산후 약선식 개발을 위한 조선시대 관련의서 고찰 - 「향약집성방(鄕藥集成方)」, 「동의보감(東醫寶鑑)」, 「방약합편(方藥合編)」을 중심(中心)으로 -

To study and compare the medication regularities of traditional Chinese medicine formulas(TCMFs) for the six kinds of pains,namely abdominal pain,headache,epigastric pain,hypochondriac pain,heartache and backache,using a data-mining approach,in order to provide reference for relevant studies for the compatibility mechanism and new compound development of related TCMFs. A total of 2 443 TCMFs for pains were collected from the Dictionary of Chinese Medicine Prescriptions,and analyzed using the Apriori algorithm based on three indicators,namely confidence,lift and support,so as to study pivotal traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs) for each pain and their compatibility regularities. The results showed that deficiency tonifying medicines(such as Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Angelicae Sinensis Radix),Qi-regulating medicines(like Aucklandiae Radix) and blood circulation promoting medicines(like Chuanxiong Rhizoma) were commonly used TCMs for pains. However,there were many differences between drugs for various kinds of pains. For example,Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex was used frequently for abdominal pain and epigastric pain,while Saposhnikoviae Radix was used frequently for headache. The latent association rules with significant lift included Carthami Flos → Angelicae Sinensis Radix for abdominal pain,Astragali Radix → Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma for headache,Hordei Fructus Germinatus → Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for epigastric pain,Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma → Bupleuri Radix for hypochondriac pain,and Caryophylli Flos → Moschus for backache. This study showed that based on the TCMFs from the Dictionary of Chinese Medicine Prescriptions,the data-mining approach can reveal the differences and similarities in the use of TCMs for the six kinds of pains,and discover the latent composition regularities of relevant TCMs.

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are widely used to treat various diseases in China and some countries, and TCM products are becoming increasingly available and popular worldwide. But TCMs are facing the challenge of heavy metal pollution. In this work, we examined the total contents and fractionations of Pb, Cd, Hg, and Cu in six TCMs (Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR), Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR), Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), Astragali Radix (AR), Carthami Flos (CF), and Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR)) and evaluated the health risk of four heavy metals in these TCMs. The results showed that Cd, Pb, and Cu contents were considerably high and the amount of Cd in six TCMs, Pb in CR, ASR, AR, and CF, and Hg in ASR, PR, and PRR exceeded the limit values. The predominant fractions of Pb, Cd, and Cu were exchangeable and carbonate fractions in six TCMs; Hg mainly existed in organic and residual fractions. The average daily intake dose (ADD) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of Pb based on total content and total THQ of four heavy metals based on bioaccessible fractions in AR and PRR exceeded the safety guideline. These results indicated that the potential health risk could occur by taking these TCMs.

To analyze the component law of Chinese medicines for ankylosing spondylitis, and develop new prescriptions for ankylosing spondylitis through mutual information mining methods. Chinese medicine recipes for ankylosing spondylitis were collected and recorded in the database, and then the correlation coefficient between herbs, core combinations of herbs and new prescriptions were analyzed by using modified mutual Information, complex system entropy cluster and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, respectively. Based on the analysis of 61 Chinese medicine recipes for ankylosing spondylitis, 26 drugs with high-frequency and the distribution of Four Qi and Five Flavors of Chinese medicines occurrence in these recipes, 23 frequently-used herb pairs and 12 core combinations were founded, and 6 new recipes for ankylosing spondylitis were developed. Chinese medicines for ankylosing spondylitis were mainly consist of kidney yang-tonifying Medicinal, blood-activating and stasis-dispelling edicinal, wind-dampness dispelling and cold dispersing medicinal. The therapeutic principle for ankylosing spondylitis is to reinforce the healthy qi and eliminate the pathogenic factors. Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rhizoma Cibotii, Radix Dipsaci, Herba Taxilli, Corthex Eucommiae, Radix Angelicae Pubescentis and Radix Astragali are the main herbal drugs used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis.

