تقييم اداء هجن زوجية من الذرة الصفراء تحت مواعيد زراعة تلائم العروة الخريفية في المنطقة الوسطى (مكونات الحاصل )

With the aim of estimating some genetic parameters of double crosses at sowing dates appropriate to the fall season in the middle region of Iraq, a field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya for the fall season 2022 using superior double crosses of maize were chosen from fifteen double crosses. It was obtained from the crossing of ten single crosses resulting from the crossing of five inbred lines (1=ZM43WIZE, 2=ZM60, 3= ZM49W3E, 4=ZM19, 5=CDCN5) by the half-dialle crossing method. Hybrids (3×5)(1×4),(3×5)(1×2),(2×4)(1×5), (4×5)(1×2), and (2×3)(1×4), compared it with the synthetic cultivar IPPA 5012 and tested it under three planting dates:1st July, 15th July and 1st August. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with four replicates. The traits were studied: tassling, silking, plant height, ear height, number of leaves, leaf area, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows, number of grains per row, number of grains in a row, number of ears, average grain weight, dry matter weight, physiological maturity, ear weight, plant growth rate, individual plant yield, unit area yield, and. harvest Index. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the value of the standard error was low in all traits except for leaf area, number of plant seeds, and in the three dates, and the values of the coefficient of variation (C.V) on1st July were less than 20 in all traits except for individual plant yield, area unit yield, harvest index, and time. 15 th July and 1st August were also less than 20, and the values of genetic variance at the date of 1st July were greater than the values of environmental variance in most of the studied traits, except for ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows, and ear weight. The ratio of genetic variation to environmental variation, as it was less than 1, and it had P.C.V values higher than G.C.V.The number of grains in the row, the weight of the dry matter, the physiological maturity and the plant growth rate due to the high genetic variance for it and the values of the ratio of genetic to environmental variance and then the high heritability values for it and on the date 1st August and the values of the genetic variance were greater than the values of the environmental variance in most of the studied traits.

Supplementary irrigation is one of the most effective field management practices to improve water productivity and crop yield in rainfed conditions. Time of supplementary irrigation is another important parameter affecting the enhancement of yield. In order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation time as well as planting date, two factors, namely: 1) supplementary irrigation (No irrigation as control (T1), single irrigation at grain filling stage (T2), and single irrigation at pod filling stage (T3)); 2) Planting date (planting on April 4 (D1) vs. 14 (D2)) were considered and a field experiment carried out at the Research and Training Farm of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran in spring 2011. The field experimental design was a factorial one based upon RCBD of six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of: D1T1 (Planting date on 4th April – without irrigation as control), D1T2 (Planting date on 4th April – single irrigation at grain filling stage), D1T3 (Planting date on 4th April – single irrigation at pod filling stage), D2T1 (Planting date on 14th April – non-irrigated), D2T2 (Planting date on 14th April – single irrigation at grain filling stage), D2T3 (Planting date on 14th April – single irrigation at pod filling stage). The effect of single irrigation time on yield, biomass and number of grains in unit area was significant as planting on 4th April and single irrigation at grain filling stage resulted 280 and 210 percent increase in yield and in biomass respectively, as compared to single irrigation at pod filling stage. The planting date factor showed a significant effect on yield and yield components as the yield decreased from 1057.6 (kg/ha) for a single irrigation at grain filling stage and planting on 4th April to 190.93 (kg/ha) for a single irrigation at the same stage and planting on 14th April. This means that the delay in planting date caused a reduction of 82 percent in yield for a single irrigation at grain filling stage. This reduction for single irrigation at pod filling was equal to 82 percent and the amount of yield decreased from 371.6 (Kg/ha) for planting on 4th April to 68.2 (Kg/ha) for planting date of 14th April.

To manage planting date based on optimal compatibility to the environmental condition a split plot experiment based Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was carried out. Four planting dates (November 6th and 21st, December 6th and 21st) in main plots and four genotypes (Hyola401, PP401, RGS003 and Option500) in subplots were studied. According to analysis of variance results, grain yield, yield components and biological yield were significantly affected by planting date, genotypes and interaction effect. The first planting date (November 6th) had maximum grain yield (2611.6 t ha−1) and after it another planting date showed decrease in amount (13.74, 31.36 and 41.97 % respectively). First planting date was superior in physiological index as compared to the other planting dates. Hyola401 hybrid, due to the fact that it had a higher leaf area index (3.51), total dry matter (1248.91 g m−2), crop growth rate (21 g m−2 day−1), net assimilation rate (7 g m−2 day−1), relative growth rate (0.064 g g−1 day−1) and maximum grain yield, was seen to be the most adaptable genotype. Hyola401 hybrid at first planting date germinated in shortest time (5.8 day) had the highest flowering duration (24.0 day) and long days to ripening (154.0 day). Finally according to the results of the present work, sowing of Hyola401 hybrid on 6th November was recommended as suitable planting date.

