Методические принципы разработки интерактивных веб-карт на примере объекта Всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО «Геодезическая дуга Струве»

Abstract. The current task of cartographic support for geological exploration and the oil and gas industry is to meet the needs for rapid access to spatial data by specialists. The preparation of specialized data for publication in interactive web maps involves a number of technical issues. Some of them are explored in detail in case of a cartographic support for a cameral processing and interpretation of geological, geophysical and other geoscientific data in Andaman deep water basin. The points highlighted here are in fact a reflection of the role of interactive web maps, regardless of the thematic content, in the development of the Real and Virtual maps concept. The experimental work presented in this article illustrates most of the R/V transformations first developed by H. Moellering in early 1980s. Solving the operations for transformations between real maps, interactive maps, initial (raw) thematic data and cartographic databases will help enrich cartography with new methods of creating and using data, expanding and adapting the communicative conception of cartography to modern realities. An example of the web map developed also shows how the cartographer can simplify the work of professionals in other sectors, their communication with each other through the map language and its web representations. The use of web maps in the poorly studied Andaman deep water basin shows how web maps can contribute to the quality implementation of government programs for increasing exploration and the subsequent development of mineral resources.

BackgroundThe rates of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in England have been rising steadily since the mid 1990s, making them a major public health concern. In 2003, 672,718 people were diagnosed with an STD in England, and around one third of those cases were diagnosed in London.ResultsUsing GeoReveal v1.1 for Windows, we produced Web-based interactive choropleth maps of diagnoses of STDs by Primary Care Trust (PCT) in London for the years from 1997 to 2003 . These maps are in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format and require a freely available Adobe SVG browser plug-in to be displayed. They are based on data obtained from the House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 15 October 2004. They show steadily rising rates of STDs in London over the covered seven-year period. Also, one can clearly see on the maps that PCTs located in central London had the highest numbers of STD diagnoses throughout the mapped seven years. A companion bar chart allows users to instantly compare the STD figure of a given PCT for a given year against the average figure for all 25 mapped PCTs for the same year, and also compare those figures across all seven years. The maps offer users a rich set of useful features and functions, including the ability to change the classification method in use, the number of ranges in the map, and the colour theme, among others.ConclusionsWizard-driven tools like GeoReveal have made it very easy to transform complex raw data into valuable decision support information products (interactive Web maps) in very little time and without requiring much expertise. The resultant interactive maps have the potential of further supporting health planners and decision makers in their planning and management tasks by allowing them to graphically interrogate data, instantly spot trends, and make quick and effective visual comparisons of geographically differentiated phenomena between different geographical areas and over time.SVG makes an ideal format for such maps. SVG is a World Wide Web Consortium non-proprietary, XML-based vector graphics format, and is an extremely powerful alternative to Macromedia® Flash and bitmap graphics.

The quality of operations that can be interactively performed by users (map functions) is crucially important in the use of interactive Web maps. The concept of map functionality encompasses the capabilities provided to the user, such as viewing, analysis, or integral management of map elements. This chapter presents a framework and Web-based application for research on the functionality of Web maps. Special tools have been designed for the collection of information about users’ preferences in an interactive way. The Web-based application CartoUI (www.cartoui.com) allows users to express their ideas about interactive map functions and map layout by compiling their own Web map prototypes. The chapter also introduces statistics yielded by study of 75 users who had created different prototypes of simple maps. Their preferences were analysed in order to prepare general user-driven requirements for Web maps presented in the paper.

Immense volumes of geospatial arrays are generated daily. Examples of such include satellite imagery, numerical simulation, and derivative data avalanche. Array DBMS are one of the prominent tools for working with large geospatial arrays. Usually the arrays natively come as raster files. ChronosDB is a novel distributed, file based, geospatial array DBMS: http://chronosdb.gis.land/ ChronosDB operates directly on raster files, delegates array processing to existing elaborate command line tools, and outperforms SciDB by up to 75x on average. This demonstration will showcase three new components of ChronosDB enabling users to interact with the system and appreciate its benefits: (i) a Web GUI (edit, submit queries and get the output), (ii) an execution plan explainer (investigate the generated DAG), and (iii) a dataset visualizer (display ChronosDB arrays on an interactive web map).

The Geologic Map Index of Alaska (Map Index) is an online, interactive web mapping application that provides access to an actively growing geographic index of geology-related maps of Alaska and adjacent areas. This online research tool provides the locations and outlines of most DGGS and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) geologic and geophysical maps of Alaska in a single, interactive web map. It allows searches of the map database by geographic area of interest, keywords, themes, publishing agency, dates, and other criteria. The search results provide links to DGGS's comprehensive, multi-agency publications database, where users may view and download publications for free. No other geographic index of Alaska geologic maps exists at this time. Map Index provides access to traditional geologic maps, as well as geophysical, sample location, geologic hazards, and geologic resources maps. DGGS plans to add outlines and data to the application for remaining geologic maps published by DGGS, USGS, U.S. Bureau of Mines, and U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Reports without maps can be accessed through DGGS's comprehensive publications database, .