This study systematically elucidated the scientific connotation of Jianpi Huogu Formula in treating phlegm-stasis blocking collaterals syndrome in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head(SONFH) by integrating clinical transcriptomics, lipid metabolomics, and biomolecular network mining techniques. The invigorating the spleen and resolving phlegm group(Codonopsis Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Poria, and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) targeted effective target genes such as ALDH7A1 and ACOX1 through 115 chemical components, regulated the AMPK and sphingolipid signaling pathways, significantly reduced the levels of diacylglycerol(DAG) and cholesterol esters, and effectively corrected lipid metabolism disorders. The activating blood circulation and dredging collaterals group(Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, and Cinnamomi Ramulus) exerts effects through 197 chemical components by intervening in the chemokine and NOD-like receptor pathways, inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs), downregulating inflammatory factor expression, and promoting vascular function repair. The tonifying the kidney and strengthening bones group(Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata and Cervi Cornu) regulated the PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK signaling pathways, inhibited osteoclast differentiation genes CTSK and MMP9, and facilitated the reconstruction of bone homeostasis. Transcriptomic and lipid metabolomic analyses were performed on clinical blood samples collected before and after treatment with Jianpi Huogu Formula. Multi-omics integration revealed that the three efficacy groups synergistically constructed a multidimensional network involving "lipid metabolism-immunity-bone homeostasis". A total of 594 differentially expressed effector genes(367 downregulated and 227 upregulated) were identified via clinical transcriptomics, and 179 differential lipid metabolites(mainly triglycerides and DAG) associated with the formula's efficacy were identified via lipid metabolomics. Together with 2 657 disease/syndrome-related genes, a "disease-syndrome-symptom-formula" association network was constructed. Topological eigenvalue analysis and functional mining indicated that the core network targets of Jianpi Huogu Formula in intervening SONFH mainly regulated signaling pathways such as osteoclast differentiation, apoptosis, Ras, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and p53, thereby inhibiting osteoclast activity, promoting osteoblast proliferation, balancing bone resorption and formation, and improving the bone marrow microenvironment. This study systematically reveals the scientific basis of Jianpi Huogu Formula in intervening in the pathological process of SONFH through the synergistic action of "lipid metabolism reprogramming-transcriptional regulatory network" from three key dimensions, i.e., lipid metabolism, inflammation, and bone remodeling. It fully demonstrates the holistic advantages of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) formulas in multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway coordinated regulation, and provides an innovative perspective and data support for elucidating the mechanism of TCM in the prevention and treatment of SONFH.

Objective To explore the medication rule of traditional Chinese medicines (also called herbs) in treating insomnia, and to provide a reference for clinical treatment and scientific research. Methods Taking the Ancient and Modern Medical Record Cloud Platform (https://www.yiankb.com) as the data source, with the subject terms of "insomnia", "sleeplessness", etc., we screened out the cases of Chinese medicine treatment of insomnia from the modern famous doctors' database and the modern medical database, extracted the prescription information in the cases meeting the criteria, and entered them into Excel. Then SPSS Modeler 18.0 was used to perform association rule analysis and association network diagram drawing, and SPSS Statistics 27.0 was used to perform cluster analysis of high-frequency drugs. Results A total of 363 medical records were retrieved, and 193 cases that met the inclusion criteria were screened. Statistical results showed that among 193 cases for treatment of insomnia, the most frequently used herbs were Suan Zao Ren (104 times, 53.89%), Poria cocos (79 times, 40.93%), and Radix angelicae sinensis (65 times, 33.68%); in terms of drug efficacy, tonic herbs (562 times, 27.5%), tranquilizers (328, 16.05%), and heat-clearing herbs (237, 11.59%) were used most frequently; the heart meridian was the most commonly used meridian, and the most frequently used medicinal properties and flavors were neutral nature and sweet flavor. Conclusion Among the cases from modern famous and old TCM doctors and cases from modern medical database included in the Ancient and Modern Medical Record Cloud Platform: the main herbs for treating insomnia include Suan Zao Ren, Poria cocos, Radix angelicae sinensis, Radix glycyrrhizae, Radix bupleuri, Radix paeoniae alba, Radix rehmanniae, and Radix polygalae; the most strongly associated herb pairs are Suan Zao Ren - Schisandrae fructus, Concha ostreae - Os draconis, and Suan Zao Ren - Radix astragali.

