Вплив міграційних процесів на поширення транснаціональної легалізації (відмивання) майна, одержаного злочинним шляхом, у контексті предмету правопорушення

In an abbreviated time, bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies began soaring into a meteoric rise in the world financial market. There is opportunity and, like any growth, some new grave challenges, in the transnational money laundering. The centralization of all this has made it possible for a variety that of money laundering over Bitcoin, especially over Bitcoin, which has operated on the global financial system because it has been decentralized and anonymous. This research proposes the idea of international Bitcoin-enabled harmonized legal framework to combat context of international money laundering. To succeed, however, this framework needs both the private and public sectors working together to resolve tradeoff between privacy and security on the one hand and technological feasibility on the other hand. Both this international approach and collaborative approach will be essential, leading to development of this new industry, including the use of international organizations, national governments as well as the cryptocurrency industry itself. In this linking, the main purpose consists of constructing the rock‒solid decentralized infrastructure for the industry, which will rest upon a more reliable and resistant decentralized global financial system.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the international standards for establishing national jurisdiction over the transnational crimes of money laundering and bribery and identify challenges to the adoption of those standards by different states in practice.Design/methodology/approachThis paper, first, defines transnational money laundering and transnational bribery; then, it examines the legal bases and principles on which a state can claim criminal jurisdiction over these offences. This paper also discusses the application of jurisdictional conditions in a transnational context and how to deal with the problems arising from national claim of jurisdiction over these offences, for example, jurisdictional concurrence.FindingsThis paper argues that when the jurisdictional concurrence occurs, the involved states should consult one another by taking into account a number of relevant factors and take the “centre of gravity” approach to deciding which state or forum should prosecute eventually. States less able to establish jurisdiction over the offences are often those which have a weak legal basis and/or insufficient resources.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this article would be the good guidance on how a state could claim jurisdiction over the offences of transnational money laundering and transnational bribery.

Some of the reasons for dealing with this study topic are that today one of the areas with many problems in every society is undoubtedly economic criminality presented in the form of economic crime and organized economic crime. This type of crime represents one of the most serious forms of criminality in society and this form of crime is characteristic especially for countries that are in transition, of which Kosovo is a part. Economic criminality appears in its serious forms, as a form of fraud in the market of circulation of immovable and movable objects, monopolies created in the market, falsification of documentation of goods and services, "money laundering", etc., with very serious consequences serious for the social, economic, psychological and social values of any society, especially those in transition, such as Kosovo. Methods: There was examined the issue of economic crime in Kosovo from a criminological point of view, therefore the methods that have been applied in this paper are methods that are used in criminological sciences, such as: survey-observation method, statistical method, case study method individual as well as national and international evidence on criminality. So, the paper uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, through which was tried to recognize, treat and analyze the occurrence of economic crime by proposing the relevant preventive and repressive measures in order to prevent this criminal occurrence. Results and discussion: The examination of economic crime in Kosovo is of particular importance because such a form of criminality is on the rise, as a result of the ever-increasing circulation of goods and services at the national and international level. Economic crime is increasingly appearing in various forms, either through the occurrence of numerous abuses in the market of goods and services, "money laundering", corruption, fraud and falsification of documentation on the origin of goods, abusive monopolies created in the market, crimes with electronic money and the involvement of financial institutions with special emphasis on banks and micro-financial institutions in these types of abuses, etc. Kosovo is a state attacked with various forms of economic criminality, where the degree of the "dark number" is quite pronounced as a result of the informal economy that exists in this country. Therefore, the strengthening of institutional mechanisms in the field of prevention and combating this type of criminality is more necessary since the measures taken so far are insufficient to reduce this type of economic criminality. A special role to gain the trust of the public opinion in preventing and fighting this type of criminality is also played by the mass media and non-governmental organizations, which should be created a greater scope of action in order to prevent economic abuses.Research plan: The work in the field of economic crime in Kosovo includes several areas of study interest, such as: economic crime, organized economic crime, criminal legislation of Kosovo in the field of economic crimes. Therefore, the study of economic crime is of particular importance since only by knowing the forms of presentation of economic crime and the measures for protection from this type of crime, the consequences in society will be significantly smaller, with special emphasis in Kosovo.

American court management: Theories and practice : by David J. Saari Quorum Books (Greenwood Press Inc., P.O. Box 5007, 88 Post Road West, Westport, Connecticut 06881), 1982, 163 pp., hardcover—$27.50

The article critically validates the conceptual and operational relationship among bribery, corruption, and money laundering. An understanding of such relationships should benefit the strategies directed at improving awareness and the actions that would steer activism against bribery, corruption, and money laundering. Success of anti-money laundering would bring greater sanity in the financial and monetary systems thus facilitating better growth of humans. The chapter is fundamentally qualitative, discussing related issues and proposing insights. Information and data were gathered from dedicated sources; personal and media. Almost any criminal activity that generates money, assets and action that sooner or later can be liquidated can be a source of dirty money. Banking systems, cash-intensive businesses, the gaming sector, trade or investments, unregulated financial services, and professional advisers are the main participants and conduits in money laundering. Money laundering affects the legality of financial transactions, leads to unreliable changes in the demand for money, poses major risks to a bank’s soundness, and distorts monetary exchange rates due to unanticipated cross-border asset transfers. Globally the risk of money laundering is increasing, and the consequences are proving unbearable. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in 2022 estimated that over USD2trillion is laundered every year, yet we remain without sufficient resources and instruments to fully know, understand, act, and accomplish seamless anti-money laundering strategies on the atomic and molecular level. The article contributes a newer perspective on money laundering as a five-stage project, the mutual propulsion among bribery, corruption and money laundering, and that anti-money laundering is as useful as would be creating full awareness of what it is, how to expose it, and how to think and act decisively together.

