Формирование национальной экспортной политики в аграрной сфере экономики как один из основных факторов ее развития

The urgency of improving mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing agricultural complex across the territories of our country depends on the gravity of the issue of interregional differentiation of the scale of development of agricultural production, which plays a crucial role in the implementation of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation.The introductory part of the article presents an overview of the literature on food security issues, an analysis of the current state of domestic agriculture, and directions for its development. The body of the article explains the research methodology, which allows to classify, first andforemost, agricultural regions (indicating their territorial location, socio-economic characteristics, and predictive characteristics). As an indicator of the intensity of agricultural development in the regions, the authors used the volume of agricultural production per capita, which became a criterion for selecting 25% of the regions with the maximum values of this indicator. That said, by an agro-region (or agricultural region) is meant a region that produces more agricultural production than needed and exports its surplus outside the region or country (food exports). In the multidimensional classification of agro-regions, three clusters are determined (according to the level of socio-economic development, the development efficiency of the economic activity «Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing», and the volume of crop and livestock production). The paper analyses the dynamics and predictive characteristics of the development of the cluster-average volume of agricultural production per capita (including crop production and animal husbandry). An analysis of the dynamics of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials per capita by clusters revealed that the regions of the first cluster are the most actively developing, and the regions of the third cluster (with the most developed animal husbandry) are oriented towards domestic consumers.According to the authors, during the analyzed period in Russia, there was a positive trend in the development of agriculture, with the development of agro-regions outpacing all-Russian trends. The highest development rates are typical for agro-regions with a balanced development of crop and livestock production (regions of the first cluster).

The recent interest in the topic of agri-food exports is caused by investment activity in agriculture after 2014 and, as a consequence, the positive dynamics of the main indicators of the industry's development. Russia’s food exports has grown more than 15 times since the early 2000s, and the dozens of countries around the world buy this food. At the same time, there are structural and regional features that indicate the limited results achieved in foreign trade, but Russia’s agri-food exports are growing only at the expense of three categories of goods (grain, vegetable oil and fish) with a lower added value than by top-processed food products. It is noted that despite the large number of importing countries, only a few of them purchase significant volumes of Russia’s food. The aim of the study is to quantify the regional differences in the involvement of the territory in the export of food and agricultural raw materials. The assessment showed that most of the Russia’s regions are poorly involved in foreign trade, therefore more than half of all food exports belong to several regions that have a large seaport and produce one of the three main food products. Based on the assessment results, a typology of Russia’s regions is presented according to the criterion of involvement in Russia’s export of agricultural products, taking into account the characteristics of exported products (upper, middle or lower processing). The results obtained make it possible to assess the real export activity of the agroindustrial sector of the regions and the potential for its increase in the future. To calculate the dynamics and regional distribution of Russia’s food exports we used the database of the Federal Customs Service of Russia (HS codes 01-24). In the article, we also calculated the Balassa index and the export diversification index, modified for analyzing the involvement of Russia’s regions in the export of agricultural products.

The high-quality development of agriculture requires not only sustainable growth of agricultural productivity but also green agricultural production. Internet technology has played an essential role in agricultural production and marketing in China over the past decades. This paper estimates provincial agricultural green growth in China from 1997 to 2019 and decomposes it into technological progress (TP) and efficiency changes (EC) based on the Luenberger productivity indicator method. Then an econometric model is employed to analyze the impact of the Internet on the growth of agricultural green productivity and each sub-component, and moderating role of farmer education in such effect. The empirical results indicated that annual average growth rate of agricultural green productivity in China is 1.33% from 1997 to 2019, and technological progress dominates its growth. The development of Internet technology has a significant positive impact on agricultural green productivity and its decomposition. Farmer education has strengthened the effect of Internet technology on agricultural green productivity and its decomposition TP and EC.