A field experiment was carried out in Ismailia Experiment Station, ARC, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons, to study the effect of planting dates (1st, 10th and20th March) of watermelon relay intercropping with wheat and wheat cultivars (Misr 1, Gemmiza 11and Sakha 93) on productivity, land use efficiency and profitability per unit area. A split-plot design was used with three replications. Results indicated that growth, yield and its attributes of wheat were insignificant effect by watermelon planting dates. Contrary, planting dates of watermelon relay with wheat significantly affected watermelon traits. Early planting date on 1st March of watermelon had highest values of growth, yield and yield components. On the other hand, late planting date of watermelon decreased growth, yield and its components. Wheat cultivars varied significantly in all studied traits. Misr 1 cultivar had the highest grain yield/fad compared to Gemmiza 11 and Sakha 93. However, watermelon relay intercropping with wheat cultivar Sakha 93 significantly increased branches number/plant, number of fruits/plant, mean fruit weight and fruit yield/fad of watermelon. Relay intercropping watermelon with wheat Sakha 93 cultivar on 1st March had 15.41ardab/fad of grain wheat + 25.29 t/fad fruits of watermelon and increased land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ration (ATER) and total income compared to solid watermelon culture had 26.15 t/fad of fruits and 57920 L.E/fad, respectively. Therefore, this study suggested watermelon relay intercropping with wheat to share land resources and production inputs as well as increased wheat production and grower profitability in watermelon cultivated areas.

Increasing production of wheat from a limited water supply can result from efficient irrigation and nutrient management. A 3‐year field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal, to study the growth, yield, seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE), and the water–yield relationship of wheat in a soybean–wheat cropping system on vertisols. Three levels of irrigation, viz. I0, no post‐sowing irrigation; I1, two irrigations [crown root initiation (CRI) and flowering stage]; and I2, three irrigations (CRI, maximum tillering and flowering stage) and three nutrient management treatments, viz. F0, control (without fertilizer/manure); F1, 100 % NPK (100–21.5–24.9 kg ha−1); and F2, 100 % NPK + farmyard manure (FYM‐10 t ha−1) were tested in a split‐plot design with three replication. It has been established (through anova) that the year effect was rather negligible and the interaction effects of irrigation and nutrient management on the growth parameters, ET, yield components, yield and WUE were significant. Plant height, progressive leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate were higher in I2F2, and I2F1 and I1F2 were statistically at par. The seasonal ET increased significantly with the increase in water supply in every nutrient treatment and it was highest in I2F2 and lowest in I0F0. The highest grain yield was obtained in I2F2; and a similar yield was recorded in I3F1 and I2F2. This shows a strong interaction effect between irrigation and nutrients. Yield components, viz. number of ears m−2, number of grains ear−1 and 1000‐grain weight were significant. The higher number of ears m−2 containing greater number of grains with relatively heavier weights appeared to have contributed to the higher yield in I1F2, I2F1 and I2F2. The highest WUE obtained in I0F2 did not correspond to the highest yield and maximum ET, but a WUE of 10.43 kg ha−1 mm−1 in the I2F2 combination corresponded with the highest yield and the seasonal ET requirement was 391.8, which was 137 % greater than the water use at maximum WUE. The ET–grain yield relationship was linear, with a lowest regression slope (i.e. marginal WUE) and elasticity of water production (Ewp) in F0 and a considerably higher slope and Ewp in F1 and F2. As the Ewp is positive and close to one in 100 % NPK treatment, the scope of improving WUE and yield with only inorganic fertilizer is very little, and relatively greater scope exists in the integrated management of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer. The results suggest that integrated nutrient management (100 % NPK + FYM) in conjunction with three irrigations maximized yield of wheat with concomitant improvement in ET and WUE under limited water availability.

