Основні тенденції захворюваності населення та поширеності хвороб, що пов'язані з вживанням психоактивних речовин в Україні

The primary aim of the paper was to investigate the relationship between family attachment, communication and family religiosity on the one hand, and risky behaviors, on the other hand, which are grouped into three categories: apathy and absentmindedness, truancy and the consumption of psychoactive substances, and finally aggressive behavior. Two hypotheses were formulated, according to which there is a negative correlation between family attachment and communication and risky behavior, i.e. the students who report higher levels of family attachment and communication exhibit fewer risky behaviors. Furthermore, the second hypothesis suggested that there is also a negative correlation between family religiosity and risky behavior, i.e. the students who report higher levels of family religiosity display fewer risky behaviors. The participants were the students of the high school “Mate Blažina” in Labin (N = 202). The results were obtained by descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation. The research findings indicated that, while there is no correlation between family attachment and communication and risky behaviors (apathy, absentmindedness, truancy and the consumption of psychoactive substances), the correlation between family attachment and communication and aggressiveness, as a form of risky behavior, is low and negative. The second hypothesis was partially confirmed, since a negative and moderate correlation was found between family religiosity and apathy and absentmindedness as risky behaviors; no correlation was observed between family religiosity and truancy and the consumption of psychoactive substances as risky behaviors; while a positive and low correlation was established between family religiosity and aggressive behavior.

About one-third of adult life is spent in the workplace. The use of psychoactive substances is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. The consumption of psychoactive substances during or outside working hours greatly increases the frequency and severity of labor accidents, as well as the workers’ poor general state of health and productivity, implying higher costs for enterprises. It is the responsibility of organizations to ensure the safety and health of their workers. These cannot be limited to traditional routine clinical exams, as other aspects also have an impact on health. Thus, prevention and intervention in the consumption of psychoactive substances (e.g., ethanol, opioids, central nervous system stimulants or depressants, hallucinogens, Cannabis derivatives, dissociative substances, and inhalants) in labor activity should be considered as an investment of organizations and not as a cost, in view of the professional, personal, and family advantages for workers and employers, with a potential impact on productivity, security, health, and quality of life at work. Despite the extensive literature on the subject, each article generally focuses on one or another aspect of a very specific nature, not tackling the problem in a holistic way by confronting clinical, safety, and legal issues. This article presents a reflection on the legal, laboratorial, clinical, ethical, forensic, and safety concerns related to the consumption of psychoactive substances in the workplace, and can be a cross-cutting contribution to occupational medicine, forensic medicine, and insurance medicine, as well as for entrepreneurs, lawyers, judges, workers, and technicians from the public and private sectors that develop projects in this area. This discussion is based on general principles established internationally and highlights the role of the occupational healthcare system and other decision-making actors in the prevention and supervision of workplace psychoactive consumption.

Perception of health risks among adolescents due to consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and psychoactive substances in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Consumption of psychoactive substances among 535 women entering a Lyon prison (France) between June 2004 and December 2008

Introduction. It is assumed that the functional asymmetry of the brain must be taken into account in a complex of other predisposing factors that influence the tendency to various kinds of deviations in adolescents, in particular, the consumption of psychoactive substances.Purpose setting. The aim of the study was to study the relationship between functional asymmetry of the brain and the consumption of psychoactive substances (alcohol, nicotine) in adolescents of the South Siberian regions (Tuva, Altai).Methodology and methods of the study. 2 559 adolescents aged 14–17 years, students of educational institutions were examined. All students completed a specially designed questionnaire on their substance use. Motor, sensory and mental asymmetry have been studied. The test «Self-assessment of mental states of personality» was applied for adolescence by G. Aizenk in the interpretation of O. V. Zikeeva. The statistical analysis was carried out in the SPSS-26 program.Results. It has been shown that right-hemisphere adolescents have significantly more pronounced anxiety, frustration and rigidity, indicating a violation of social adaptation and predisposing to the consumption of psychoactive substances, which indirectly confirms the influence of functional asymmetry of the brain. Right- brain adolescents are more vulnerable to nicotine and alcohol. Conclusion. The results obtained allow us to substantiate prevention strategies that should take into account the functional asymmetry of the target audience’s brain.