The aim of this paper is to analyze changes and impacts on the level of labour productivity in the agricultural sector in Macedonia in the period from 2006 to 2017. Labour productivity is an important determinant for establishing the competitiveness of a particular sector or overall economy and helps in creating the necessary conditions for economic development. Agricultural sector in many countries represents the basis for growth in gross domestic product. Agriculture plays a key role in development of the national economy in Macedonia as a third largest sector after services and industry. Therefore, in order to increase the agricultural labour productivity, it is necessary to increase agricultural production, i.e., the part of gross domestic product created by the agriculture sector. In this direction, the paper also analyzes the relationship between agricultural labour productivity and gross domestic product and employment in agriculture. Synthesis and analysis, induction and deduction, descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis are used for the purpose of the paper. The results show that changes in gross domestic product in agricultural sector in Macedonia have a greater impact on agricultural labour productivity for the analyzed period compared to the impact of changes in the number of employees in the agriculture sector where the relationship is weak to moderate. Research results also showed that there is a positive and strong quantitative relationship between agricultural labour productivity growth rate and GDP growth rate in Macedonian economy. Agricultural GDP is the determinant which has to be influenced through intensification of agricultural production in order to increase the agricultural productivity.

Import substitution is an integral part of the strategy to improve the competitiveness of the national agri-food complex. It should be a stimulus that will accelerate the economy and will contribute to the formation of a self-replicating mechanism of economic growth. The study analyzed the development of import substitution during the introduction of economic sanctions by Western countries and the United States. The study showed that the need for import substitution was brewing for a long time, however, the sanctions served as the impetus for its acceleration. The introduction by the President of the Russian Federation of special economic measures did not contradict the existing legislation and was aimed at restricting the importation of many types of products from abroad for the development of domestic production. The commodity structure of domestic exports and imports was also analyzed: the export of hydrocarbons has been prevailing for many years, but over the past two years their share in the total export structure has decreased. Most of the country imports machinery, equipment, vehicles, food and agricultural products, chemical products. For most indicators, there is a negative trend, due to which domestic imports decreased over the period of the sanctions by more than 100 billion US dollars. Despite economic sanctions, the European Union remains the main trading partner of Russia. Over the past 25 years, Russia has been a passive participant in international trade and, despite its high potential in the development of agriculture, was perceived by the world community as a country focused on the export of raw materials and hydrocarbons to a foreign market, rather than on the development of its own production, including agricultural production.

The study investigated the effect of Foreign Direct Investment inflow on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria covering the period of 1981- 2023. The continued deterioration of budgetary allocation to agricultural sector, decline in agricultural output and the perception that if properly taken into consideration, the sector could bounce back to its position motivated the urge to investigate the alternative ways of revamping the sector through FDI. It is against this background that this study examines quantitatively the effect of foreign direct investment inflow to agriculture on agricultural sector productivity in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to ascertain the extent to which foreign direct investment inflows to Agriculture influences agricultural productivity in Nigeria, to determine the effect of exchange rate on Agricultural productivity, and to ascertain the relationship between trade openness and Agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Time series data were obtained from the CBN statistical bulletins. The data were found to be integrated of mixed order necessitating the ARDL Bounds test approach to cointegration which showed that there is long run relationship amongst the variables. Estimates from the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model revealed that Foreign Direct Investment to Agriculture (AFDI) and Trade Openness (TOP) significantly influenced AGRIGDP while Exchange Rate (EXCHR) seems not to have effect on the growth of the Nigeria’s Agricultural productivity during the period of study. Similarly, Foreign Direct Investment to Agriculture (AFDI), Exchange Rate (EXCHR), and Trade Openness (TOP) have a significant joint effect on Agricultural productivity in Nigeria which is being supported by the test of goodness of fit that the explanatory variables explained up to 99% of the total variations in the model. Based on the findings of the research, the study recommended that there is need to formulate policies that will attract more Foreign Investors towards the Agricultural Sector which will further increase the rate of Agricultural Productivity of the Nigerian economy.