To identify the high yield planting date and pinching pattern, we compared the yields of five new varieties (lines) of tea-applied chrysanthemum, the ‘Suju 10’, ‘Suju 12’, ‘Suju 13’, ‘CH1-44’ and ‘CH5-13’. A field experiment with split-split plot design was carried out. The main plot treatments including three (early, middle and late) planting dates, split-plot treatments including 5 new varieties (lines), and split-split-plot treatments including four different kinds of pinching schemes. The results showed that the yield of ‘CH5-13’ and ‘Suju 13’ was relatively higher among the five varieties (lines), followed by ‘CH1-44’ and ‘Suju10’, and ‘Suju 12’ showed the lowest yield. Among the five varieties (lines), planting date on May 27th and two-time pinching treatments showed the highest values of plant height, crown width, flower number, flower diameter, fresh mass, yield per plant and yield per unit area. Compared with the planting date on May 7th and June 13th, the above indexes increased by 16.0% and 19.0%, 18.0% and 22.8%, 36.7% and 42.2%, 11.1% and 2.3%, 13.0% and 4.0%, 47.8% and 36.6%, 48.5% and 36.7%, respectively. With the pinching time postponed, plant height decreased. Compared with the no pinching treatment, plant height of the two-time pinching treatment decreased by 50.2%, and values of crown width, flowers number, the flower fresh mass, the yield per plant and the yield per unit area were highest, with increases of 17.0%, 29.1%, 5.5%, 34.0% and 34.8%, respectively. The impact performance of three main factors on the growth and yield of the tea-applied chrysanthemum was in order of planting date>varieties>pinching time.

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of different previous crops and sowing dates on the grain yield and some other yield components of corn under typical Mediterranean climatic conditions during summer period of 2013 and 2014. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications. The main plots were allocated to three sowing dates (Early Spring, Mid Spring and Late Spring) and sub-plots to previous crops (Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa, Lathyrus sativus, Trifolium resupinatum and Pisum arvense) and three different controls without previous crop (control-1: 100 kg ha-1 N; control-2: 200 kg ha-1 N and control-3: 0 kg ha-1 N). Corn grain yield, yield components (number of ears per plant, number of seeds per ear, ear length, ear diameter, 1000-grain weight) and plant height were assessed. The results showed that late planting date had a significantly negative effect on tested traits and second planting date (mid- spring) produced higher corn grain yield compared to the other dates. The highest corn grain yield (11011 kg ha-1) also occurred in control-2 (200 kg ha-1 N without previous crop) treatment and was significantly different from the other previous crop treatments with 100 kg ha-1 N and controls except Vicia villosa as previous legume crop of which corn grain yield was comparable with it.

The number of seeds per unit area is an important yield component in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; however, the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of this yield component are not well understood. Field experiments were conducted at Lexington, KY (3 yr), and at Taian, China (1 yr), to investigate the relationship between net canopy photosynthesis and seeds per unit area using genotypes with differences in individual seed growth rates (SGR). At Lexington, shades (30 and 63% reduction in insolation) were placed over plots from growth stage Rl until maturity to create differences in canopy photosynthesis. Planting dates (early and late) and row spacing (wide and narrow) were used at Taian to create differences in canopy photosynthesis. Crop growth rate (CGR) was measured between growth stage Rl and RS as an estimate of net canopy photosynthesis. Yield, seeds per m2, and SGR were also measured. Within each genotype, there was a linear relationship between CGR and seeds per m2 across treatments and years. Within an experiment, seeds per m2 at a constant CGR was inversely related to genotypic differences in SGR. A partitioning coefficient (γ) was estimated by dividing the total sink demand (seeds per m2 ✕ SGR) by CGR. There were no apparent genotypic differences in γ however, γ decreased linearly as CGR increased. The data suggest that the model proposed by Charles‐Edwards, which describes seeds per m2 as a direct function of canopy photosynthesis and a partitioning coefficient and an inverse function of assimilate flux to individual seeds, accurately describes the regulation of seeds per m2 in soybean.

