Соціальний вплив духівництва на життя русинського населення Америки на шпальтах часопису «Свобода» кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст.

Research aim is to establish the history of the first road accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early twentieth century. Research methodology. The article discusses the road accidents involving cars as one of the aspects of the emergence and development of new vehicles and ways of communication "traffic" in Kharkov in the early twentieth century from the point of view of the concept of modernization of urban space. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the historiography the history ofthe road accidents involving cars in Kharkov in the early twentieth century was the subject of special research. The publications from the newspapers «Yuzhnyj Kraj» («South Land») and «Utro» («Morning») newspapers revealed a number of testimonies of the first car accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early 20th century. The typical causes, circumstances, course and consequences of such incidents are established. Conclusions. It was found that the first car accidents were caused primarily by the unusualness of the new vehicle for traditional road users in time pedestrians, carriages and, especially, horses, which frightened the unusual view and high speed of automatic crews, the roar of their previous engines, known as time of movement of smoke and smoke, loud exhausts, internal combustion engines and various horns and even «sirens». Factors such as the poor quality of driver training and / or the irresponsibility of individual drivers when driving on city streets also played an important role in some cases. The most known example of dangerous behavior on the road was the case of a nobleman O. L. Samoilov (owner and driver of the infamous newspaper «Red Car»), who regularly consciously ensures the safety of road users. This has led to frequent road accidents involving schoolchildren of varying severity from other road users  people, animals (horses, dogs) and vehicles. At the same place on carriages and features of pedestrians who are accustomed to traffic on city streets. For a long time, they did not report the changes caused by the appearance of dozens of cars on the streets of Kharkiv and neglected their own safety, behaving carelessly.

The purpose of the article is to define the stages of the study of historiography of the problem of the bourgeoisie formation in the Dnieper region of Ukraine of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Research methods: general historical methods (historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-systematic) and special-historical (periodization, chronological, problem-chronological). Classification, historical-biographical methods and network analysis method are used. Main results: The article highlights three periods of historiography of the study of the problem of the bourgeoisie formation in the Dnieper region of Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century: pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern. Concise conclusions: at the first stage of the research the studies were pragmatic, they were not complex historical works. The authors focused on the process of monopolization of industry and the role of foreign capital in the development of the region. They were specialists well-informed in their business, therefore, in their works, we can find valuable information about the economic situation, statistical data, coverage of the work of the congresses of the southern mining industry. During the second period, Ukrainian and Russian scientists worked a lot and fruitfully, exploring the problems of economic and industrial development of the Dnieper region of Ukraine. The works of the scientists became not narrowly pragmatic and more scientifically substantiated and more fundamental. However, these works were ideologized by the Marxist-Leninist methodology. During the third stage of the study of the problem in independent Ukraine, opportunities for conducting complex and systematic studies have improved. Practical significance: The research is recommended for use in teaching history of Ukraine of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Originality: the generalization of the experience of historiography research of the problem of the bourgeoisie development is used. Scientific novelty: for the first time the method of network analysis is proposed. It allows to determine the role and place of the individual representatives of the bourgeoisie of the Dnieper region in the Ukrainian intellectual community. Article type: overview description.

The purpose of the article is to conduct a culturological reflection of the creative phenomenon of M.M. Sinelnikov in the dimension of the game conception of J. Huizinga. The methodology of research is based on the use of a set of general scientific and specific scientific methods in accordance with the cultural discourse. The historical method is used to illuminate the problems to cover and analyze the constituent components of the investigated problems. The hermeneutic method was used to study and interpret the theoretical provisions of the studied problems. To conceptualize the main points and factors investigated the problems, used the method of generalization. The scientific novelty is to address the little-studied problems of the creative phenomenon of the prominent artistic figure-reformer of the late 19th – early 20th centuries M.M. Sinelnikov and his analytical dimension through the prism of the game conception of J. Huizinga. Conclusions. An appeal to the creative phenomenon of M.M. Sinelnikov through the prism of the playful conception of culture by J. Huizinga made it possible to carry out a more extensive and in-depth analytical dimension of the investigated problems. As a result of the research, the correspondence of M.M. Sinelnikov`s artistic essence to the concept of a Homo Ludens is established. The basic factors of influence of the creative phenomenon of M.M. Sinelnikov on the process of transformation of the socio-cultural space of Ukraine in the late 19th – early 20th centuries are determined. Generalizing, we note that the analytical dimension of the creative phenomenon of M.M. Sinelnikov in the coordinates of the game conception of culture J. Huizinga significantly deepened the idea of the importance of artistic activity and its cultural activities in the formation of socio-cultural space of Ukraine in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In addition, in our opinion, M.M. Sinelnikov`s unique artistic experience is worthy of a return to cultural circulation in order to integrate it into the realities of contemporary artistic progress.