PROSPECTS AND EFFICIENCY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE FROM OILSEED CROPS

Trade in agricultural goods and raw materials provides an important challenge for rule-making at the national, regional and international level. Many of the activities undertaken in the name of efficient agriculture are unsustainable, but unsustainable agriculture does not depend just from the exports level, because it can be found everywhere: in fact, trade in agricultural and food products can both threaten and promote sustainability. At that point the question arises as to what multilateral (or regional) rules are needed specifically to tackle the issue of sustainability and trade? With regards to this question, there are several issues such as property rights to indigenous resources, trade rules governing biofuels, investment in and ownership of land and mineral rights in resource-rich countries. This short paper looks at some specific areas where the issue of global governance, through trade institutions, impinges on farming and fishing practices and related types of raw material trade, by presenting a taxonomy that shows the intersection between government trade activities, trade agreements and sustainability. Particularly, it may consider two categories of government activity in agricultural and raw material trade: taxes or other restrictions and subsidies or other forms of encouragement; these actions can be divided in the direction of sustainability and those that are inimical to that objective. Therefore, the paper will illustrate the interface between trade rules and sustainability objectives, by discussing some examples reflecting these actions/sustainability combinations, such as: the removal of tariffs on environmental goods; restrictions on imports of products produced in an unsustainable way; restrictions on exports of raw materials in the context of scarcity; subsidies to encourage environmental farming practices; subsidies for the production and use of biofuels; and subsidies for fossil fuel usage. The last section links these topics to the issue of gaps in global governance: this item has been recognized in WTO discourse for some time, especially in the Ministerial Declaration on the contribution of the WTO to achieving greater coherence in global economic policymaking. But the search for a cohesive system of governance remains in the hands of the major countries of the world that have to led the way towards the synergy between trade rules and sustainability goals. s. Il commercio di prodotti agricoli e delle materie prime pone un’importante sfida per la regolamentazione in materia a livello nazionale, regionale e internazionale. Molte delle attivita svolte in nome di un’agricoltura efficiente si rivelano insostenibili, ma un’agricoltura non sostenibile non dipende solo dal livello di esportazioni, poiche puo ritrovarsi in molteplici situazioni: infatti, il commercio di prodotti agricoli e alimentari puo sia minacciare che favorire la sostenibilita. A questo punto, si pone la questione di quali norme multilaterali (o regionali) siano nello specifico necessarie per affrontare il tema della sostenibilita e del commercio. Relativamente a questo interrogativo, si sollevano diverse questioni, quali i diritti di proprieta sulle risorse locali, le regole del commercio in materia di biocarburanti, gli investimenti sui terreni e la loro proprieta e i diritti nei paesi ricchi di risorse naturali. Questa breve saggio esamina alcune aree specifiche in cui la questione della governance globale, attraverso le istituzioni del commercio, incide su agricoltura e pratiche ittiche e le tipologie correlate di commercio di materie prime, presentando una tassonomia che mostra l’intersezione tra le attivita commerciali di governo, gli accordi commerciali e la sostenibilita . In particolare, si possono considerare due categorie di attivita di governo nel commercio di prodotti agricoli e materie prime: tasse o altre restrizioni, da un lato, e sussidi o altre forme di incoraggiamento, dall’altro; queste azioni possono essere divise a seconda se sostengono la sostenibilita o la ostacolano. Pertanto, il documento mostrera l’interconnessione tra le norme commerciali e gli obiettivi della sostenibilita, attraverso la discussione di alcuni esempi che riflettono queste combinazioni di azioni/sostenibilita, come ad esempio: la rimozione delle tariffe sui beni ambientali; le restrizioni sulle importazioni di prodotti fabbricati in maniera non sostenibile; le restrizioni all’esportazione di materie prime scarse; i sussidi per incoraggiare pratiche agricole favorevoli all’ambiente; i sussidi per la produzione e l’uso di biocarburanti; e le sovvenzioni per l’uso di combustibili fossili. L’ultima parte del paper collega questi argomenti al problema del vuoto nella governance globale: vuoto che e stato riconosciuto nei discorsi dell’OMC per qualche tempo, soprattutto nella Dichiarazione Ministeriale sul contributo dell’OMC al conseguimento di una maggiore coerenza nella politica economica mondiale. Ma la ricerca di un sistema coerente di governo resta nelle mani dei principali paesi del mondo che devono aprire la strada verso una sinergia tra le regole commerciali e gli obiettivi di sostenibilita.