Background: As a result of the excessive use of mineral fertilizers, it has led to an increase in the accumulation of pollutants in the soil and an imbalance in the elements present in it, leading to a decrease in crop growth, productivity and quality, in addition to serious health problems for humans and animals, Therefore, attention in recent research has focused on the use of safe and environmentally friendly materials, including stearic acid. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during the winter season of 2022-2023. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) within split-plot arrangement with three replications was used. The experiment included two factors, the first within the main plots represented two varieties of wheat (Buhooth 22 and Adana), while the second factor in the sub-plot represented spraying with stearic acid at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1, in addition to the control treatment. Result: The results revealed that Buhooth 22 resulted in significant increase plant height, chlorophyll content, number of total tillers, plant dry weight and crop growth rate with an increases in percentage of about 4.04%,7.87%, 9.42%, 2.26% and 2.19%, respectively. The results also exhibited significant with concentration 200 mg L-1 in plant height, dry weight, crop growth rate. The concentration of 300 mg L-1 resulted in significant increase of flag leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content and total of tillers.

The number of pods per unit area is an important component of pod yield of peanut. The goals of this study were to determine the relationships of (i) pod yield with number of pods per unit area and weight per pod and (ii) number of pods per unit area with crop growth rate (CGR) and duration during the different developmental stages. Fifteen peanut lines were tested at Khon Kaen University in Northeast Thailand during the 2002 and 2003 rainy and the 2003 and 2004 dry seasons. Data were recorded on developmental stages, biomass, pod yield, and yield components. The CGRs were calculated for different developmental periods. Results showed a positive linear relationship between pod yield and number of pods per unit area across genotypes and seasons (R2 = 0.69; P > F < 0.0001), but no relationship was observed between pod yield and weight per pod (R2 = 0.001; P > F = 0.85). A significant relationship between number of pods per unit area and CGR among the test genotypes was found only during the period from R6 to R7 (R2 = 0.44; P > F = 0.007), and the same relationship across seasons was significant (R2 = 0.45; P > F < 0.001) only during the period from planting to R4. These results indicate that number of pods per unit area is the major determinant for pod‐yield differences among peanut lines, and that the differences among lines for this trait are influenced by CGR during the period from R6 to R7.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] often is grown in the same areas as sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The crops are similar in use and adaptation, but differ in ways that might affect management requirements. For example, the high tillering capability of millet might result in different responses to plant population and planting date. A study to compare pearl millet and sorghum yield response to rate and date of planting was conducted for 2 yr at St. John, on a Naron fine sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, thermic Udic Argiustoll), and Manhattan, KS, on a Reading silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Arguidoll). In 1988, a millet hybrid (81‐1056 ✕ 86‐9001), a millet variety (Senegal bulk), and a sorghum hybrid (DeKalb 39Y) were planted at 15 000, 45 000, and 135 000 plants/ha on three dates. In 1989, another millet hybrid (81‐1086 ✕ 87‐8025) was added. The experiment was a modified split‐plot design with dates of planting as main plots stripped across replicates and combinations of population and variety as subplots. Planting date had no consistent effect on either crop. Plant population had no effect on millet yield. Some yield components, particularly heads per plant, increased and compensated for low populations. Sorghum yield increased with increasing population, but plant population had no consistent effect on sorghum yield components. Sorghum yielded significantly more than millet at high populations, but not at low and medium populations. These results indicate that precise plant population is much less critical for pearl millet than for sorghum in determining final yield.

Combating climate change and promoting sustainability are agricultural experts' priorities in Iraq. Using environmentally friendly fertilizers on strategic crops is considered a milestone for accomplishing that. This study aimed to determine the effect of Bio Health fertilizer spraying on some growth qualities of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during the winter season 2023-24. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates, and the experiment included two factors, the first in the main plots such as two wheat cultivars (Ibaa 99 and Adina), while the second factor in the secondary plots was spraying with Bio Health at concentrations of 800, 1600 and 2400 mg/L, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The results showed the superiority of the Ibaa 99 cultivar in plant height, the area of the flag leaf, the number of total branches, chlorophyll content, dry weight of the flag leaf, dry weight of the plant, crop growth rate and biological quotient with an increase of 3.64, 15.77, 5.01, 3.38, 7.33, 3.31, 3.34 and 5.73%, respectively. The results also showed the superiority of spraying with Bio Health at a concentration of 1600 mg/L compared to the comparative treatment, the number of total branches, the dry weight of the plant, the growth rate of the crop and the biological yield, with an increase of 28.39, 48.88, 13.21, 12.10 and 23.19%. As for the study's two factors overlap, the results demonstrated a considerable superiority between the two qualities, the height of the plant as well as its dry weight, and the combination of Bio Health spraying at a concentration of 1600 mg/L for the Ibaa 99 cultivar achieved the highest averages.

