The city of Kazan in the early 20th century was an important center of women's education for the Volga-Ural region, where the population was mixed (Orthodox, Muslims, and others). Almost a dozen private girls' schools in Kazan were equivalent in status to gymnasiums. These aspects of regional and ethnic history require analysis through the lens of cultural interaction in a borderland context, because Kazan, as a frontier city, gave rise to new socio-cultural models. The purpose of the study is to examine the historical experience of Kazan in the field of women's education, the ethno-confessional diversity of students in private schools and alternative educational practices, as well as patterns of cultural influence. The first private educational institutions for girls opened in Kazan at the beginning of the 19th century; their founders were foreigners. A hundred years later, gymnasiums were most often opened by Orthodox women who held a teacher’s license. Muslim Tatar women were a significant part of the population of the Kazan province and the Volga region; they formally had access to imperial-type girls’ schools, but remained a minority in them. For them, the Fatiha Aitova Gymnasium, with Tatar as the language of instruction, became an alternative educational option. However, this school was influenced by other girls' educational institutions in Kazan. The article also presents an account of the cooperation of the schools of Fatiha Aitova and Lidiya Shumkova. The article is intended for historians and anyone interested in the history of the Russian Empire.
6Are private school students more likely to smoke than public school students in China?
Are private school students more likely to smoke than public school students in China?
Assessment of Alcohol Use Control Programs in Secondary Schools in Lofa County, Liberia
Introduction: As one of the leading risk factors for disease burdens in the modern era, alcohol consumption exacerbates health-related repercussions with likely threatening influences on morbidity and mortality. Alcohol use in Liberia is a relic that hems in the anthropological and sociological perspectives on the economy, culture, and society. Students drinking has plagued several learning institutions across the country. Hence, some private and public institutions established school-based alcohol use control programs to help reduce in-school-youths' drinking. However, no study has credibly investigated the disparity in the prevalence of drinking between public and private school students. This study aimed to examine and compare the alcohol use prevalence between public and private secondary school students in Liberia.
 Methods: A quantitative method using a self-administered questionnaire to explore and interpret the prevalence of alcohol use between two independent populations, public (220) and private (180) secondary school students, was adopted. The study was done in Lofa County among students under age 14 to age 29 years. MS Excel 2016 (Office 365) was used for a two-proportion z-test analysis between two population proportions of alcohol users (public and private school students), while IBM 21.0 SPSS was used to perform chi-square tests of independence to test the association between categorical variables.
 Results: Drinking was a common phenomenon among students; however, the prevalence was significantly higher in public schools (71.8%) compared to private schools (32.8%). In a chi-square (X2) test for independence in an eventuality table, there is a non-significant association between alcohol use and "age group (p=0.406)," "gender (p=0.073)," and "grade levels (p=0.073) in public schools. However, in private schools, there is a significant association between alcohol use and "age group (p=0.000)," "gender (p=0.000)," and "grade levels (p=0.000).
 Conclusions: Several factors, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, limited knowledge of alcohol use policy, and students' proximity to family members who are distillers and vintners, especially in public schools, influence the high rate of alcohol use among students. Therefore, a comprehensive intervention strategy that encompasses students' social environment, including the community, school, and family, is needed to reduce and prevent students' drinking in Liberia.
Read more10Assessing the knowledge and attitude of elementary school students towards environmental issues in Rawalpindi
Educational institutions need to increase their efforts in the modern era of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) to educate their students for a sustainable future. Teachers and curriculum is the key ingredient to educate children and teenagers to be leaders of tomorrow in protecting the environment. This quantitative study was conducted to examine elementary school students' knowledge and attitudes towards environmental issues in Rawalpindi. The environment is directly and indirectly affected by humanity. The environment is getting polluted day by day due to which it becomes difficult to live in such a massive environment. To achieve this, there is a need to develop knowledge and attitudes in each individual. For this purpose, the population of the study consisted of all the public and private schools of the Rawalpindi. A hundred students of the ten schools, five public and five private schools of Rawalpindi, were taken as a sample for data collection. To check the attitudes of students' the questionnaire-based Relevance of Science Education (ROSE) Project was used to measure a student's attitudes and to measure the knowledge of students' self-made knowledge assessment test was used to collect the data from 7thgrade students'. The study examined the knowledge and attitude of elementary school students in public and private schools. The study also checked and compared students' knowledge and attitudes in public and private schools of Rawalpindi. Data was analyzed on SPSS software; Cross tabulation and chi-square were used to check students' knowledge. The Independent t-test was used to measure the attitudes of students. The results indicated no significant difference between government and private school students' knowledge and attitudes. Private school students' had slightly more knowledge than public school students but this difference was not significant. The public and private school students had a positive attitude towards environmental issues. Students owned environmental problems and were highly motivated to solve these problems. They were agreed to take action for the betterment of the future. As a result, sustainable development from elementary school to university necessitates a paradigm shift in our educational systems. Indeed, a sustainable way of life is impossible to achieve without a proper education system that teaches our youth how to integrate sustainability principles into their daily lives and work. Significant progress has been made in integrating environmental values into current curricula, developing new approaches and producing educational content for effective EE implementation in both programmes, since it was a government initiative to integrate environmental concepts into established curricula, devise different approaches and prepare training materials for ef Teacher teaching is therefore important in both Pakistani education systems to improve vital thinking skills and to react positively to the world about potential Pakistanis.