قد شهد العصر الحالي، کثيرا من التغيرات والمتغيرات، وظهرت العديد من التحديات، والأفکار المستحدثة کفکرة العولمة والتي تعني إزالة الحواجز الاقتصادية وغيرها بين الدول، وتمثل هذه الفکرة بجعل سلامة الاقتصاد الوطني مرتبط بسلامة الاقتصاد العالمي، ويؤدي ذلک بالتالي إلى وجود ارتباط وتلازم حتمي بين الأمن الوطني والأمن العالمي. ونظرا للتقدم التقني- الذي شهده العالم في عصرنا الحاضر- والتطور الهائل في مجالات الاتصالات ووسائل الانتقال، فقد ظهرت أنواع جديدة من الجرائم لم يکن للعالم سابق عهد بها مثل: جرائم الانترنت، والحاسب الآلي، وجرائم الإتجار في الرقيق الأبيض، وجرائم غسل الأموال وغيرها. وجريمة غسل الأموال– کجريمة مستحدثة- تصاعدت أنشطتها في العقدين الأخيرين بشکل ينذر بالخطر، مستغلة التطورات الهائلة في الاتصالات وسهولة انتقال رؤوس الأموال والسلع والأشخاص نظرا للتقدم السريع في وسائل النقل والسياحة والتدفق الدولي الضخم للسلع والخدمات عبر البلدان المختلفة. وليبيا ليست بمعزل عن المجتمع الدولي، فقد أصدرت القانون رقم (2) لسنة (2005م) بتاريخ 12/1/2005م بشأن مکافحة غسل الأموال، وکذلک القرار رقم (300) لسنة (2007م) بشأن إصدار اللائحة التنفيذية للقانون رقم (2) لسنة (2005م) بشأن مکافحة غسل الأموال. وعلى هدى ما تقدم فإننا سوف نتناول في هذا البحث جريمة غسل الأموال في التشريع الوضعي الليبي. The current era has witnessed many changes and changes, and many challenges have emerged, and new ideas such as the idea of ​​globalization, which means removing economic and other barriers between countries, and this idea is represented by making the safety of the national economy linked to the soundness of the global economy. Inevitable between national security and global security. In view of the technological progress- that the world has witnessed in our time- and the tremendous development in the areas of communication and means of transportation, new types of crimes have appeared that the world has never had before, such as: Internet crimes, computers, white slave trafficking crimes and laundering Money and others. And the crime of money laundering- as a new crime- has increased its activities alarmingly in the last two decades, taking advantage of the tremendous developments in communications and the ease of movement of capital, goods and people due to the rapid progress in transportation and tourism and the huge international flow of goods and services across different countries. Libya is not isolated from the international community, as it issued Law No. (2) of (2005) dated 12/1/2005 AD regarding combating money laundering, as well as Resolution No. (300) of (2007) regarding the issuance of the executive regulations for Law No. (2) For the year (2005 AD) regarding combating money laundering. Based on the foregoing, we will address in this research the crime of money laundering in the Libyan statutory legislation.

This text is an approach to legal well in criminal law, taking into account a historical analysis of the topic, with the goal to aim criticism of the doctrinal statement of the legal right to money laundering crimes. Therefore, the study of the legal asset is required, and its meaning in criminal law, through its origin to the most current classification. In addition, compulsory figure the study of items considered major in money laundering crimes to observe that enables the best appropriate hypothesis to be considered as legal as well in this type of crime. The article points out an overview of the legal interest on money laundering , with criticism and a viable solution.

Introduction. The relevance of the subject is determined by the fact that Mongolia undertook to comply with international legal norms on combating money laundering. In particular, it ratified the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime of 2000, the United Nations Convention against Corruption of 2003 and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Financing of Terrorism of 1999. Mongolia became a member of the Asia-Pacific Anti-Money-Laundering Organisation in July 2004, and within the framework of the agreements and conventions, Mongolia is expected to assume responsibility for combating money-laundering to the international community. The situation of money laundering offences committed throughout the country has declined and there is a need to strengthen the fight against this type of crime, which is indicated by the crime situation. The purpose of this research is to examine the situation of money laundering offences in Mongolia, to find out the peculiarities of investigation and trial of this type of crime, to identify the trends and issues to be considered, the possibilities of creating conditions for improving the results of combating money laundering. The methods of this research are comparison and statistical measurements. General scientific, special and private-scientific methods were also used. The generalisation of judicial practice in cases of legalisation of income has been carried out using analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. The comparison of legal regulation on different types of predicate offence has been carried out. The principle of historicism made it possible to evaluate the dynamics of formation of the Criminal Law of Mongolia in different periods. Results. According to the results of the research the necessity of making changes in the Criminal Code, in particular, on the issues related to the predicate offence, as well as in the law on combating money laundering and terrorism financing, developing the basis for effective systemic and non-systemic cooperation in the field of financial monitoring services, including with foreign organisations (e.g. «Egmont»).