Анотація. Метою дослідження є вивчення сутності, основних тенденцій і проблемних аспектів реалізації експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарського виробництва в умовах загострення продовольчої кризи. Використовуються теоретичні та емпіричні методи пізнання в їхньому діалектичному поєднанні. Основними методами, що використовуються в цьому дослідженні, є статистичний аналіз, індексні, графічні та аналітичні методи, методи оцінки структурних динамічних зрушень, порівняння і монографічний метод. Дослідження також включало загальні методи економічних досліджень, зокрема: у розкритті змісту експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарського виробництва, формулюванні висновків використовувалися теоретичні узагальнення та порівняння, індукція та дедукція; за допомогою синтезу та економічного аналізу проводиться оцінка сучасного стану та тенденцій розвитку експорту сільськогосподарської продукції; для аналізу експорту сільськогосподарської продукції використовувалися графічні, економічні, статистичні та міждержавні порівняння; для оцінки внутрішнього і зовнішнього експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарської продукції в регіональному контексті були впроваджені статистичні методи (групування). Вплив зовнішнього і внутрішнього експортного потенціалу на експорт пшениці вивчався шляхом регресійного аналізу. Необхідність забезпечення продовольчої безпеки країнами в усьому світі наголошує на важливості аграрного сектору як каталізатора економічного розвитку, джерел валютних надходжень, напрямів інвестицій тощо. Вивчення спеціалізації сільського господарства привело до висновку, що пшениця і цукор — товари з найбільшим експортним потенціалом. Обґрунтовано, що країни Південної Америки, ОЕСР, Північної Америки та Європи мають найвищий рівень реалізації експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарського виробництва, а африканські країни залежать від імпорту. Крім того, низька експортна орієнтація Африки та Азії через особливості їх природних і кліматичних умов установлюється на основі оцінки експортно-імпортних операцій у регіональному контексті. Проаналізовано внутрішній і зовнішній експортний потенціал кожного з регіонів. Було застосовано економіко-математичне моделювання оцінки впливу найважливіших факторів на обсяги експорту пшениці, що дозволило передбачити обсяги експорту пшениці й ухвалити обґрунтовані управлінські рішення щодо реалізації експортного потенціалу агрокомпаній. Обернена пропорційність обсягу експорту споживанню пшениці на душу населення і пряма пропорційність ефективності та площі земель, що використовуються для вирощування пшениці, була встановлена шляхом кореляційного і регресійного аналізу. Наукова новизна результатів дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше проводиться цілісний аналіз потенційних можливостей і можливостей експорту наявної та збільшення експорту сільськогосподарської продукції у світі та за групами продуктів. Визначено сутність та особливості економічного представлення експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарської продукції на міжнародному і національному рівнях. Окреслено основні чинники, що впливають на розвиток експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарської продукції в регіональному контексті та досліджують їхній вплив шляхом проведення відповідного аналізу агресії. Додатковий розвиток отримало дослідження внутрішнього і зовнішнього експортного потенціалу за регіонами світу. Проведено аудит внутрішнього і зовнішнього експортного потенціалу сільськогосподарського виробництва у регіональному контексті, у результаті якого були визначені основні рекомендації щодо підвищення їхнього рівня з метою активізації розвитку агропромислового сектору економіки. Ключові слова: експортний потенціал, сільськогосподарське виробництво, експорт, інтеграція, продовольча безпека. Формул: 1; рис.: 7; табл.: 5; бібл.: 26.

