МЕТОДИКА ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ РАЗМЕРНЫХ СВЯЗЕЙ ПРИ РЕГУЛИРОВКЕ КЛАПАННОГО ЗАЗОРА В МЕХАНИЗМЕ ГАЗОРАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ АВТОМОБИЛЬНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

The relevance of the study is caused by the fact that the personality of P. Shatilov does not have a sufficient scientific reflection in the literature from the standpoint and with the use of methods of studying medical local lore. In particular, historical research methods are neglected, however, they can be used to study the work of P. Shatilov in Kharkiv in more detail during the epidemics that engulfed the city in 1919-1921. Today, when the whole world suffers from coronavirus infection, it is extremely important to give an example of medical struggle in emergencies, the victories of P. Shatilov not only as a physician but also as a citizen, because such examples instill responsibility to society. Task: to provide an updated biographical study of P. Shatilov for the centenary of his death, taking into account the methods of historical research, which had not previously been used in works of this kind. After all, medical personnel require a wider use of methods than previously represented biographical studies on the figure of P. Shatilov. To reproduce the biography of a scientist on a historical background, highlighting not only personal data, but also depicting the era in which the scientist lived and worked.

Aim is to study the manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder in internally displaced persons and recommendations for improving their psychological condition. Research materials and methods. A survey of 100 internally displaced persons was conducted using the Mississippi scale (version for civilians), the respondents were internally displaced persons from Donetsk, Kharkiv, Sumy regions and the city of Kyiv. The methods of treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in the sources of domestic and foreign literature were studied. Research methods: sociological (survey), bibliosemantic, analytical, statistical. Data processing: frequency analysis was used to study the results of the questionnaire. Research results. The interpretation of the obtained results showed that among the 100 respondents, 3 people have clearly expressed PTSD (refugees), another 9 people did not get enough points to be able to speak confidently about the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder, and the other 88 people have several symptoms of PTSD development. For the purpose of effective treatment, it is necessary to first evaluate the manifestations and severity of the disease, and then choose treatment tactics based on this. When contacting a family doctor, further referral to a specialist in mental health is possible - a psychotherapist, psychologist or psychiatrist. Conclusions. The results of the study showed the presence of manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder to one degree or another in a significant part of the surveyed internally displaced persons and the feasibility of using the Mississippi scale for civilians as an auxiliary diagnostic tool capable of detecting these manifestations. To overcome psychological disorders, experts recommend psychotherapy, emphasizing the need for internal adjustment to treatment, awareness of its necessity, and mandatory help from family and friends.

The detailed study devoted to instrumental diagnostic methods of bone tissue research was performed by authors. The main idea which is the basis for this work is the analysis and study of X-ray methods for examining bone tissue, highlighting their advantages. As a result of the work, we analyzed published scientific data in Russian and foreign literary sources, which addresses many instrumental methods of bone tissue research. After experiments a detailed description of the most common research methods related to the study of bone tissue was given, its structure and other functions. Analysis of the modern scientific data has shown that there is a great need to know the instrumental methods for studying human organs and systems, and their more accurate possibilities for identifying pathological processes, which will permit the use of the research method that in any particular case will be the most informative, which would provide timely diagnosis and its accuracy.

Purpose | The article is an attempt to assess the impact of the anti-tax avoidance rule on the corporate income tax (CIT) gap in Poland. Research method | The research intention was carried out using a literature review and analysis of applicable regulations and empirical data. The implementation of the goal required the use of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the statistical relationship between the number of KAS (National Revenue Administration) proceedings using GAAR and the size of the tax gap in Poland. Results | Based on the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, the relationship between the number of proceedings and decisions issued using the GAAR clause and the size of the CIT gap was examined in years 2016-2023. In principle, no correlation was found between the individual variables. The exception was the correlation between the CIT gap as a percentage of GDP and the number of proceedings using the general clause. A large negative relationship was noted between both variables, which means that the increase in the number of proceedings of the Head of the National Revenue Administration using GAAR will be accompanied by a decrease in the corporate income tax gap. Originality / value / implications / recommendations | The publication presents the essence of the anti-tax avoidance clause, which has been controversial since its introduction. It is also an important and still relevant issue, because the results of previous experience indicate that many issues are debatable, but also raise new questions. One of the dilemmas is the issue of terminology, the catalogue of exclusions in relation to GAAR, as well as the systematic preparation of CIT gap estimates. In the future, it is necessary to continue research in the outlined area.