Read moreInteraction of Bilingualism on Mechanical Accuracy in Essay Writing Among Igbo Learners of English Language in Senior Secondary Schools in Abia State, Nigeria
This study investigated the interaction of bilingualism on mechanical accuracy in essay writing among Igbo learners of English in senior secondary schools in Abia State, Nigeria. One research question and one null hypothesis were raised to guide the study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the research and the population of the study comprised all the SS3 students of the 17 local government areas in Abia State. The sample of the study consisted of 240 students selected through multistage t-test was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that Engligbo had interaction on mechanical accuracy in essay writing among SS3 students in private and public schools in Abia State; and Engligbo had more interaction on mechanical accuracy in essay writing among SS3 students in private schools than public schools in Abia State. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Teachers of English Language should be keen in identifying spelling errors of students in their essay writing. These errors should be corrected contextually in order to sustain the ideas of the essay. They should also endeavour to use the corrected words in sentence patterning in order expose students to multiple patterns in sentence construction.
Read more7Measuring the Dynamics of the Achievement Gap Between Public and Private School Students During Early Life in India
It is well documented that private school students outperform their public school counterparts in India. However, researchers have only focused on the achievement gap in levels without considering the underlying dynamics of how students move through the distribution of achievement over time. We bridge this gap here by exploring the dynamics of the public-private school achievement gap in India by applying nonparametric measures of distributional mobility to panel data on math and Peabody Picture Vocabulary test scores from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. We find that public school students are at least as mobile as private school students during early childhood. During preadolescence, however, public school students, relative to private school students, are significantly less upwardly mobile while at the same time more downwardly mobile through the distribution of test scores. These mobility patterns, taken together with the level gap in test scores, suggests one would expect to see very little convergence in achievement between private and public school students during the middle and high school years of schooling.
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2Private Schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: an Evidence Based Approach on their Functions
Non-state, private schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are considered new educational institutions, only introduced to the Kurdish society after the establishment of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in 1992. Since then, private schools have contributed to providing education, from kindergarten to higher education (Vernez, et al., 2014). This development is continuing despite the wars, political conflicts, and economic problems that have affected the region in the last three decades. This study aims to describe the development of private schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and to clarify their functions in the educational system. Accordingly, the research questions, which provide the structure of this study cover two main parts. The first part deals with describing the profiles of private education providers, the types of schools they offer, and the development of the non-state educational sector. The second part investigates the factors affecting the choice of private schools. In both aspects, the functions of private schools for the Kurdish society are discussed. Quantitative and qualitative methods have been adapted to tackle the research questions, and a mixed methods has also been applied. A quantitative method is used to give descriptive data about the increase in the number of private schools, the types of private schools and the factors influencing parents’ choice of private schools. Data have been collected from 103 private schools to describe the increase and types of private schools in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A questionnaire for parents (n=223) provides insights into the most important factors influencing the choice of private schools over public schools in the KRI. Qualitative methods are used to describe the profiles of private education providers. Data from 10 private education providers’ websites are collected and analysed using document analysis. The results of this study show that private schools are diverse and different from the public schools, especially concerning the language of academic instruction. Some private education providers share common goals, such as providing high-quality education, while some others have specific goals, such as serving a minority group. There are both local and international private education providers. Most private schools are profit-oriented, with only a few schools considered religiously oriented or private public partnership schools. The number of private schools in the region is constantly increasing, reaching 144 schools, enrolling 33,613 students, in 2018. Different factors affect parental choices of private schools. English as a language for instruction has been found to be the most important factor for parents when choosing private schools. This could be explained by considering English as a more global language comparing to Kurdish, as English is used as a tool to be connected with the international world. This study shows that private schools in regions with different conflicts do not necessarily act as an elitist movement for social distinction, as it is often described in the discourse, but rather covering further functions as qualification objectives of the population or compensating language policies. In general, private schools have the qualification function to provide individuals with the knowledge, skills and capacities that are necessary for themselves as well as for developing the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Private schools appear to connect the Kurdish society to the rest of the world by creating global citizens through English as the medium of instruction. In addition, for minorities, private schools sustain an educational system that responds to their religious and cultural needs and expectations.