Purpose of the research: to reveal the specifics of the subordination of Ukrainian museography to the legislation of the Russian Empire with reference to information policy and the press. Object of research: typographic designations, illustrations, texts of Ukrainian museographic works published in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The subject of the research: the process of passing the censorship of museum publications of the specified geographical segment and historical period. Scientific novelty. The work for the first time comprehensively demonstrates the subordination of museographic publications of Ukrainian origin to the requirements of censorship legislation, which was in force in the Russian Empire during the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Research methodology. Procedural aspects of the passage of censorship have been established based on the analysis of the official apparatus of the books. The release of Ukrainian museographic works is presented in three chronological blocks against the background of the legislative process on freedom of the press. Taking into account that additional restrictive censorship rules were in force in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire (the so-called «Valuevsky circular» of 1863 and «Emsky decree» of 1876), the textual and illustrative components of the editions were analyzed. Relevance. The study of the process of overcoming legislative prohibitions on freedom of speech by Ukrainian museographers will make it possible in a qualitatively new way, through the prism of publishing, to assess the state and development of museums in Ukraine over the specified period.

The purpose of the article. The article is devoted to the characterization of the process of selecting audiences for socio-cultural events. Methodology. The research methodology is based on the application of methods of grouping, modeling and systematization of information. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work is to clarify the process of selecting audiences for socio-cultural events, in order to study the properties of forming a positive image of Ukraine on the world stage through event management and international cultural cooperation. Conclusions. Ukrainian culture is just beginning to develop actively and now faces many problems, including the lack of unified coordination of various cultural centers, the lack of a unified state strategy. The development of partnerships and cultural networks by cultural institutions is also important, which provides additional opportunities for funding and successful implementation of projects, allows to establish cooperation with cultural centers. Among the positive Ukrainian experience in this context we can name the work of cultural and information centers at diplomatic missions of Ukraine abroad (there are 17 centers), involving representatives of national diasporas, including organizing events to celebrate national events, organizing concerts of folk groups. and representatives of modern pop, art exhibitions, arrange presentations of literary works not only classics but also contemporary Ukrainian authors. However, the study shows that the work of these cultural and information centers is not productive, mainly activities in accordance with the protocol or on the occasion of celebrating anniversaries and more.

The article reveals the main conceptual views of modern Ukrainian historiography on the national-cultural movement in Galicia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, which considers the organized efforts of the Ukrainian ethnic community to implement the requirements for full national life, culture and education. The analyses of the works of modern Ukrainian historians – J. Hrytsak, J. Dashkevych, M. Kuhutiak, I. Monolatii, I. Raikivskyi, B. Savchuk, O. Sukhyi and others, devoted to important events of social, political and cultural character in Galicia, activities of Ukrainian political parties, societies, educational institutions, prominent figures and public activists, etc. Much attention is paid to the activities of Narodovtsi and Russophiles in the region, as the main socio-political currents that determined the ideological orientations of Ukrainians in Galicia. The historiography of the problem we are studying is supplemented by the achievements of domestic researchers of gender history, educators, and literary critics. It is established that the researchers updated many previously unknown sources, applied various methods of its analysis, and paid attention to the little-studied perspectives of the chosen topic. However, in modern Ukrainian historiography there is no comprehensive study of the national-cultural movement of Ukrainians in Galicia in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century. In addition, in modern conditions there are real opportunities to expand the source base of the chosen topic, as many documents and materials, both official and personal, have remained out of the attention of researchers.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

Purpose of the research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of the development of natural sciences in the Dnieper region in the late 19th – early 20th century, based on historiographical sources. The focus is on the activities of scientific societies and institutions, the contribution of prominent scientists, and the influence of Western European scientific concepts. Research methodology. A systematic review of scientific works on the development of natural sciences in the Dnieper region was conducted. The analysis included publications of scientific societies and universities, as well as the scientific and educational activities of Ukrainian scientists and their participation in international scientific communities. The historical and comparative methods were used to assess the influence of institutional, ideological, and socio-political factors on the development of natural sciences. Scientific novelty. The novelty of this study lies in the systematization and generalization of historiographical sources that examine the development of scientific institutions and international cooperation of scientists in the Dnieper region. For the first time, the main directions of the influence of Western European ideas, such as Darwinism and positivism, on the formation of Ukrainian scientific thought are outlined. Conclusions. The analyzed sources indicate the intense development of natural sciences in the Dnieper region at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Universities and scientific societies, which actively cooperated with each other and with Western European colleagues, were the main drivers of scientific progress. International scientific connections contributed to the introduction of new ideas and methods in local scientific research. However, the socio-political conditions of this period also presented challenges, affecting the development of science and its integration into the global scientific space.