Introduction. Currently, rural areas are an important element of the life of any country, where a powerful economic, natural, demographic and cultural potential is concentrated. Its activation and use largely determines the rate of development of a particular region, and also affects the standard of living of rural residents. Therefore, any country should consider the development of rural areas as a promising step to increase production as agricultural products, but also to the growth of the gross product in general. Goal. On the basis of the conducted research, propose an author's approach to understanding the concept of "rural territory" as an object of analysis and management. Method (methodology). To achieve the goal and solve the set tasks, the following research methods were used: abstract and logical (when determining the goal, tasks, formulating conclusions, researching domestic and foreign literary sources, regulatory and legal acts, forming a system of socio-economic development of rural areas). The results. Based on the generalization of the scientists' research, the author's approach to the concept of "rural territory" is proposed as a territory located outside cities, which includes both rural settlements and mainly areas of agricultural production and rural development with its natural resources, socio-cultural living conditions and population, and which performs social, economic and ecological functions.

The aim of this article is to discuss the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on various areas of the Human Resources Management (HRM) and to indicate whether there are uncertainties and challenges associated with it. Design/methodology/approach: The article attempts to answer the following research questions: RQ1: What changes and uncertainties related to the HRM await modern enterprises?; RQ2: How do enterprises assess their ability to use AI in different areas of the HRM?; RQ3: Are enterprises ready for changes related to the implementation of AI in the HRM? Bearing the above in mind, the analysis of domestic and foreign literature sources and the author's pilot study using the online survey questionnaire as a research tool were adopted as a research method. The survey was carried out among a selected group of medium and large enterprises.

The European Union takes significant steps to support the development of the electric sector of the automotive market. This is confirmed by the signed declaration in Glasgow, which leads to a ban on the sale of cars with combustion engines from 2035. This document changes the car industry and makes it dependent on electricity production. The problem identified in this article is the actual impact of implemented solutions concerning the type of engine in cars offered for sale in Czechia, Germany, and Poland. Therefore, the aim of this scientific paper is car engines’ multilevel comparative analysis. The aim of the article is accompanied by a research question: are electric vehicles less harmful to the natural environment? The paper compares cars of the same producer, class, and type with petrol, diesel, hybrid (petrol-electric), and electric engines in terms of the environmental impact. The research method is a comparative SUV analysis supported by the comparison of selected countries’ conditions for electromobility development. The results of this study indicate that vehicles with electric engines emit the least amount of carbon dioxide and are the most environmentally friendly solution in the given comparison criteria.

This article presents a clinical case of keloid scar removal after canaloplasty for congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. The interest of this clinical case lies in the rare occurrence of a keloid scar of the external auditory canal, leading to its total obturation. Scarring processes in the external auditory canal are an important problem that significantly affects the hearing of patients. Acquired fibrous atresia is represented by a conglomerate of soft tissues in the bony part of the external auditory canal, soldered to the outer surface of the eardrum. Keloid is an excessive growth of scar tissue in the dermis and underlying tissues with hyalinosis of bundles of collagen fibers. We described the surgical treatment of a keloid scar that appeared 11 months after the canaloplasty for congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. Previously, the patient underwent two local injections with an interval of 1 month into the anterior and posterior sections of the keloid scar of the prolonged glucocorticosteroid Triamcinolone in order to reduce the size of the pathological tissue. After removal of the keloid scar, totally obstructing the external auditory canal, the patient noted an improvement in hearing with a decrease in bone-air gap by 25 dB compared with the preoperative study.