Read moreChildhood Obesity in Public and Private Middle School Students
Background: Obesity is defined as the syndrome in which excessive fat deposits in the adipose tissues, which affects the normal functioning of the body. Childhood obesity is the great challenge these days. In Pakistan recent study on children 10-15 years of age shows high prevalence of childhood obesity. The present study will help to inform the community regarding the frequency and percentage of overweight and obese children in middle standard schools. Objective: Objective so this study were to identify the recent estimate of frequency of obesity in middle school students in year 2017 and then to compare the frequency of obesity in public and private sector schools. Material and methods: This Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in 2 private schools of Sahiwal and 2 government schools of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. About 324 children (81 from each school) were recruited randomly and interviewed about their physical activities. Height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Children were distributed in different BMI group and obesity as assessed. Results: The mean age of children in government school was 13.01 ± 1.09 years while in private school was 12.75 ± 1.08. 50% were females from government school and 50% from private school. 50% were male students from government school and 50% from private schools. The mean BMI of participants was 18.48 ± 3.36 kg/m2 in government school while 20.14 ± 3.66 kg/m2 in private school. When frequency of government and private school was compared results shows that out of 162 students from each school, 13 (8%) in government schools and 24 (14.8%) in private schools are overweight, while 8 (4.9%) in government schools and 17 (10.5%) in private schools are obese. Conclusion: High frequency of obesity and over weight in children of middle schools was noted. This frequency is greater in students of private schools both males and females as compared to students of government schools both males and females. Keywords: Obesity, school going Children, private school, government school, body mass index, height, weight
Read moreTHE ACTIVITIES OF THE VLADIMIR PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPHERE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY
Background. The functions of the provincial administration in the socio-cultural sphere underwent changes because of the significant disturbances in the powers of the governor's corps at the regional level in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. This trend was facilitated not only by new local government bodies and committees created because of liberal reforms, but also by the subsequent sharp change in government policy, which in the 1980s acquired a conservative direction. The assessment of the provincial administration in interaction with educational institutions and charities remains ambiguous. The work analyzes clerical documentation and periodicals, which reveals the functions of the provincial administration in the field of education and charity in a new way. Purpose – This study investigates the activities of the Vladimir provincial administration in the field of education and charity in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The basis for the study was the periodicals, such as the Vladimir Provincial Gazette, the Vladimir Diocesan Gazette, the Vladimirets Gazette, and the office documents of the State Archive of the Vladimir Region: correspondence of institutions, reports, and accounts. This work uses problem-chronological, genetic, and analytical methods to preserve the principles of historicity and consistency. Results. The transitioning from a liberal model to a conservative one affected the principles of interaction between the governor's corps and provincial institutions on issues of education. In these areas, the administration of the Vladimir province adheres to the principles of supervision, control and clarification. The authorities are especially wary of educational institutions, due to the growth of opposition sentiments. Nevertheless, a characteristic feature inherent in the Vladimir province at the beginning of the 20th century was the rapprochement of governors and zemstvo institutions on issues of education, where the former tried to petition the highest government bodies for zemstvo initiatives on opening new educational institutions. Application of research findings in practice. The results of this study can be used in the field of research of political and regional history of both Vladimir province and provinces with similar structure of governance. Also, the obtained results can be applied to teaching regional history of Vladimir region.
Read more49Contrasting Profiles of Low-Performing Mathematics Students in Public and Private Schools in the Philippines: Insights from Machine Learning.
Filipino students performed poorly in the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics assessment, with more than 50% obtaining scores below the lowest proficiency level. Students from public schools also performed worse compared to their private school counterparts. We used machine learning approaches, specifically binary classification methods, to model the variables that best identified the poor performing students (below Level 1) vs. better performing students (Levels 1 to 6) using the PISA data from a nationally representative sample of 15-year-old Filipino students. We analyzed data from students in private and public schools separately. Several binary classification methods were applied, and the best classification model for both private and public school groups was the Random Forest classifier. The ten variables with the highest impact on the model were identified for the private and public school groups. Five variables were similarly important in the private and public school models. However, there were other distinct variables that relate to students’ motivations, family and school experiences that were important in identifying the poor performing students in each school type. The results are discussed in relation to the social and social cognitive experiences of students that relate to socioeconomic contexts that differ between public and private schools.