Objectives : Proposed a formula analysis standard about the individual formula which is to be put in the specific discussions in order to increase the effect of formula education at the college of Korean medicine. Methods : Examined the ingredient combination analysis written in Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki which was put in the 27kinds of formula science book published in both Korea and China. Results : Must analyze the formula according to the existing formula. The combination of the ingredients should be analyzed into herb pairs such as seven different combinations. The effect and disease for which medicine is efficacious, should be analyzed and tabulated by Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki. The formula should be anlayzed and schematized by the sytem of Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy. The basic formula should be analyzed and schematized by the combination of formula, adding and removing the ingredients. Analyzing Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki into the system of Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy shows the following: chief herb is Agastaches Herba; deputy herb is Perillae Folium and Angelicae dahuricae Radix; assistant herb is Pinelliae Rhizoma preparatum, Magnoliae officinalis Cortex, Citri reticulatae Pericarpium, Arecae Pericarpium, Platycodi Radix, Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma, Poria, and envoy herb is Glycyrrhizae Radix preparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma recens, Jujubae Fructus.

Si Wu Tang (Four Agents Decoction), a traditional Chinese decoction composed of Angelica Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Alba, and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, has been used to treat women's diseases for more than a thousand years. According to the original description of Si Wu Tang, Angelica Sinensis Radix should be treated with wine. However, the importance of this wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix in Si Wu Tang's function has not been identified. In this article, the chemical and biological properties of two decoctions processed in different ways (Si Wu Tang with crude Angelica Sinensis Radix and Si Wu Tang with wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix) were compared for examination. The herbal decoction Si Wu Tang prepared from wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix contained much different amounts of its active compounds. Compared with Si Wu Tang using crude Angelica Sinensis Radix, Si Wu Tang prepared from wine-treated Angelica Sinensis Radix had better biological responses. Therefore, these findings accentuate the functional importance of herbs treated with wine in the Chinese decoction.

This study summarized and analyzed the current acne-relieving Chinese medicinal health products and Chinese patent medicines,aiming at providing references for the formulation and development of acne-relieving health products. The information on acne-relieving health products published by the Department of Special Food Safety Supervision and Management,the State Administration for Market Regulation( SAMR) was retrieved,and the Chinese patent medicines on DRUGDATAEXPY were searched. Microsoft Excel and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System V2. 5( TCMISS) were employed to statistically analyze the characteristics of formulations. Forty-three acne-relieving health products were obtained,including 40 ones containing Chinese herbal medicines. Six Chinese herbal medicines showed a usage frequency ≥8,with 61 times in use totally,including Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma( 13),Lonicerae Japonicae Flos( 12),Taraxaci Herba( 11),ALOE( 9),Carthami Flos( 8),and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma( 8). A total of 29 Chinese patent medicines with similar efficacy were collected in DRUGDATAEXPY. Nine Chinese herbal medicines showed a usage frequency ≥6,with 63 times in use,including Rhei Radix et Rhizoma( 10),Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma( 8),Scutellariae Radix( 8),Lonicerae Japonicae Flos( 7),Angelicae Sinensis Radix( 6),Paeoniae Radix Rubra( 6),Astragali Radix( 6),Paeoniae Radix Alba( 6),and Gardeniae Fructus( 6). Through unsupervised hierarchical entropy-based clustering of the above-mentioned Chinese medicinal health products and Chinese patent medicines,five and three new formulas were obtained,respectively. The selection of Chinese herbal medicines was consistent with the principles of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) theories in relieving acne,i. e.,dispelling exterior wind,ventilating lungs,clearing heat,dissipating mass,promoting diuresis,relaxing bowels,removing toxin,activating blood,resolving stasis,eliminating phlegm,and regulating Qi. According to the " lung governing skin and body hair" and " interior-exterior relationship between lung and large intestine" in TCM theories,the idea that acne could be treated by relieving constipation was proposed,which provided new methods and references for the research and development of Chinese medicinal health products.