INTRODUCTION: The consumption of psychoactive substances has increased significantly, making it a public health problem, abuse has important implications for health problems, and in particular, mental disorders, facilitating use, abuse and dependence. Working conditions can make these professionals more vulnerable to the use of these substances, as they are experiencing long working hours, insufficient material resources, and a stressful accelerated pace. Patient safety to reduce the damage caused involves a climate of safety at work, with adequate conditions, valuing professionals, where the importance of including the professional in management actions is noted. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between the consumption of psychoactive substances and risk factors related to patient safety attitudes of nursing assistants and technicians and nurses at the Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative, cross-sectional, analytical exploratory study. Sociodemographic and professional information, the screening test for alcohol use (CAGE), drug use (DAST) and the patient safety attitudes questionnaire (SAQ) were used. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 226 professionals, most of them female (85.24%), with the professional category technicians/auxiliaries (73.5%) and nurses (25.7%); the average age of professionals was 42.2 years, and professional practice time of 17.7 years. Regarding substance use, 35.9% are at moderate risk of alcohol use or dependence, and 30.5% use drugs in a moderate or dependent manner. Attitudes were positive in relation to job satisfaction (76.5%). It identified that people over 60 years old and female had greater job satisfaction, in addition to people who do not use alcohol. Single/widowed professionals tend to disagree with administrative management. CONCLUSION: Although we have identified an abuse of alcohol and other drugs among health professionals, no differences were observed in sociodemographic characteristics. Attitudes towards patient safety (SAQ) were mostly dissatisfied, and they only perceived satisfaction with work positively. In this sense, it emphasizes the importance of carrying out health education actions on patient safety and risk management involved in patient care.

Objective: To evaluate the consumption of psychoactive substances by health workers from the Mobile Urgency Care Service. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted at a Public Health service located in a city in Piauí. Data collection took place from January to March 2019 by applying the following instruments in personal interviews: one with occupational, sociodemographic and economic characteristics; and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). The data were organized and processed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 19.0). Results: Of the 68 health professionals, 42 were male, with a mean age of 49.8 years old. Among them, 44 were married and 48 were Catholics. The most prevalent professional category was Nursing Technician, accounting for 46.2%. Among these workers, alcohol was the most used psychoactive substance (54 professionals), followed by tobacco consumption (25) and hypnotics (8). It is noted that tobacco was the substance most commonly used on a daily basis. Conclusion: Consumption of psychoactive substances among health professionals was evident and can be related to the pressure resulting from these positions. Attention is drawn to the importance of expanding this debate and addressing health workers' mental health.

ABSTRACTObjectives:to understand the perception of adolescents in public schools regarding the use of psychoactive substances.Methods:a qualitative exploratory study, carried out at a public school with 14 adolescents. Data were collected through a self-administered sociodemographic questionnaire and focus group, in which a semi-structured script of questions was used, organized according to the Discourse of the Collective Subject.Results:adolescents’ perceptions about the use of psychoactive substances revealed judgments, doubts and knowledge gaps. Participants’ daily lives were marked by greater acceptance, easy access and consumption of legal chemical substances in the territory, including in school environments.Final Considerations:it is necessary to enhance school environments with participatory, horizontal and intersectoral actions for prevention and health promotion that include students, families and the school, aiming at reflection on drug use and lifestyles, and the redefinition of concepts and perceptions.

We conducted a study to establish the prevalence of drugs of abuse consumption in physicians and nurses in two health institutions in Bogota outpatient identify the frequency of consumption, to establish the prevalence of alcoholism using the CAGE questionnaire and explore the interest participate in prevention or reduction of consumption in the workplace. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study by applying an anonymous survey. Results: There were 58 questionnaires (38 in physicians and 20 nurses). The substances most consumed in both groups were alcohol, cigarettes and energy drinks, followed on medical by marijuana in nursing followed by barbiturates, antidepressants, amphetamines and opiates. The prevalence of alcoholism was greater than 8% in both groups. 58% of physicians and 70% of nurses would participate in the design of occupational health programs to reduce the consumption of psychoactive substances. Conclusions: The use of drugs of abuse is higher that found in the literature for most of the substances in the general population and is similar to the revised health personnel. It recommends the formulation and implementation of corporate policy within the framework of occupational health work of these institutions, aimed at reducing and preventing the consumption of psychoactive substances.