The article presents the results of additional experimental studies about the effect of heat supply to the intake air on the parameters and characteristics of the process of warming up the engine of a car. The aim of the work is to accelerate the car engine warming after starting at low temperatures. The research method is an experimental determination of the characteristics of active idling and concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases of the engine. The tests were performed when the car's engine was idling without heating the inlet air and with heating the inlet air through the air intake under the hood of the car and through the pipe in front of the intake manifold. Comparison of engine operation in active idling mode without heating the inlet air and with heating the air before inlet through the air intake, did not show significant differences. The long passage of preheated air through the air duct to the air filter, through the air filter and the air duct after the filter, causes cooling of the heated air and does not provide the efficiency of additional heat supply. For efficient use of additional heat supply, it is necessary to carry out this supply directly in front of the intake pipe. Most of the parameters that characterize the process of warming up the engine are obtained by direct measurement. Also, the dependences on which total indicators of economy and toxicity of the car were calculated are resulted in the article. According to the results of experimental studies, it is established that the operation of the car in low ambient temperatures leads to a deterioration of its fuel economy and environmental performance. For an internal combustion engine, with garage-free maintenance of the car in low ambient temperatures and with long periods of downtime, it is important to find and implement measures that allow, with minimal consumption of fuel and energy resources, to ensure warm-up of the cold engine. Additional heat supply to the inlet air provides rapid warming of the car engine to operating temperature, which provides a short period of preparation for the perception of the load. Intake air heating reduces fuel consumption during engine idling by an average of 4%. With additional heat supply, the concentrations of pollutants are being reduced, especially in the first 50 seconds of engine warm-up, and the total toxicity of the engine, determined by the two components (carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) is being reduced by an average of 6%. KEY WORDS: ENGINE, HEAT, HEATING, FUEL CONSUMPTION, COOLANT TEMPERATURE, POLLUTANTS

The study of the reliability of the engine as a whole can be represented as a study of the probabilistic characteristics of its reliability according to the given probabilistic characteristics of the reliability of individual engine elements, that is, systems and mechanisms. The article substantiates that the method of similarity and dimensional theory allows us to establish patterns of change in the wear rate tgα depending on the adjustment of the engine parameters, and numerous experiments are required, which makes it little practical in determining the resource and predicting the operation of tractor engines. A more practically acceptable method for determining the residual life of automotive engines is the method of mathematical statistics and probability theory, and, in particular, the law of normal distribution. However, to determine the resource of engines, using this law, it is also necessary to conduct a large amount of testing. Thus, at the current stage of scientific and technological progress in automotive engineering, it is necessary to find other methods that are most practically acceptable and contribute in a short time, without a large amount of testing, to determine the resource of machines with maximum durability, which will be developed in subsequent works of the authors of the article.

Currently, automotive products, especially two wheels (motorbikes), are equipped with an automatic transmission system. The type of automatic transmission used is CVT (Continously Variable Transmission). A roller is a material that is composed of Teflon as the outer surface and copper or aluminum as the inner layer. The function of the roller is to press the inner wall of the primary pulley during high rotation. RPM (Revolution Per Minute) is the number of rounds done in one minute. The purpose of this study is to determine the results of RPM on the effect of roller use and to determine the comparison of the effect of using a weight variation of a 13 gram (standard) roller and a 10 gram (racing) roller on the RPM of a 2015 Honda Beat FI motorcycle. 4 steps. The research method used is an experimental method, namely by starting the engine and holding the throttle at 1400-1500 RPM after stabilizing then the throttle is rotated spontaneously up to 9000-9500 RPM. The results of this study can be concluded that the 10 gram roller on the primary and secondary pulleys only get good acceleration and RPM at low rotation speeds. Whereas at high rotational speed the RPM acceleration is less than optimal.

Purpose. It is to determine the functions of the temperature of the coolant on the time of heating of the cooling system of the small internal combustion engine in two variants – with a coolant pump with a constant mechanical drive, and with an electrical driven pump. Research methods. Methods of analysis of scientific literature and theoretical generalization, methods of statistical analysis, synthesis, observation, method of project development have been used. The graphs were treated with the least squares with the finding a polynomial function of temperature from time. The accuracy of the results is evaluated by the correlation index R2. Results. Modern internal combustion engines cooling systems, including the direct driven coolant pump, are considered. The dependence of the engine heating temperature on the time of its operation with a mechanical drive of the pump and a drive from the electric motor was found. Analysis of cooling systems of the modern internal combustion engine with a direct drive of the coolant pump and with a controlled electric drive was carried out. Scientific novelty. Analysis of the cooling system of the car gasoline engine showed their dependence on the time of heating of the engine during cold start. It is established that engine with electrical driven pump has been found to reduce the heating time, compared to the engine with a mechanical drive of the pump, for one and a half minutes. This provides fuel savings 3 %, at the temperature of the pump motor switching on 130 °C. It is established that the use of the electric driven pump reduces its operation time by almost 50 %. Practical value. The functions of the coolant temperature dependence on the time of heating of the gasoline engine with the direct driven coolant pump and with the electrical driven pump are determined. This makes it possible to modernize the cooling system of small internal combustion engines.