Objective: To analyze the identification and typing of bone impediments and the law of medication in ancient books based on the Chinese Medical Dictionary using the latent structure model. Methods: The formulations for bone impediment were searched in the Chinese Medical Dictionary (software), based on which an Excel sheet was created to conduct frequency analysis and construct a matrix of high-frequency medications. The high-frequency medications for bone impediment were then analyzed using the Latent 5.0 software and a latent structure model. With SPSS Modeler and Latent 5.0 as the main analysis methods, Chinese medications with a frequency ≥20 were investigated using the latent structure model and association rules, and the medication rules in treating bone impediment were dissected based on the data of frequency. Results: A total of 265 traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions were included, with a total of 289 extracted Chinese medicines, totaling 2789 medication frequencies. Among them, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Ramulus Cinnamomi, and Radix Glycyrrhizae were the high-frequency medicines for treating bone impediments, and the efficacy of dampness-resolving medicines, and tonic medicines were the higher-frequency medicine categories. The analysis of the evidence through the formula that the Yin deficiency of the liver and kidney pattern, fixed impediment, painful impediment, heat impediment, Intertwined phlegm and blood stasis pattern, wind-cold-dampness with insignificant bias, and migratory impediment of the Bi-impediment disorders for the seven main types, in general, in line with Bi-impediment disorders of wind-cold-dampness invasion, blocked meridians and channels of qi, blood, tendons, bones, joints and the etiology and pathogenesis of the Bi-impediment disorders. This study yielded 32 associative principles for the treatment of bone impediment, and its major compositions were Radix Angelicae Sinensis →Fructus Chaenomelis, Radix Angelicae Sinensis → Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae →Semen Armeniacae Amarum + Ramulus Cinnamomi, Radix Angelicae Sinensis → Radix Paeoniae Alba, and Radix Angelicae Sinensis →Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong. Conclusion: The Chinese Medical Dictionary of Bi-impediment disorders in bone impediment medication law is mainly manifested in both dispelling wind-dampness and tonifying deficiency, and emphasizes the use of corresponding drug combinations for the bias of disease and evil, in line with Chinese medicine to reinforce healthy qi to eliminate pathogenic factors and the basic principles of and treating both the tip and root.

Tongsaimai Tablets/Capsules are composed of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Codonopsis Radix, Dendrobii Caulis, Astragali Radix, Scrophulariae Radix, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and are effective in promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, supplementing Qi, and nourishing Yin. It is widely used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases. With 40 years of clinical application, it has accumulated substantial research data and application experience. Its good clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomic benefits in improving the clinical symptoms of peripheral vascular diseases have been confirmed by relevant research. Meanwhile, this drug has also been recommended by many expert consensus, guidelines, and teaching materials, serving as one of the most commonly used Chinese patent medicines in clinical practice. To further improve the understanding of the drug among clinicians and properly guide its clinical medication, the China Association of Chinese Medicine took the lead and organized experts to jointly formulate this expert consensus. Based on the questionnaire survey of clinicians and the systematic review of research literature on Tongsaimai Tablets/Capsules with clinical problems in the PICO framework, the consensus, combined with expert experience, concludes recommendations or consensus suggestions by GRADE system with the optimal evidence available through the nominal group technique. This consensus defines the indications, usage, dosage, course of treatment, medication time, combined medication, and precautions of Tongsaimai Tablets/Capsules in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases, and explains the safety of its clinical application. It is recommended for clinicians and pharmacists in the peripheral vascular department(vascular surgery), traditional Chinese medicine surgery(general surgery), and endocrinology department of hospitals at all levels in China.