Since the roles of intuition and affection in map use and the relationship between these processes and the effectiveness in activities supported by maps have not been completely measured, this paper intends to bring a contribution to the discussion about the relationship between subjective preference and objective performance. A series of experiments with graduation students was carried out, asking students what they would prefer as a desirable type of map to use for an analytical decision-making process and then their performance of this process was measured. To ensure the validity of the experiment, maps used for this study were designed using a social background as their theme, with analysts being asked to decide where to invest public funds. The same experiment was conducted first using a subset of paper maps (1st stage) and then using interactive web maps (2nd stage). Three types of subsets of thematic maps were assigned randomly among the respondents. Statistical tests were applied and the correlation between preference and performance in this experiment was measured. Results for the 1st step show that there is no significant variation due to the technique used in the performance tests, and for this specific subject, there is insufficient evidence to guarantee that user's preference among map techniques can lead or is related to better performance. Also it was noted that performance decreases for a reasoning related task, and maybe this could be related to the need for a deeper analysis of data evolution through time.KeywordsLess Significant DifferenceGraphic VariableVisual VariableSituation ParishVisual Perception TaskThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Heritage conservation in Alexandria demands integrative, data-driven approaches that reconcile preservation efforts with satisfactory visitor access. This study investigates how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can document, evaluate, and spatially optimise the city’s cultural heritage. A four-stage framework was applied: (1) compiling a multi-source geodatabase of 294 heritage assets in addition to transport nodes; (2) digitising attributes for value scoring based on five National Organisation of Urban Harmony (NOUH) criteria; (3) conducting spatial analytics—hot-spot, nearest-neighbour, buffer, and network analysis—together with a six-parameter walkability index; and (4) translating findings into policy-relevant interventions and interactive web maps. Results reveal pronounced clustering in the historic downtown;however 83 high-value assets lie outside a 400 m walk from transit, notably in Foad Street, Kafr-Abdo, and Ancient Catacombs sub-areas. Proposed measures—two bus-stop extensions, and one new tram halt would reduce unserved sites to 8.5 per cent. Six optimised cultural routes cut average walking time within heritage clusters to maximise exposure to unique assets. A dashboard links routes, heritage metadata, and multimodal travel options as well as enabling user-defined preference customisation. The research demonstrates GIS’s capacity to integrate qualitative heritage evaluation with quantitative mobility analytics, offering a transferable model for sustainable, economically beneficial urban heritage management.

<p>Social vulnerability is mostly described as specific social inequalities in the context of a disaster. Following this understanding, empirical research focuses on the unequal exposure of different groups to disasters and/or on the unequal capacities of groups to anticipate, cope and recover from the impact of a hazard. Although social vulnerability has recently gained attention in academia, Sweden lacks frameworks and indicators to assess it at a national level.</p><p>Following the large amount of publicly available data in Sweden, to address this gap, we present a method for quantifying social vulnerability to climate risks in Swedish municipalities. A large number of variables were collected and analyzed to create quantitative indicators that purport to measure a municipality’s vulnerability. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the information in the variables was reduced to a smaller number of components and socioeconomic vulnerability scores for each Swedish municipality. The factor analysis resulted in five components explaining more than 75% of the total variance. The resulting components and the final index are mapped for each municipality.</p><p>The results show that socio-economic vulnerability is not evenly distributed across Sweden. Apart from those findings the fact that some municipal clusters are much more vulnerable than others, the developed method is a useful tool for comparing socio-economic conditions among municipalities and for identifying susceptible municipalities which are likely to face significant challenges in coping with future natural hazard events.</p><p>Preliminary results show similar trends of social vulnerability to natural hazards at a highly resolved spatial level of aggregation as comparted to municipal levels. As studies on social vulnerability are often data-driven and thus performed on larger administrative aggregations, the sub-set of socio-economic variables from Statistics Sweden used in this study was found useful in our approach. In order to explore social vulnerability in conjunction with coastal and fluvial flood scenarios, an interactive web map was created with ArcGIS Dashboards.</p>

Background The extent of past Indigenous cultural burning in the eastern US remains contested. Historical documents (e.g. early histories, journals, and reports) contain descriptions of burning. Scholars have summarised descriptions, but few have compiled them into databases. Aims This paper presents efforts to compile descriptions of past Indigenous burning in the eastern US and early results from mapped descriptions. Methods Utilising previously cited descriptions and those discovered from digitised historical texts, the current dataset mapped >250 descriptions of burning in the northeastern US. Most were historical summaries from 19th century authors, and fewer were firsthand observations. Descriptions are currently shared as a GIS data layer, a tabular file, and an interactive web map. Key results Descriptions correspond with fire-adapted vegetation, and clusters of descriptions suggest burning over large extents (e.g. southern New England, western New York). Estimated dates of burning or initial Euro-American settlement show an east–west succession in Indigenous fire exclusion and replacement with early Euro-American burning. Conclusions Historical descriptions suggest regional-extent influence of Indigenous burning upon past forested ecosystems, but the veracity of descriptions should be carefully evaluated. Implications This study provides a dataset for further examination of Indigenous burning and comparison with other methodologies for historical cultural fire reconstruction.