Read moreИж-Буби мәдрәсәсенең Тау ягы мәгарифе үсешенә йогынтысы: Акъегет мәдрәсәсе тарихыннан сәхифәләр
In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, with the support of the Tatar bourgeoisie, the largest Jadid madrasas appeared in almost all regions of compact Tatar residence, which became centers of Tatar culture. Many educational institutions existed in rural areas, and they became centers of education in a given region. Thanks to their leader or mentors, they were recognized in the Tatar-Muslim world. The fruitful activity and experience of the famous madrasas gave hope for the widespread dissemination of Jadid education among Tatars. One of these madrasas, which can be called a unique educational institution, is the madrasah of Izh-Bobya of the Sarapulsky district of the Vyatka province. The history of this madrasah is connected with the activities of the Nigmatullin brothers, their experience, the cadres who grew up in the madrasah, served the development of education not only among the Tatars, but also other peoples of the Turkic world. The purpose of this study is to show the influence of the Izh-Bubi madrasah on the development of education in the Mountainous side of the Kazan province as a whole. Using the example of the history of the Akzigit madrasah of the Civil district of Kazan, the interrelation and cooperation of Tatar educational institutions, regardless of their location, is described. The research is aimed at understanding the history of famous madrasas in the educational system among the Tatars of the late 19th- early 20th centuries. This is the novelty of the study. This approach to the problem made it possible to reveal little-known pages of the history of both the Izh-Bubi and Akzegit madrassa. It turned out that many teachers of the Akzegit madrasah were graduates of the Izh-Bubi madrasah, so they became the companions of Jadid education in the Mountainous side of the Kazan province. On the example of the activities of these educational institutions, the High culture of the Tatar people in rural areas in the late 19th – early 20th centuries is presented.
Read moreSedentary Behavior and Physical Activity: Contrasting Effects on Body Composition in Public vs. Private School Students Aged 12 to 18 Years (P1)
Background and Study Aim: Childhood and adolescent obesity are a pressing global health issue with significant implications for long-term health outcomes. Understanding the impact of sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) on body mass index (BMI) is crucial for developing effective interventions. This study examines the divergent effects of PA and SB on BMI among public and private school students in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 1,510 students (946 public, 564 private) aged 12–18 years. Anthropometric measurements, PA levels, and SB scores were assessed using validated questionnaires. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore associations between SB, PA, and BMI across school types. Results: Public school students demonstrated higher SB scores (p = 0.032, ES = 0.111) and lower PA levels (p < 0.001, ES = 0.265) compared to private school students. Despite this, private school students exhibited higher rates of overweight and obesity (p = 0.044, ES = 0.106). In public schools, increased PA levels were significantly associated with lower BMI (B = -0.091, p < 0.001), while age (B = 0.026, p < 0.001) and greater SB scores, particularly video gaming (B = -0.128, p < 0.001) and laptop use (B = -0.055, p = 0.020), were positively correlated with higher BMI. In contrast, private school students showed a significant positive relationship between overall SB scores and BMI (B = 0.033, p = 0.001), with laptop (B = -0.131, p < 0.001) and video game usage (B = -0.126, p < 0.001) being the strongest predictors. However, no significant association was found between age (B = -0.002, p = 0.840) and PA levels (B = 0.008, p = 0.564) and BMI in private schools. Conclusions: The findings highlight the influence of school environments on adolescent health behaviors. Public schools showed stronger links between PA, SB, and BMI, whereas private schools demonstrated a greater impact of SB on BMI. These results underscore the need for tailored interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors and promote physical activity. Addressing infrastructure disparities, enhancing physical education programs, and fostering healthier lifestyles are critical for combating adolescent obesity in Saudi Arabia.
