biography of Y. V. Bakumov will allow to reveal more fully the achievements in the electrical engineering sphere, to rethink its problems, as well as help the development of scientific ideas about the peculiarities and regularities of functioning of the industry as a whole. Article type: historic-biographical.

Article Viktor Sokolov «Activities Odessa library association in the 1920-s» explores the features of the formation, structure, basic forms and methods of work of the Odessa library association against the background of major trends of library associations in 1920-s Ukraine s. The purpose of the proposed article is to study the historical background, socio-political, cultural factors and characteristics of the Odessa library association study of its organizational structure, content and nature of work during the period of its operation (1922–1930), and its significance the development of library construction and Odessa oblast libraries in Ukraine as a whole. In his scientific work is widely used by the general scientific and historical research methods: historical-comparative, chronological, biographical method, the diachronic analysis and others. The article describes the social and cultural conditions of the Odessa library association; marked the main stages of its development and operation features; reveals the importance of coordination of associations in the city and district libraries; analyzed the characteristic shape and features of this public professional organization in the training and retraining of library staff. An analysis of sources and research materials, the author defines and describes the main positive features of the Odessa library association and its main achievements. The author analyzes the changes in the organizational structure of the Odessa library associations main characteristic means and methods address the members of the association of certain professional tasks described features of the sections, the mechanism of setting and decision making. The main directions of the Odessa library association were: formation and development of professional skills of librarians; improving the efficiency of urban libraries through the organization and coordination of their activities; establishing a system of methodological assistance to libraries of various types and, in particular rural and mobile libraries; promotion of scientific research, cultural and educational activities libraries. It was found that the further development of the Odessa library association prevented a certain regimentation of its operations and control of the management of library and some opposition from the trade unions. Requirements governing bodies of political education plans to unify the forms and methods of association, centralization of libraries in the country as a whole, restrained creativity and professional activity of members of the professional organization. Further development of associations interfere also not clearly defined functional orientation of its activities that it caused duplication of some functions of trade unions and political education. At the end of 1920-s Party and Soviet government bureaucracy gradually established tight control over all aspects of political, social and working life of society, of course, work its way into the Odessa library associations and slowly made his first public institutions to give administrative and coordinating functions, and professional and methodical, while not stop its activities in the early 1930-s.

The work is devoted to the study of life, scientific, methodological and educational activities of the professor of the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute Volodymyr Lvovych Benin. In preparing the article, historical and biographical methods were applied, in order to gradually review the stages of life and evaluate the results of a scientist's activity. Нistoriographical analysis of publications V.L. Benin in the context of the dynamics of his scientific work also was made.The analysis of sources and the used archival materials made it possible to objectively evaluate the contribution of the scientist to the development of the industry of automatic regulation, control and statistical power conversion of large power plants, the creation of new measurement circuits and devices while regulating the rotation speed of hydroelectric turbines. It is shown that in the first post-war years his work under the direction of Professor A.L. Matvieiev in the Kharkov electrical laboratory, which at that time was a part of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, was of great importance for the restoration of the country's energy potential and led to a few technological developments in the energy industry. The result of this work was the defense of V.L. Benin's dissertation under the guidance of an outstanding scientist and innovator S. О. Lebediev. The further scientific activities of V.L. Benin is already in KPI, first of all, as an associate professor of the department of power stations, and then as the head of several important topics and developments in the field of diagnostics and control of diesel generator sets, already at the stage of working on a doctoral dissertation. The talent of V.L. Benin as a teacher and leader, on the example of his students and colleagues, who continued their research, started under his leadership. In the status of the head of the department of theoretical framework of electrical engineering, ethodical and pedagogical contribution of Volodymyr Lvovych in the development and formation of basic discipline for all electrical specialties KhPI was reviewed. His many years of teaching experience allowed him to gradually develop this course, improve certain chapter, supplement individual tasks and expand the laboratory practice of the department. It has also been established that thanks to the many years of hard work by V.L. Benin as a part of the scientific and methodical commission of the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR, since 1975, the department of TFEE of KPI has become the main department of the Kharkov University Center of theoretical electrical engineering