The objective of this study was to find out the optimum sowing date and irrigation frequency for better performance of the wheat variety ‘’NORMAN’’ in Niger. The study was carried out at Djirataoua (13°25’59’’N, 7°8’12’’E) in the southern part of Niger republic during the dry season 2015-2016. Three sowing dates (15-Nov, 30-Nov and 15-Dec) and three irrigation frequencies (5, 10 and 15 days) were tested in a Split Plot Design with 3 replications. The wheat variety used in this study was “Norman”. Data were recorded on yield and yield components as well as on some growth and phenological parameters. Results showed that sowing date on 15-Nov and 30-Nov took respectively 78 and 75 days to heading while the late planting (15-Dec) achieved heading in 71 days. The irrigation interval of 5 days gave the highest number days to heading (78 days). Physiological maturity was achieved at 109 and 102 days for 15-Nov and 30-Nov and decreased to 96 days when sowing was on 15-Dec. At 5 days interval of irrigation the number of days to maturity was 107 days and dropped to 101 and 99 days for 10 and 15 days interval of irrigation. Plant height was greatest (98 and 96 cm) for planting at 15-Nov and 30-Nov respectively, and became lower (90 cm) with 15-Dec. The highest plant height (103 cm) was achieved with 5 days interval of irrigation. Also the highest yield (5545 kg/ha) was achieved at 5 days interval of irrigation while the planting date on 15-Nov gave 4395 kg/ha. The thousand kernel weight was greatest (38.68 g and 39.02 g) with sowing date on 15-Nov and 30-Nov respectively and was lowest (31.43 g) when planting was delayed to 15-Dec. But the weight of thousand grains was statistically similar (39.12 g; 36.53 g and 33.48 g) for the three irrigation intervals. The interaction between the two factors was not significant for all parameters. This study was relevant for the determination of the right planting window and irrigation interval for best performance of wheat in the study area. However further studies with more options of irrigation regime are needed to evaluate the irrigation water cost in order to achieve an optimum and economic yield.

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is closely associated with kernel number at harvest. This yield component is a function of the physiological condition of the crop at a critical period bracketing silking. The objectives of this study were to analyze for that critical period by assessing (i) the relationship between final kernel number and plant or crop growth rate, (ii) the partitioning of dry matter to reproductive structures, and (iii) the effect of duration of this period on kernel set. Kernel number (per plant and per unit area) and growth rates of crops, plants, and ears were measured in 12 field experiments conducted at Balcarce, Argentina, from 1989 to 1996 with hybrid Dekalb 636. Experimental sources of variation included shading, plant density, sowing date, and night temperature. Shading and night temperature treatments were established during a 31‐d period bracketing silking. In one of the density experiments, plant growth rate was estimated for individual plants by means of a non‐destructive methodology based on correlations between dry matter and morphometric measurements. The relationship between kernel number per plant and plant growth rate was curvilinear with threshold values of approximately 1 g d−1 for kernel set and 6 g d−1 for prolificacy. At high and at low plant growth rates during the period bracketing silking, Dekalb 636 set a low number of kernels per unit of plant growth rate. This effect was explained by limited partitioning of biomass to reproductive structures during that period. When duration of the critical period for kernel set was considered by expressing plant growth rate in thermal units, a better estimation of kernel number per plant was obtained.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has the ability to produce similar yields across a broad range of management systems and planting dates. Our objective was to better understand growth factors affecting yield component compensation in the upper Midwest under different management systems. An older cultivar, Hardin, and two newer cultivars, DeKalb CX232 and Spansoy 250, were grown in five management systems during four growing seasons from 1997 to 2000. Four of the five management systems were located near Arlington, WI, on a silt loam soil consisting of conventional and no‐tillage systems with and without irrigation. The fifth management system was located near Hancock, WI, on a conventionally tilled, irrigated sandy loam soil. Yield component compensations gave similar grain yield among cultivars, planting dates, and management systems. At R6, CX232 and Spansoy 250 averaged greater dry matter (DM) accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), and crop growth rate (CGR) than Hardin. Early planted soybean had more total DM than the late‐planted soybean. No‐tillage systems produced more total DM, LAI, and CGR after R3 than the two conventional tillage systems at Arlington. Irrigated systems had higher LAI than the nonirrigated systems. These results indicate that the compensatory growth and alterations in plant development among cultivars, management systems, and planting dates had no impact on soybean yield.