La siguiente es una revisión conceptual gestionada a partir de la experiencia desarrollada en Costa Rica sobre el abordaje de personas que usan sustancias psicoactivas, desde diferentes paradigmas de atención de salud que han atravesado la forma en que se entiende, acompaña, atiende e interviene los trastornos de sustancias psicoactivas y se ofertan modalidades de servicios gestionados por el estado y la sociedad civil. Para esto partimos de la premisa que el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas son un hecho histórico-cultural-socioeconómico, en la relación ser humano y el medio ambiente en el desarrollo de la humanidad. El objetivo es brindar una reflexión que permita a los lectores un cuestionamiento sobre sus creencias y la relación de estas con las prácticas de prestación de servicios, para identificar desde qué paradigma se están brindando las mismas. Como conclusiones de los autores, se propone que aun hoy paradigmas históricos (desde miradas mecanicistas, centradas en la enfermedad, con un enfoque bio-médico predominante y la radicalidad de la abstinencia como única meta posible), que ya parecían haber sido superados e integrados, atraviesan el entendimiento y acompañamiento de profesionales y servicios que atienden personas que usan sustancias psicoactivas: lo que limita una implementación de estrategias e intervenciones integrales con enfoque de derechos humanos, desarrolladas en co-construcción con las personas, familias y comunidades de acuerdo a su realidad y necesidades.