Improved agricultural productivity is central to achieving inclusive development, reducing poverty, and enhancing the living standards of most people in sub-Saharan Africa. Concerned by the declining state of agricultural productivity in this region, we pursue the question whether agro-processing activities and exports of raw agricultural materials have a backward linkages effect on agricultural production activities. And if the relationship exists how can it be more effectively used? The regression results indicate that increases in export of raw agricultural materials negatively influence productivity growth in agriculture. Consistent with the findings of other studies that agro-industrial growth in the sub-Saharan region faces several challenges, the response of agricultural production to agro-industrial activities was positive but inelastic. To overcome these challenges, improving the value of agricultural exports and thereby improving agricultural productivity growth are needed in policy, regulatory, and institutional frameworks across countries in the region that will enable agro-industrial development to become stronger; lead to the creation of opportunities for increased private sector engagement including through the formation of public–private partnerships for developing synergies; provide access to credit for participants along the agricultural value chain; provide rural infrastructure that reduces postharvest losses and transport costs and shorten transit time, while increasing overall rural mobility; support innovations and technology for developing competitive value chains; provide access to value-responsive markets; provide access to timely information for improving bargaining powers; establish organizations to reduce transaction costs; and lead to inclusion of women, poor, and/or marginal groups in the value chains. Overall, this strategy will be optimal when it concomitantly and yearly increases agro-industrial activities and decreases agricultural raw material exports by 2.5% of their existing values, given 1981 as the base year.

The article examines the features of the development of Russian grain export and its infrastructure, as well as the organizational and economic mechanism of its functioning in the country. It is noted that in the near and more distant future, grain exports will retain their key role in the overall export of food products and agricultural raw materials. This will require the accelerated formation of facilities of a developed infrastructure and the creation of reliable logistics support for export grain supplies, significant organizational, financial and other support from the state, which implies the need for a transition to new forms of organizing grain commodity circulation on the principles of marketing and logistics, of introduction of transit schemes and intermodal transportation, formation of various logistics chains and a network of transport and logistics hubs based on intersectoral proportionality between the volumes of supply of commercial grain, of storage capacities, vehicles, port and transshipment capacities, as well as strengthening the coordination of actions of all the numerous participants in the movement of grain from domestic producers to its foreign consumers. In this regard, it is proposed to form the most effective national model for the development of grain exports. She should be based on the implementation of the state export policy, provide for the effective use of internal opportunities for increasing export grain resources, guarantee an optimal balance between the country’s internal needs for grain and real opportunities to increase its exports, and also have a rationally built system of market relations between all the numerous participants in the export segment of grain market. A well-organized and well-functioning system of economic relations between all links of the production and technological chains of grain movement will ensure an optimal balance between internal and external grain flows and promote a rhythmic supply of grain for export, without resorting to its sharp restrictions in some years.

Ukraine is the largest country in Europe by area. And one of the main players in the world market of agricultural products, for which it received the nickname «The Granary of Europe». This is caused by the geographical and climatic conditions of the state. The largest areas of chernozems — fertile soils that are ideal for growing agricultural products — are concentrated here. Agriculture employs 13 million Ukrainians and 55 % of the country’s area. In 2022, the Russian Federation, which is the main competitor of Ukraine on the global agricultural market, started a full-scale war against Ukraine. This caused structural changes in both local and global markets. The article examines economic transformations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, in the process of its adaptation to changes in the modern world market and challenges related to the war unleashed by the Russian Federation. The strengths and weaknesses of the export potential of agricultural products of Ukraine are analyzed, the analysis is given, the state and international programs aimed at improving the agricultural sector and its export potential are considered. The role and place of Ukrainian agricultural products in the world market and ways of its further development are analyzed. Examines government efforts to create and develop modern, high-value-added agricultural sectors such as greenhouses and horticulture, and their role in postwar agricultural development. The value of the study is the consolidation of information about structural changes in all branches of agribusiness during the period of active military operations, namely the selection of crops for cultivation, fertilizing, logistics, storage, sale on the domestic market and export of grown products to the world market.