This article continues the study of one of the constituent parts of the reform of the organisational foundations of the Russian mining industry in the second half of the nineteenth — early twentieth centuries, associated with the organisation of state supervision over private industry. The author deals with problems faced by officials of mining supervision, i.e. district engineers of the Ural mining region. In the early twentieth century, it remained the largest in terms of the number of objects of supervision and this aspect is in many respects indicative of what was happening around the whole country. According to the district engineers themselves, at that time, they had to face both problems of organising their work (defining the boundaries of districts and objects of supervision, financing, and official status), and problems related to the performance of their duties (lack of “measures of influence” on entrepreneurs). It turns out that if the former ones got solved, although not always promptly, the latter ones persisted, despite their acute character and social significance. It is concluded that the main reason for this was the different levels of overcoming certain problems. If organisational issues were resolved by means of administrative measures, as a rule, finding understanding in the mining department itself, functional ones required the approval of legislative bodies which brought them to a level of discussion where the mining department was no longer of decisive importance. The presence of diverse difficulties in the work of mining supervision in the early twentieth century indicates that at the final stage of its existence, it was not a perfect institution and did not always achieve its main goal of educating responsible entrepreneurship in such an important sector of the economy as the mining industry.

This article attempts to analyse the book publishing activities of the Bespopovtsy Old Believers in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Old Believer book printing of this period is the least studied section in the history of Russian printed books. From its inception in the early eighteenth century until 1905, the book publishing of the Old Believers was illegal. If the period of the eighteenth — early nineteenth centuries is clear enough, there is only a certain general idea of the situation in the second half of the nineteenth — early twentieth centuries (before 1905). The reason for this is that all editions of the latter period are anonymous or have false imprints. The author of the article offers her own approach to the study of this stage of Old Believer printing. In her opinion, it is necessary to identify and describe publications with their subsequent grouping based on the commonality of some features, primarily fonts and ornamentation, with a further search for ways to link these book groups to printing houses known from archival documents. Following this approach, the article identifies a group of publications, which list Pochaev as their place of publication. An analysis of these publications and identified archival materials makes it possible to identify eight printing houses in which they were printed. The study results in the following hypothesis: all these printing houses belonged to the Old Believers of the Fedoseyevtsy denomination, they closely interacted with each other, forming a kind of network, whose activities were guided and inspired by the Preobrazhensky cemetery. A special role in the production of printed materials of the Fedoseyevtsy denomination was played by the printing house of the Ovchinnikov brothers, which functioned for about 35 years. It helped smaller printing houses, cast fonts for them, made decor clichйs, and received materials from closed establishments. After the Ovchinnikov printing house ceased operations, other printers took over from them, who probably studied with them and purchased their equipment.

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation documents presenting the factual system of sacred compositions 1897 – 1901 in the interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Dormition Cathedral (Great Church). The research methodology is synthesis of historical and cultural analysis, as well as art study analysis. Scientific novelty. The author has introduced the album of drawings by the artist Andrii Lakov into scientific circulation: “V. І. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. Lakov A. A. The album of plans and detailed drawings the inside of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church showing the locations of sacred images. 1905. Paper, mixed technique. 19 sheets”. Based on this document, the author has performed three research tasks using examples. First, she reconstructed the system of sacral murals of the Church’s compartment. Second, she revealed the difference between the project and the actual mural. Third, she improved and determined the location of a number of compositions. The author has revealed the important theoretical and practical significance of the album as a presentation of the factual system of sacred compositions of 1897 – 1901 in the interior of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church (Dormition Cathedral). Conclusions. The album of drawings by the artist Andriі Lakov (1905) presents the factual system of sacral mural painting of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra’s Great Church (Dormition Cathedral) of the late 19th – early 20th century. The album permits the determination of the compositions’ location on architectural surface. It is the evidence that artists partially changed the project in terms of the location of some compositions. This album provides an opportunity for the authentic historical reconstruction of the Cathedral’s painting decoration.
 Keywords: sacral culture, Orthodoxy, sacral mural painting, Ukrainian painting, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Great Church, Dormition Cathedral, Andrii Lakov.

In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, with the support of the Tatar bourgeoisie, the largest Jadid madrasas appeared in almost all regions of compact Tatar residence, which became centers of Tatar culture. Many educational institutions existed in rural areas, and they became centers of education in a given region. Thanks to their leader or mentors, they were recognized in the Tatar-Muslim world. The fruitful activity and experience of the famous madrasas gave hope for the widespread dissemination of Jadid education among Tatars. One of these madrasas, which can be called a unique educational institution, is the madrasah of Izh-Bobya of the Sarapulsky district of the Vyatka province. The history of this madrasah is connected with the activities of the Nigmatullin brothers, their experience, the cadres who grew up in the madrasah, served the development of education not only among the Tatars, but also other peoples of the Turkic world. The purpose of this study is to show the influence of the Izh-Bubi madrasah on the development of education in the Mountainous side of the Kazan province as a whole. Using the example of the history of the Akzigit madrasah of the Civil district of Kazan, the interrelation and cooperation of Tatar educational institutions, regardless of their location, is described. The research is aimed at understanding the history of famous madrasas in the educational system among the Tatars of the late 19th- early 20th centuries. This is the novelty of the study. This approach to the problem made it possible to reveal little-known pages of the history of both the Izh-Bubi and Akzegit madrassa. It turned out that many teachers of the Akzegit madrasah were graduates of the Izh-Bubi madrasah, so they became the companions of Jadid education in the Mountainous side of the Kazan province. On the example of the activities of these educational institutions, the High culture of the Tatar people in rural areas in the late 19th – early 20th centuries is presented.