This study aims to mine the regularity of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) prescriptions for sick sinus syndrome(SSS) and provide a reference for clinical syndrome differentiation and treatment. The relevant papers were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and SinoMed with the time interval from inception to January 31, 2023. The relevant information from qualified papers was extracted to establish a library. Lantern 5.0 and Rstudio were used to analyze the latent structure and association rules of TCMs with the frequency ≥3%, which combined with frequency descriptions, were used to explore the rules of TCM prescriptions for SSS. A total of 192 TCM prescriptions were included, involving 115 TCMs with the cumulative frequency of 1 816. High-frequency TCMs include Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The high-frequency medicines mainly had the effects of tonifying, releasing exterior with pungent-warm, and activating blood and resolving stasis. The analysis of the latent structure model yielded 13 hidden variables, 26 hidden classes, 8 comprehensive cluster models, and 21 core prescriptions. Accordingly, the common syndromes of SSS were inferred as heart-Yang Qi deficiency, heart-spleen Yang deficiency, heart-kidney Yang deficiency, Yang deficiency and blood stasis, both Qi and Yin deficiency and blood stasis, and Yin and Yang deficiency. The analysis of association rules predicted 30 strong association rules, among which Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma-Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata had the highest support. SSS is a syndrome with Yang deficiency and Qi deficiency as the root causes and cold, phlegm, and stasis as the manifestations. The clinical treatment of SSS should focus on warming Yang and replenishing Qi, which should be supplemented with the therapies of activating blood and resolving stasis, warming interior and dissipating cold, or regulating Qi movement for resolving phlegm according to the patients' syndromes.

Volatile component interaction effects on compatibility of Cyperi Rhizoma and Angelicae Sinensis Radix or Chuanxiong Rhizoma by UPLC-MS/MS and response surface analysis

Objective: To analyze the identification and typing of bone flaccidity and the law of medication in ancient books based on the Encyclopaedia of TCM (Traditional Chinese medicine) using the hidden structure model. Methods: The formulations for bone flaccidity were searched in the Chinese Medical Code (software), based on which an Excel sheet was created to conduct frequency analysis and construct a matrix of high-frequency medications. The high-frequency medications for bone flaccidity were then analyzed using the Latent 5.0 software and a latent structure model. With SPSS Modeler and Latent 5.0 as the main analysis methods, Chinese medications with a frequency >1.00% were investigated using the latent structure model and association rules, and the medication rules in treating bone flaccidity with TCM were dissected based on the data of frequency. Results: A total of 223 TCM prescriptions were included, with 270 extracted TCM and a total medication frequency of 2340 times. Among them, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, Poria, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Eucommiae Cortex, Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, and Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma. They were the high-frequency medicines for treating bone flaccidity, and the efficacy of tonifying medicinal, heat-clearing medicinal, and blood activating and stasis-resolving medicinal were the high-frequency medicinal categories. Through the analysis of the evidence by formula, it was concluded that spleen-kidney yang deficiency, kidney deficiency and blood stasis, kidney yang deficiency, qi deficiency/qi stagnation and blood stasis, and liver and kidney yin deficiency were the 6 main types of bone flaccidity, which was generally in line with the etiology of bone flaccidity, which was caused by kidney yang deficiency and accompanied by malfunction of the liver and kidneys. In ancient books, the regulation of the kidney is put into an important position. In this study, 19 correlative principles for the treatment of bone flaccidity were derived, whose main combinations are Paeoniae Radix Alba - Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Eucommiae Cortex + Poria-Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma + Cuscutae Semen-Eucommiae Cortex. Conclusion: The medication law of bone flaccidity in the Encyclopaedia of TCM mainly shows that it attaches importance to the regulation of tonifying the liver and kidney to strengthen the tendons and bones and emphasizes that the regulation of the three Zang–fu organs, namely the kidney, the liver and the spleen, can play an important role in the treatment of bone flaccidity.

The expression of erythropoietin triggered by Danggui Buxue Tang, a Chinese herbal decoction prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis, is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor in cultured HEK293T cells

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) is an ancient Chinese herbal decoction containing two herbs, Astragali Radix (AR) and Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR): this herbal decoction serves as dietary supplement for women during menopause. DBT has been known to modulate immune responses, and its polysaccharide is proposed to be one of the active components. However, the polysaccharide-induced signaling in immune activation is not revealed. Here, we are identifying that the immune activation, triggered by DBT, could be mediated by polysaccharide. In cultured macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells), the application of polysaccharide-enriched extract of DBT significantly increased the expressions of mRNA and protein levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor. The induction was much stronger than the polysaccharide extract generated singly from AR, or from ASR, or from their simple mixture. The induced cytokine release in cultured macrophage was revealed to be triggered by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, including (i) degradation of IkBα; (ii) translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytosol to nuclei; and (iii) activation of NF-κB transcriptional elements. These results verified the possible role of DBT polysaccharide in modulating immune responses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.