In the era of deep integration between the digital economy and globalization, virtual currencies represented by Bitcoin, with their decentralized architecture, anonymous transaction characteristics, and crossborder circulation advantages, have become a new carrier for cross-border money laundering crimes. Statistics show that the global virtual currency money laundering scale exceeded the $20 billion threshold in 2024, with cross-border money laundering accounting for 60%. The cross-regional mobility, technological concealment, and regulatory arbitrage characteristics of such crimes pose a subversive challenge to the traditional anti-money laundering governance system. Through in-depth deconstruction of the four core models of virtual currency money laundering—anonymous wallet mixing services, cross-chain bridging and decentralized finance (DeFi) operations, and darknet trading ecosystems—it is evident that they face governance dilemmas in electronic data forensics, such as massive and decentralized data storage and enhanced anonymity technology countermeasures. In response to the new patterns of money laundering crimes in the big data era, public security and judicial authorities need to break down industry barriers, establish cross-departmental judicial collaboration mechanisms, and promote the construction of cloud-based think tank systems. These measures will significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of electronic data forensics, providing a solid judicial guarantee and technical support for combating cross-border virtual currency money laundering crimes and safeguarding national financial security and order.

This paper investigates the relationship between money laundering and economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago. It utilizes annual secondary time series data for the period 1990 to 2017. The proxy of fraud offences and narcotics is used to estimate the volume of money laundering. Cointegration analysis and Error Correction Modelling is employed to test the long-run and short-run relationship between money laundering and economic growth. Long-run analysis revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between fraud offences and economic growth while narcotics offences maintained a negative significant relationship with economic growth. In the short-run, estimations revealed that only fraud offences had a significant negative impact on economic growth.   Key words:  Money laundering, economic growth, Trinidad Tobago, Caribbean.

Money laundering is considered as a transnational organized crime. The logic of elimination money laundering is to omit the criminal’s motivation to enjoy their proceed of crime. The efforts to eliminate money laundering is much related to the issues of national jurisdiction. Thus, it requires international cooperation among countries, where international law is needed. Eventhough there is still no specific convention about money laundering, but regulation about money laundering is partially arranged in some conventions such as Vienna Convention 1988 and in UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crimes 2000. Indonesia has enacted a regulation is amended by UU No. 25 Tahun 2003. This article will describe the implementation of international law on money laundering in the list of non-cooperatives countries and territories (NCTT).

Objective: to increase the effectiveness of countering the use of typical criminal money laundering schemes by identifying the technological and legal vulnerabilities of the DeFi infrastructure: decentralized exchanges, blockchain bridges, decentralized wallets, and privacy-enhanced currencies.Methods: general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, theoretical modeling, legal interpretation) and special methods of scientific cognition (structural-functional, constructive, situational, innovative, target-oriented, program-target, and risk-oriented).Results: the main trends in the development of money laundering using decentralized finance were outlined; the determinative significance of DeFi technological characteristics in the genesis of money laundering was revealed; the main types of money laundering using decentralized finance were identified; the schemes of committing crimes were studied and the criminogenic potential of DeFi infrastructure (decentralized exchanges, blockchain bridges, mixers, privacy-enhanced tokens, etc.) was assessed.Scientific novelty: it is proposed to consider money laundering using DeFi as a special type of digital financial crime. The article proposes the author’s typology of money laundering, substantiates the idea that the matrix of traditional financial regulation and AML standards cannot be applied to decentralized finance. It is argued that prevention of money laundering using decentralized finance should be carried out in close connection with the identification of risk indicators and the development of effective control measures at the points of entry of criminal incomes to centralized exchanges.Practical significance: the analysis of typical mechanisms of money laundering using DeFi allows a systematic approach to the organization of early crime prevention and can potentially become the basis to develop recommendations for financial intelligence and monitoring services.

The article proposes to consider criminal activity as an independent type of complex individual crimes, having qualification rules that distinguish it from other types of complex individual crimes. Three types of crimes in which criminal activity can exist are considered, their comparison with ongoing and continuing crimes is made. Attention is drawn to the peculiarity of intent in such crimes, which determines a unified approach to their qualification. A separate place is given to the question of the moments of their actual and legal completion of the crime, as well as the time of commission, the study of which is necessary when applying the retroactive force of criminal law. The possibility of attempted crimes related to each of the three groups is discussed. The rules for the qualification of criminal activity are formulated, which differ from the rules for the qualification of other complex individual crimes, the main one of which is that criminal activity is characterized by an increase in the degree of public danger, which can change the qualification of a crime within one article of the criminal law in the process of its commission.

Investigating movement through smoke in virtual reality

Match Fixing and Money Laundering