Read moreThe Impact of Teacher Leadership and Positive School Culture on the Performance of Students in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Beirut and Mount Lebanon
The purpose of the study was to examine the role of teachers as leaders and the role of positive school culture on the performance of students. Moreover, this study aimed to show whether teacher leadership and positive school culture are positively affecting the successful performance of students, and whether the public and private secondary school students in Beirut and Mount Lebanon are performing equally successfully. An empirical study was performed using a survey questionnaire, which was distributed to 413 grade-12 students from 32 schools. The sample included 201 students from schools located in Beirut from which 110 students belong to private schools and 91 students belong to public schools; and 212 students from schools located in Mount Lebanon from which 115 students belong to private schools, and 97 students belong to public schools. Descriptive Statistics were conducted followed by Reliability Tests, Multiple Regression with Stepwise Method, Independent Sample T-Test, and Factor Analysis. Empirical evidence from this study showed that teacher leadership and school culture vi totally differ between the two types of schools: Private and Public schools. Private schools have better teacher leadership and a more positive school culture compared to public schools. Students in private schools build positive relationships with teachers, are engaged in school life, have a sense of school belonging, participate in classroom activities, are confident of succeeding in their exams, and achieve higher averages than students in public schools. Moreover, the study revealed that several factors regarding teacher leadership and positive school culture are better in schools in Beirut than in Mount Lebanon. That is why students in schools in Beirut build better and more positive relationships with teachers, and are more confident that they are capable of succeeding in their exams. This study recommended public schools to pay more attention to all the factors including teacher leadership and positive culture that contributed to the betterment of the private schools. Also, the schools in Mount Lebanon should learn why the schools in Beirut are doing better. In particular, they will benefit from knowing that the reasons for the differences are that in Beirut teachers are able to make their objectives clear, teachers are knowledgeable, teachers help students resolve problems or conflicts, teachers help improve skills and abilities of students, there is a supportive environment that motivates students to learn, high expectations of leaders regarding achievements, and the culture is oriented towards continuous improvement of the school.
Read more7Attitudes of Public and Private Schools’ Students towards Learning EFL
This study aimed at exploring attitudes of public and private schools' students towards learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and investigating factors affecting the students' attitudes towards learning EFL.The study attempted to answer the following questions:1-What are the overall attitudes of public and private schools’ students towards learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL)?2- Is there a statistically significant difference between the overall mean of attitudes of public and private schools' students towards learning EFL according to the type of school (public or private)?3- What are the main factors affecting students' attitudes towards learning EFL?The sample of the study consisted of 144 ninth grade students chosen randomly from Amman public and private schools. The students were distributed into four sections, each section comprised 36 students.To conduct the study, the researcher used a 20-item questionnaire to reveal attitudes of the students towards learning EFL. In addition, the researcher also carried out semi-structured interviews so as to explore factors affecting students' attitudes towards learning EFL.Findings of the study showed that the overall mean of attitudes of public and private schools' students towards learning in EFL is positive; however, the results indicated that students of private schools have more positive attitudes towards learning EFL than students of public schools.The findings showed that methods of teaching, the physical environment and the educational setting of schools were the main factors that affected students’ attitudes towards learning EFL.
Read more10Study Habit, Self-Concept and Science Achievement of Public and Private Junior Secondary School Students in Ogun State, Nigeria
This study compared study habit, self-concept and science achievement of students in public and private junior secondary schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. Twelve secondary schools were randomly selected from Egba and Ijebu divisions of the state. A sample of three hundred and sixty (360) students participated in the study. Three research instruments were used to collect data. There was no significant difference in study habit and selfconcept of students in public and private schools. However, private school students performed significantly better than their public school counterparts in integrated science (t = 3.400, p student study habit and self-concept combined together and singularly predicted science achievement. Counsellors should encourage students to study and also train them on how to improve their self-concept in order to improve science achievement. Key Words: Study habit, self-concept, science achievement, public and private schools, junior secondary schools.
Read more69The Aggregate Effect of School Choice: Evidence from a Two-stage Experiment in India
We present experimental evidence on the impact of a school choice program in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (AP) that provided students with a voucher to finance attending a private school of their choice. The study design featured a unique two-stage lottery-based allocation of vouchers that created both a student-level and a market-level experiment, which allows us to study both the individual and the aggregate effects of school choice (including spillovers). After two and four years of the program, we find no difference between test scores of lottery winners and losers on Telugu (native language) and math, suggesting that the large cross-sectional test-score differences between public and private school students on these subjects mostly reflect omitted variables. However, private schools spent significantly less instructional time on Telugu and math, and instead taught more English, science, social studies, and Hindi. Averaged across all subjects, lottery winners scored 0.13 higher, and the average causal impact on test scores of attending a private school was 0.23 . Further, the mean cost per student in the private schools in our sample was less than a third of the cost in public schools. Thus, private schools in this setting deliver (slightly) better test score gains than their public counterparts, and do so at substantially lower costs per student. Finally, we find no evidence of spillovers on publicschool students who do not apply for the voucher, or on private school students, suggesting that the positive impacts on voucher winners did not come at the expense of other students.
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