BackgroundThe EU bioeconomy strategy aims to accelerate the European bioeconomy and its contributions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. National policies and strategies in many countries promote their bioeconomies. The importance of agricultural crops and residues as raw materials for the bioeconomy is increasingly recognised, but agricultural production also contributes to large impacts on nature and environment. With the aim of assessing the governance measures and their effectiveness in addressing the sustainability of bioenergy and biofuel production, the purpose of this study was to map the governance complex relevant to agricultural crop production in Denmark, and to identify the achievements, challenges and lessons learned.MethodsThe analysis is based on a review and assessment of publicly available databases, inventory reports and scientific literature on governance measures and their effectiveness. Governance here includes a variety of legislation, agreements, conventions and standardisation. Environmental sustainability is represented by greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, soil carbon, water quality and biodiversity.ResultsThe agricultural sector has a significant impact on Danish climate performance and on landscapes in the form of soil carbon losses, leaching of nutrients to water bodies and pressures on biodiversity. The governance complex addressing these issues is made up of a variety of state regulation and co-regulation between state and firms, state and NGOs, or NGOs and firms. Much regulation is adopted from EU directives and implemented nationally.ConclusionsThe analysis found that greenhouse gas emission is a virtually unregulated field and additional regulation is required to live up to Denmark’s 2030 emission reduction targets. The regulatory framework for soil carbon is criticised for its complexity, its competing instruments and its recognition procedures of voluntary co-regulation. For water quality governance measures in place have improved water quality, but it is still difficult to achieve the goals of the Water Framework Directive. It remains a challenge to protect biodiversity in agriculture. Biodiversity is mainly governed by national and supranational regulation, but co-regulating between state and firms and NGOs and firms have been initiated in the framework of the Agricultural Agreement.

The article analyzes the prospects for the development of the export potential of the crop industry in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of statistical data over the past 20 years, it has been established that the reform of the agricultural sector of the economy, which took place in the early 2000s, led to the creation of large agricultural companies, which concentrated in their hands most of the agricultural land and were able to significantly increase the volume of exports. agricultural products. It was revealed that the growth rates of exports of crop products significantly exceed the growth rates of exports of both products of the agricultural sector as a whole, and exports in general for the Ukrainian economy as a whole. The basis of the export potential is made up of grains and oilseeds. At the same time, it is shown that the last 4 years, the export of oilseeds, and over the last 2 years and cereals to a certain extent, has stabilized, which indicates a possible approach to the border of export opportunities for traditional types of agricultural products. The share of crop production over the past decade has increased by about 3 times, and grain - by 4 times. On the one hand, this is evidence of the growing importance of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy in the national economy, and on the other hand, it is evidence of the fact that our country is a supplier of raw materials. According to the authors, Ukraine has almost reached the export potential of the physical volumes of crop production. Their further increase can lead to serious disruptions in the domestic market and cause a significant reduction in the production of livestock products, which already do not meet the needs of the population in livestock food. Over the past 7 years, the volume of physical exports has grown by 76%, and in value terms - by 43.6%. This is evidence of the fact that building up export potential through increased sales of raw materials is strategically unprofitable. It is concluded that it is necessary to change the structure of exports in favor of processed products of crop production.

In the era of industrial revolution 4.0, despite of great potential in export of agricultural products, the engagement of Vietnamese small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in this activity is rather small and is almost through indirect export. Particularly, the current US-China trade war may lead to more stringent technical barriers to the export of Vietnamese agricultural products when both sides doubt about the origin of Vietnamese agricultural products. In this context, supports provided for Vietnamese SMEs to enhance their export management capacity is necessary. This paper focuses on developing skills to assist SMEs in penetrating international markets such as market research skill and market identification skill. To investigate training needs of Vietnamese SME managers, qualitative methodology with the participation of 124 Vietnamese SME managers was used. The research results are expected to be useful for SMEs, training/consulting institutions as well as government agencies in developing training programs to support Vietnamese SMEs in exporting agricultural products. The paper also makes contribution in developing the body of knowledge related to human resource management in emerging markets such as Vietnam.