Konsum und Missbrauch von legalen und illegalen Drogen. Themen: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsjahr); Staatsangehörigkeit;Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Kinderzahl; Anzahl derPersonen im Haushalt im Alter von 18 bis 59 Jahren; Zusammenleben mitVerwandtschaftsangehörigen; aktuelle Hauptbeschäftigung(Erwerbstätigkeit, Ausbildung); empfundene Belastungen bei der Ausübungder Haupttätigkeit; Auftreten ausgewählter persönlicherProblemsituationen und empfundene Belastung dadurch; Interesse an derThematik legale und illegale Drogen; Selbsteinschätzung derInformiertheit über legale und illegale Drogen; Bedeutung desDrogenkonsums von Alkohol, Tabak, Haschisch, Aufputschmitteln,Amphetaminen, Ecstasy, Kokain, Heroin sowie bestimmten Medikamenten wieSchlafmittel, Beruhigungsmittel in Deutschland (Skalometer); Beurteilungausgewählter politischer Probleme (Skalometer); subjektiverGesundheitszustand; ärztliche Behandlung aufgrund ausgewählterKrankheiten und Auftreten gesundheitlicher Beschwerden in den letzten 12Monaten; psychisches Wohlbefinden (Skala); Häufigkeit und Art desMedikamentenkonsums in den letzten 12 Monaten sowie in den letzten vierWochen: Schmerzmittel, Schlafmittel, Beruhigungsmittel, Anregungsmittelwie Stimulantien und Weckamine, Abführmittel, Appetitzügler,Abmagerungsmittel sowie andere Medikamente zur Behandlungschwerwiegender Krankheiten; Einstellung zum Medikamentenkonsum;Selbstmedikation; Medikamentenabhängigkeit; Durchführung einesHIV-Tests; Angaben zum Tabakwarenkonsum: Raucher, Gelegenheitsraucher,Nichtraucher, ehemaliger Raucher, Alter zu Beginn des Rauchens, Anzahlder Jahre des täglichen Tabakkonsums, Zeitpunkt des letztenTabakkonsums, Art des Tabakkonsums (Zigaretten, Zigarren/Zigarillos,Pfeifentabak); Tabakkonsum in den letzten vier Wochen und Ausmaß destäglichen Konsums; erfahrene Kritik aufgrund des Rauchens, Rauchverzichtaus Rücksichtnahme auf andere; Empfehlung des Arztes zur Einschränkungbzw. zum Aufhören; Regelungen zum Nichtraucherschutz am Arbeitsplatz;Zusammenleben mit anderen Rauchern; Absprachen im Haushalt wegenRauchen; empfundene Belästigung durch Raucher; Einschreiten gegenRauchen und Folgeleistung der Raucher; Einstellung zum Rauchverbot inder Öffentlichkeit (Skala); Konsumhäufigkeit ausgewählternicht-alkoholischer und alkoholischer Getränke; letztmaliger Konsumalkoholischer Getränke; Alter bei Beginn des regelmäßigenAlkoholkonsums; Alter beim ersten Alkoholexzess; Alkoholkonsum in denletzten vier Wochen und Umfang des Konsums; Anzahl der Tage mit Konsumvon mindestens fünf Gläsern Alkohol in den letzten vier Wochen;Empfindung, den Alkoholkonsum verringern zu müssen; erfahrene Kritikwegen des persönlichen Alkoholkonsums; Schuldgefühle wegenAlkoholkonsum; Alkoholkonsum am Morgen; Vorhaltungen an derArbeitsstelle und Konflikte in der Familie aufgrund von Alkoholkonsum;Besuch einer Beratungsstelle; Empfehlung des Arztes zur Einschränkungdes Alkoholkonsums; Arztbesuch wegen eines Alkoholproblems; Teilnahme anAlkoholentzug oder Therapie; Einstellungen zum Alkoholkonsum (Skala);Bewertung des Alkoholproblems im Vergleich zum Drogenproblem inDeutschland; Zugang zu illegalen Drogen; eigener Konsum von illegalenDrogen (Haschisch, Amphetamine, Ecstasy, LSD, Heroin, Opiate, Methadon,Kokain, Crack und Schnüffelstoffe); Einstiegsalter bei ausgewähltenillegalen Drogen; Häufigkeit des Konsums illegaler Drogen seit demersten Konsum und letztmalige Verwendung; Häufigkeit des Konsumsillegaler Drogen in den letzen 12 Monaten sowie in den letzten vierWochen; Art der Einnahme von Heroin oder Kokain (geschluckt, geraucht,inhaliert, geschnupft oder gespritzt); Einnahme ausgewählter Medikamentein den letzten 12 Monaten; Verlust von Freunden, Hobbies etc. aufgrundvon Drogenkonsum; Arbeitsversäumnis aufgrund von Drogenkonsum oder wegenDrogenbeschaffung; Drogen, deren Konsum eingestellt wurde oder derenKonsum der Befragte einstellen möchte; Gründe sowie Folgen desDrogenkonsums; Vertrauensperson bei Drogenproblemen; Gründe für denAusstieg aus dem illegalen Drogenkonsum; Ort bei der erstmaligenEinnahme von Drogen; Person, die die ersten Drogen zugänglich gemachthat; Einnahme verschiedener illegaler Drogen bei vorhandenem Angebot;Art des Drogenkonsums im Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis;Beschaffungsmöglichkeit von Drogen innerhalb von 24 Stunden;Einschätzung des Suchtpotenzials ausgewählter illegaler Drogen;Einstellung zum Konsum illegaler Drogen (Skala); Kenntnis verschiedenerAufklärungskampagnen zum Thema Drogen und AIDS; Einschätzung derWirksamkeit von Aufklärungskampagnen; sportliche Aktivität undMitgliedschaft in einem Sportverein; Nutzung von Geldspielautomaten;Zeitpunkt der letzten Nutzung und Nutzungshäufigkeit vonGeldspielautomaten; empfundene Belastung durch das Spielen anGeldspielautomaten. Demographie: derzeitige Ausbildung (Schule, Berufsausbildung, Studium);Schulabschluss; Berufsausbildung, Hochschulabschluss; Erwerbstätigkeit;berufliche Stellung; Häufigkeit und Dauer in Monaten vonArbeitslosigkeit in den letzten 5 Jahren; Finanzierungsquellen für denLebensunterhalt; monatliches Haushaltsnettoeinkommen; Ortsgröße;Entfernung zum nächsten Großstadt-Geschäftszentrum; Charakterisierungder Wohnumgebung anhand von Bildvorlagen; Einschätzung derSchichtzugehörigkeit der Bewohner im Wohnviertel; Entfernung zumnächsten Wohngebäude; Telefonbesitz.