У статті на основі комплексного аналізу охарактеризовано жіночий рух в Україні, зокрема на західноукраїнських землях. Установлено найважливіші причини та передумови виникнення процесу жіночої емансипації. Визначено взаємозвʼязок жіноцтва Західної України та Наддніпрянщини. Проаналізовано діяльність жіночих культурно-просвітницьких товариств у громадсько-політичному житті краю. Зʼясовано значення соціальної активності відомих українок і доведено їхній вплив на успішне становлення та розвиток організованого жіночого руху, його суспільне визнання, пробудження національної свідомості українського народу.

The aim of the article: to find out the role of representatives of different classes and ethnic groups of the population of the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces of the Russian Empire in the development of stationary trade in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, to determine the number and conditions for the functioning of various trading establishments in the region, the level of their profitability. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, retrospective. Main results: it is noted that the trade sphere of activity concentrated in the post-reform period the bulk of business, enterprising people of the southern Ukrainian provinces. At the same time, the number of trading establishments that were in sole ownership or the property of trading houses in the territory of Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces at the end of the 19th century was approximately 19.5 thousand. It was found that representatives of the business circles of the region most often created guild stores that sold manufactory, haberdashery, etc. And the stores of Kherson region had the most significant income among such establishments – 25.9 thousand rubles per year. According to social characteristics, among the merchants of the South of Ukraine in the modern period, there were representatives of the merchant class with a significant margin from others. It is noted that representatives of almost all groups of the multinational population of the South were involved in trading activities, although this primarily concerns Russians, Jews, Germans and Mennonites. At the same time, no doubt, the role of business people of Ukrainian origin was also noticeable in this. One way or another, the entrepreneurial activity of representatives of different ethnic groups of the population of the region was primarily aimed at making a profit, which means that economic interest naturally dominated among all businessmen. Concise conclusions: it is noted that the development of private entrepreneurship in the field of trade played a decisive role in the formation of the capitalist market in the region, the genesis of commodity-money relations in the post-reform period. The practical significance: is to create a proper basis for a systemic reconstruction of the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Originality: the author used a wide range of published (both act and narrative) sources and carried out their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: A regional-sectoral approach to the study of entrepreneurship in the trade sphere of Ukraine in the imperial period is proposed. For the first time, the main directions of business strategies of entrepreneurs of the South in the trade sector at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are presented comprehensively, their class, property and ethnic composition are characterized. Type of article: research article.

The purpose of the article is to identify and characterize promising vectors of development of the Russian literary estate in the first quarter of the 21st century, in connection with which the works on the “estate” theme of T. N. Tolstaya, Yu. V. Mamleev, V. G. Sorokin, A. P. Potemkin, E. G. Vodolazkin, G. Sh. Yakhina, A. I. Slapovsky, M. L. Stepnova, V. O. Pelevin, etc. are examined in a wide cultural context. The article demonstrates that the new quality of the estate text, in comparison with the classics of the 19th — early 20th century, arises in Soviet literature and continues in the post-Soviet times. The main categories for the development of a modern literary estate are estate heterotopia, estate habitus, dacha myth, crypto-estate mythology and estateness, as well as new modifications of the estate topos: garden-city, a window into transcendent meanings and the Euro-Asian phenomenon. However, the most significant factor in the future of the literary estate in the 21st century is the “civilizational approach,” drawn from historical science. The interdisciplinary phenomenon of the Russian estate is understood within its framework, on the one hand, as one of the manifestations of the universal archetype of world history since the Biblical times, on the other — as an important element of Russia’s national cultural code from antiquity to the present day. It is the “civilizational approach” that connects the futurology of the Russian estate with the “great historical time” and takes its history beyond the imperial period of the 18th — early 20th century, which previously delineated its existence. Thanks to him, the signs of Moscow Russia of the 16th–17th centuries in a number of “estate” texts by modern authors can be perceived as a trend, rather than a curiosity. The relevance of the article lies in the desire to elaborate the paths of Russia’s civilizational identity. Its scientific novelty is in the first comprehensively presented system of categories of poetics for the study of the literary estate of the present and future. The conclusions of the article are obtained with regard to the research context on the issues raised and call for further discussion.