Statement of the problem. Baroque opera music is an integral part of today’s European concert practice. However, in the Ukrainian context, it still appears relatively infrequently. This observation holds true both in terms of performance projects and scholarly musicological research. Nevertheless, the situation is gradually changing, as evidenced by recent productions such as Henry Purcell’s “King Arthur”(Kyiv, 2024) and Giovanni Pergolesi’s “Il prigionier superbo” (Kharkiv, 2025). At the same time, it is clear that public and professional interest in Baroque composers remains fragmented: works by some composers regularly feature in prominent performers’ repertoires, while others are almost never heard – despite their authors being widely known. One such composer, who remains largely unperformed in Ukraine despite his historical significance, is Nicola Porpora, whose extensive contributions had a profound impact on the development of opera and vocal performance. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of this article is to systematize knowledge about Porpora’s creative output and to propose a structured periodization of his work. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific approaches, namely systematization, generalization, comparative analysis, and historical and biographical methods. The novelty and relevance of the research are determined by the need for a scientific understanding of N. Porpora’s operatic works, a significant part of which still remains outside the attention of musicologists. Results and conclusion. The generalization of available biographical information on Nicola Porpora – including his collaborations with specific theatres and singers, his travels across various European cities, and, above all, of the genre and stylistic priorities of his creative output – has made it possible to construct the following periodization of Porpora’s creative output: 1708–1733 – Early Mono-Genre Period: Porpora worked predominantly in the genre of opera seria, adhering to the core principles of the Neapolitan school. Serenatas also emerged during this phase. 1733–1750 – Period of Transformation: Marked by significant shifts in artistic thinking and stylistic experimentation, this period includes a turn toward new genres and formats (including the London episode of 1733–1736), such as chamberinstrumental genres, the pasticcio, opera buffa, and intermezzo. 1750–1768 – Late Period: This phase was less productive in terms of composition. Porpora focused mainly on teaching, revising earlier operas, and composing sacred and instrumental works. These findings provide a framework for understanding the stylistic evolution of Porpora’s oeuvre and contribute to the broader reassessment of his position in the history of Baroque opera.

Interpretative aspect of C. Saint‑Saëns’s piano music

The article is devoted to the mythological, historical and personal aspects of the creation of the Theseus dilogy (“The King Must Die”, 1958; “The Bull from the Sea”, 1962) by the English author Mary Renault (1905-1983). The relevance of the study is due to the need to comprehend these mythocentric works, which are the result of the synthesis of various types of artistic mythologism. The study is based on the principles of comparative historical, biographical and historical-genetic methods of analysis of a work of art. The traditions of mythologism in the English literature of the twentieth century are analyzed. The following features are distinguished: the mythological tradition of the twentieth century reflects the pressing issues of our time; modern mythologism implies a change or destruction of the canon. It is stated that the principle of historicity of M. Renault novels is implemented on the basis of archaeological and anthropological works of her contemporaries. It is proved that two types of artistic mythologism are simultaneously used in dilogy: demythologization and remythologization. The authors argue that this approach makes mythogenesis possible within the framework of a realistic narrative. In addition, the question about the implementation of the author’s creative intention to attract public attention to the problems of same-sex relationships is raised.

Introduction. The problems of creating ascientific biography of M. M. Bakhtin in thelast decade have been the focus of attention of researchers of his legacy. Readers' notes of the philosopher on other publications, including works of fiction and textbooks, remain unstudied and are of interest for further study. The purpose of the study is to presentalist of publications with Bakhtin's marginalia from the personal archive of the thinker. Materials and Methods. The main material for the study were books and articles with readers' notes of M. M. Bakhtin from his personal archive, the collected works of M. M. Bakhtin. The biographical method was used to analyze the relationship between thelife path, the concept of "small time" and the work of the scientist in the context of his "personal environment"; the descriptive method was used to systematize the marginalia and reconstruct Bakhtin's work processes; the comparative historical method was used to identify the creative dialogues of the thinker with his contemporaries against the background of the evolution of humanitarian thought in the 20th century. Results and Discussion. Thearticle presents an alphabetical list of 19 books and reprints of articles with marginalia by M. M. Bakhtin from his personal archive. Theauthors note that the pages of all publications contain Bakhtin’s pencil marks (from one to seven lines in the margins), reader’s signs “NB”, and in some cases, additional horizontal underscores of phrases and sentences. Based on apreliminary analysis of the identified publications, we came to the conclusion that it is relevantand important to study the publications in detail in the context of M.M. Bakhtin’s scientific biography, to determine the “source value” of preserved reader’s notes in the margins of specific books and articles, to understand M.M.Bakhtin’s marginalia in terms of the consonance of the elaborated texts with the scientific interests of the scientist in acertain period, as well as to consider anumber of publications with reader’s notes as amaterial that M.M. Bakhtin used in teaching and educational activities. Conclusion.The study of marginalia and transitional texts by M. M. Bakhtin allows us to clarify our understanding of his work with sources, to restore the contours of his scholarly dialogue with his contemporaries and predecessors, and to determine the originality of his ideas in the context of intellectual trends of the time. The prospects of the study are connected with the restoration and study of Bakhtin's dialogues in accordance with his idea of ​​dialogizing reading.

The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing importance of studying natural sciences and STEM subjects both in general and professional educational institutions, as well as the need to refer to the experience of building the educational process in Russia at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. The study of the content aspects of education and upbringing in pre-revolutionary Russia makes it possible to identify the priority tasks of the state policy in the field of education, to determine the place and role of the main academic disciplines in schools. The purpose of the research is to study the features of teaching Natural Sciences and STEM subjects in primary educational institutions of the Ural region within the specified chronological framework. The research objectives are to study the content of the curricula of elementary schools in pre-revolutionary Russia (the case of the Urals) on the basis of predominantly archival materials and scientific literature, to show the place and role of Natural sciences and STEM subjects, the features of their teaching and the factors that increase their importance in the educational process. The research methods are source study, historical and typological methods, comparative and historical methods. During the research, we have come to the following conclusions. Between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries there was a significant increase in the importance of studying the STEM subjects due to the dynamic economic growth of the country and the region we are considering, the strengthening of the applied nature of education in general, as well as the increased dependence of achieving success in life on the knowledge and skills acquired at school. In the primary educational institutions of the Ural region, there was a noticeable improvement in the methodological methods of teaching Natural sciences and STEM subjects. There was an active process of teaching children various crafts and agricultural work. In turn, the level of training and professional skills of teachers grew; there was a professional consolidation of teachers of primary and secondary educational institutions - teachers' communities arose and various congresses and forums were held.