Complications related to Chemsex practice (consumption of psychoactive substances in sexual context) were first assessed by the French Addictovigilance Network in 2014. In response to the deaths reported in 2016, a new expert report was commissioned to update the complications and evolution of Chemsex-related practices in France. Between January 2008 and August 2017, all Chemsex cases collected through the French Addictovigilance Network's epidemiological tools were analyzed. Comparison of data between two periods (before and after 2014) was performed to assess the evolution of practices. Over the entire survey period, 235 Chemsex cases were identified, all of them in men, with a mean ± SD age of 39 ± 11 years, including 24 deaths (10.2%). An increase in the number of reported cases was observed from one in 2008 to 50 in the first 8 months of 2017. The main medical histories include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; 45%) and hepatitis C (20%) infections, and substance use disorders (36%). In those 235 cases, 345 psychoactive substances were identified, mainly cathinones. Polydrug use was reported in 75% of cases. The main complications were substance use disorders (63%), acute neurological or cardiovascular intoxications (50%), various psychiatric disorders (39%), and viral and bacterial infections (18%). γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) was present in 95% of comas. An increase in the number of deaths was observed during the survey period. The French Addictovigilance Network, via this pharmacoepidemiological surveillance, warns public health authorities in order to support harm reduction programs and the management of Chemsexers.

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo é promover, através de pesquisa teórica bibliográfica, uma reflexão sobre os usos de substâncias psicoativas por mulheres. Reconhecer a necessidade de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, mas investir nos aspectos socioculturais relativos a tais práticas é o foco. O gênero, enquanto um determinante sociocultural, é priorizado. Homens e mulheres - enquanto diferentes atores sociais/culturais - conservam envolvimentos distintos com o consumo de substâncias psicoativas. Assim, considera que as mulheres constituem um segmento diferenciado de usuárias, com características e necessidades particulares, que devem ser consideradas pelas políticas públicas. As próprias mulheres, porém, não constituem um grupo homogêneo. Portanto, uma abordagem aos seus consumos de substâncias psicoativas deve ser feita integralmente, levando em conta os seus contextos e particularidades, e pautada em uma perspectiva de Redução de Danos.

The existing high prevalence and increase in the consumption of psychoactive substances among active employees in the workforce has created a new challenge for occupational health services. Addressing the issue of addictions in the workplace environment remains delicate due to the regulation stating that "the purpose of occupational medicine is essentially preventative, i.e., to prevent any deterioration in health due to work". Discussions have primarily focused on screening for psychoactive substances, whose use may have potential negative and damaging consequences on a workers aptitude and capability to perform. A descriptive inventory gathered from results of research carried out on the situation of psychoactive substance consumption among workers precedes a presentation of prevention tools currently available to companies and occupational health services. Ethical and legal aspects of their implementation and use are discussed.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the profile of psychoactive substance users in Senegal from 2018 to 2022. Methodology: These were retrospective descriptive studies of patient consultation and hospitalization records in the 17 psychiatric and addictology care centers in Senegal from 2018 to 2022. This was an exhaustive survey. All usable consultation and hospitalization registers were included in the study. Non-usable consultation and hospitalization registers were not included. Data were collected from January 1 to December 31 of each respective year. Data were cleaned using Excel before analysis. R software version 4.3.3 was used for analysis. Results: Between 2018 and 2022, 26,029 patients were registered in mental health facilities in Senegal. The Fann Psychiatry Department (CHNU Fann) admitted 23.2% of patients and the Thiaroye National Psychiatric Hospital registered 17.6% of drug users. For the year 2019, we found 8259 and in 2021, we had 6607 patients. The male gender was more represented with 14,750 patients, or 90.9%. The age group [25 - 34] was the majority (7013 patients or 39.5%). The majority of patients (17,425 patients, or 84.6%) were followed as outpatients. The drugs were mainly inhaled (96.7%). The most consumed substance was cannabis with 8847 patients, or 54.2%. Withdrawal was the main reason for treatment, 11,614 patients, or 85.7%. Conclusion: In the light of the results of our study, we can say that the use of psychoactive substances is a real public health and development problem in Senegal. The peaks in psychoactive substance consumption preceded the peaks in psychiatric care centers, so we need to promote information, education and communication on the harmful effects of psychoactive substance consumption among the population in general and young people in particular, in order to safeguard the country’s development.