PurposeThis article helps secondary teachers use online maps about the COVID-19 pandemic to develop students' critical map literacy and digital geographic information literacy while helping students analyze the pandemic and its impact on society. The purpose of this paper is to discuss unique features of online maps, suggest six questions to bring to online maps, and provide an activity and resources to develop students' skill in using these maps.Design/methodology/approachFor social studies teachers, online interactive maps create opportunities as well as challenges. They can be more engaging and interesting than static maps. They also show the relevance of key themes in geography as well as the power of maps to convey information. Maps about COVID-19 are used to explore themes in geography.FindingsInterpreting COVID-19 online maps can help students learn about the pandemic, evaluate the decisions of health officials and elected leaders, and thus develop tools to participate in society as active citizens.Originality/valueYoung people and adults are often more engaged by interactive online sources; however, online maps require teachers to develop new approaches to teaching basic and critical map literacy that include elements of digital geographic information literacy. Students can learn to ask questions of maps while learning about COVID-19.

Developments in web mapping and web based geographic information systems (GIS) have evolved rapidly over the past two decades. What began as online map images available to a small group of geospatial experts and professionals has developed to a comprehensive and interactive web map based on integrated information from multiple sources and manipulated by masses of users globally. This paper introduces a framework that outlines the eras of web mapping and significant developments among those eras. From this framework, some of the influences and trends can be determined, particularly those in relation to the development of technologies and their relation to the growth in the number and diversity of users and applications that utilise web mapping and geospatial information online.

The features of creating interactive web-maps on the territory of the city are considered. In a separate category maps created with Google, Yandex, OSM mapping a substrate with a certain set of points of interest (POI), and maps created with GIS applications. The technology of creating an interactive map is proposed, which includes the main stages: designing a mathematical basis, creating a geo-graphic basis, forming thematic databases, creating a web map. In the framework of this technology, the scale levels of the map are determined, and the choice of the cartographic projection is considered. The sources for creating an interactive map are identified, namely, the geographical basis, housing and utilities reform data, and thematic data. The interrelations of thematic objects with general geographical elements of the map content are established. A technological scheme for creating and filling a spatial database for a city site is presented. The stage of forming thematic data from various sources is considered. The technological scheme of creating an interactive web map is presented. The process of creating interactive logic is described. This technology allows you to easily make updates to the thematic database, which provides quick access to the information of the end user.

The analysis of spatial distributions is possible using a broad spectrum of new and existing digital data sources. Challenges can arise with respect to use of areal units that are both appropriate and compatible. In addition, regional statistics are prone to scale and aggregation effects that manifest the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This paper introduces a web mapping system that allows users to experiment with standard and bespoke zonal schemes in the geodemographic analysis of regional patterns. We describe the architecture and design of the platform and its associated data processing techniques before demonstrating its value through user case scenarios. Using the segregation index as an example, we demonstrate how the use of interactive maps can assist in revealing the scale-dependent nature of the index. Our web mapping system can be employed to help geography students, policymakers and researchers better understand the underlying geodemographic structure of functional regions.

The spread of geobrowsers as tools for displaying geographically referenced information provides insights and opportunities to those who, not being specialists in Geographic Information Systems, want to take advantage from exploration and communication power offered by these software. Through the use of web services such as Google Maps and the use of suitable markup languages, one can create interactive maps starting from highly heterogeneous data and information. These interactive maps can also be easily distributed and shared with Internet users, because they do not need to use proprietary software nor special skills but only a web browser. Unlike the maps created with GIS, whose output usually is a static image, the interactive maps retain all their features to users advantage. This paper describes a web application that, using the Keyhole Markup Language and the free service of Google Maps, produces choropleth maps relating to some forest indicators estimated by the last Italian National Forest Inventory. The creation of a map is done through a simple and intuitive interface. The maps created by users can be downloaded as KML file and can be viewed or modified via the freeware application Google Earth or free and open source GIS software like Quantum GIS. The web application is free and available at www.ricercaforestale.it.

This chapter addresses the growing interest in using screen-based maps on the Internet for collaborative planning and design. Specifically, it introduces six prototype web interfaces that invite users to read maps of their community and then make selections and type in comments in order to provide feedback into a planning process. Each of the six prototypes highlights a different tool or feature for navigating or making selections on online maps. New web technology has made it possible to create map-based surveys to receive feedback from the general public, but it is not yet clear what kind of graphic design alternatives and digital map designs and tools are the most useful for novice map-readers. This chapter describes several different interface designs with the purpose of finding which combinations of online tools and maps are most productive in soliciting feedback in a community planning process. The goal is to explore how web-based maps can be advanced beyond mere information provision to actual two-way interaction with the public. Tools such as free-hand drawing may provide new avenues for people to take a greater role in public decisionmaking. Examples are presented of solutions to the basic problems of creating interactive screen-based maps, which include navigating large geographic area maps and making selections on maps.