The Middle East is one of the most hot spots of our time. The close interweaving of peoples, linguistic groups, and religions makes this region one of the most "explosive". Studying the problem of ethnic conflicts in the Middle East, special attention should be paid to the history of the emergence of statehood in the countries of the region. For several centuries, the Middle East region has been a European colony. It was only by the twentieth century that most of the peoples living in the Middle East gained independence. An important role in this was played by armed groups, often professing radical Islam and claiming not only their own country, but also the territory of their "neighbors". This article is also focused on the situation of ethnic minorities who have failed to establish their own State. The most striking example is the Kurds, separated by four borders at once and living in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria. The object of this study is the relationship between the peoples of the Middle East. The research is based on the historical and systematic method. Within its framework, the development of the states of the Middle East in the XX and XXI centuries was considered, the relationship between historical prerequisites and the current situation in the region was assessed. Along with historical methods, general scientific methods (analysis and generalization) will be involved. When writing the article, the following tasks were set: 1) To analyze the historical component of international relations in the Middle East 2) To assess the current state of interactions between countries and peoples in the region 3) To assess the degree of influence on the policy of the Middle East countries by armed groups 4) To analyze the degree of involvement of Western states in the regional agenda. The novelty of this work lies in the analysis and study of the historical prerequisites for the formation of statehood of individual countries of the Middle East, dividing them into groups to identify signs that affect the ethnic factor in international relations in the Middle East.

The article is written on the basis of the analysis of a large array of factual material, which allowed the author to identify trends and tendencies in the development of the history of literature teaching methods. This determined the relevance, novelty of the conducted desk study and its purpose – to substantiate the need to overcome the negative trend in understanding the methodological heritage of the twentieth century, as well as to identify possible ways to overcome this. The main research methods are content analysis of sources, in-depth interviews. The article shows how the negative trend in the assessment of the methodological heritage was overcome. The author primarily attributed the expansion of the context (updating the names of methodologists and their scientific works in the professional field) to significant factors, which entailed a significant update of the content of manuals and anthologies on the history of the methodology, and also the creation of the “Bio-bibliographical Dictionary” on the methodology of teaching literature. The publication of these books largely has determined the trend of development of science at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The second significant factor has become the change in the approach to understanding a specific methodological system. The author believes that the starting point for the development of not only the history of literature teaching methods, but also methodological science as a whole, today can be the historicalbibliographic approach, within the framework of which a methodological bibliography is created, and shows what has been done in this direction, and what remains to be done. The author claims that attention to the creation of a bibliography arises in the case of the republication of the scientist’s works or his anniversary. This is a constantly emerging trend in methodology. In the publications of anniversary articles, the author distinguishes two directions: analytical and “recollective” and designates the conditions (setting a scientific task and using the biographical method), under which the “recollective” trend can be transformed.

In 1907, in issue 203 of the Kazan Mokhbire (Kazan Herald) newspaper, an unfinished essay entitled “Prison” by an anonymous author was published. The given publication has become an object of academic research for the first time. The objective of the study was to establish the authorship by comparing the essay with other works of that time on the topic of prison. A consistent analysis of the diary short novel “Zindan”, written by Gayaz Iskhaki in early 1907 during his imprisonment in the city of Chistopol, his autobiography and the essay “Prison” confirms the undeniable connection between the written works. Based on a combination of such methods as historical and cultural, biographical method, and commented reading, the author traces the evolution of Gayaz Iskhaki’s views on penitentiary institutions. The authorship of the essay “Prison” is established by referring to the autobiography of G. Iskhaki, his diary short novel “Zindan” and by taking into account the thematic and time frames of the written works, the features of the historical era of the early twentieth century. The article draws attention to the peculiarities of prisoners’ life (including political prisoners) in the Chistopol prison, which differed strikingly in different eras. During the years of the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907, during the imprisonment of Gayaz Iskhaki, prisoners easily communicated with each other, visited neighboring cells, ordered food, and the guards participated in tea parties with them. The prison in Iskhaki’s descriptions was somewhat reminiscent of a student dormitory. Iskhaki’s cellmates were well-known Chistopol residents of that time – the future State Duma deputy, merchant and public figure Garif Badamshin, as well as Mullah Najib Amirkhanov, popular among the townspeople, the uncle of Fatykh Amirkhan – the Tatar literature classic.