In the present study, we explored the restoration effects of exogenous LH on Leydig cell ultrastructure and testicular steroidogenesis in rats that were deprived of endogenous LH via treatment with testosterone-17 beta-estradiol-filled Silastic implants for 10 days. Exogenous LH was supplied continuously via Alzet miniosmotic pumps at the rate of 1 microgram/h for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h or 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days. Testes were then perfused in vitro with medium containing 1) LH, 2) 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, or 3) pregnenolone substrate, which allowed us to assess LH-stimulated testosterone secretion, cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity, or the conversion of pregnenolone to testosterone, respectively. Other testes were perfusion fixed via the testicular artery for morphometric measurement of Leydig cell number and volume per testis and the surface area of Leydig cell cytoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), inner mitochondrial membrane, and outer mitochondrial membrane. The results verified that Leydig cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum and inner and outer mitochondrial membrane surface areas are drastically diminished (P less than 0.05 vs. intact controls) by LH withdrawal. Also, the results verified that exogenous LH administered in situ restores Leydig cell ultrastructure and capacity to biosynthesize testosterone. However, the recovery of Leydig cell structure and steroidogenic reactions occurred at strikingly different rates upon restoration of LH after 10 days of the treatment with testosterone-17 beta-estradiol implants. For example, the restoration of testicular capacity to synthesize progesterone in response to LH stimulation or 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol substrate was completed within 24 h. In contrast, the restoration of Leydig cell SER and testicular capacity to synthesize testosterone from pregnenolone was completed only after 8 days of continuous LH treatment (P greater than 0.05 vs. intact controls). Thus, our results show that LH rapidly restores Leydig cell post-LH receptor steroidogenic events up to and including cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity. Interestingly, there is no temporal association between the recovery of cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity and the surface area of inner mitochondrial membrane surface area. In contrast, 8 days are required to coincidentally restore SER surface area and the capacity of Leydig cells to synthesize testosterone from pregnenolone. We conclude that different cellular mechanisms are involved in the LH-dependent restoration of inner mitochondrial cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity and SER-associated conversion of pregnenolone to testosterone.

The article focuses on the analysis of the regular monitoring of logistics processes in enterprises of various sectors of the economy of the Slovak Republic such as engineering, automotive and electrical engineering, woodworking industry, building industry, agriculture, other industry, trade and services. The first part of the research is the assessment of the basic characteristics of enterprises that focus on logistics processes when managing change. The subject of the survey was the characteristics of the size of the enterprises, the subject of business, the industry and the level of return on equity (ROE). The main objective of the research was to find out the use of new concepts and methods for improving logistics processes and their impact on ROE. The research used methods of questionnaire research, descriptive statistics, pivot table and Chi-quadrat test. The result of the research was to determine the dependence of ROE height on the use of new concepts and methods in improving logistics processes.

The objective of this work is to study the behavior of surface layers of high-temperature metals in their interaction with a powerful pulsed plasma flow produced by a high-power ablative pulsed plasma thruster. This plasma generator produces plasma flows with a directed velocity of (7–9) × 106 cm/s, an initial diameter of 1.5–2 cm, and a maximum number density of about 1018 cm–3, as well as a maximum power of 5 GW. The main measured values are the residual temperature of the tungsten specimens and the evaporated mass. Also, metallographic analysis of the specimens was performed. The basis of the research method is to analyze the experimental data with the help of a numerical model describing the heating and evaporation of the material upon absorption of pulsed energy fluxes taking into account the evaporation kinetics based on the Hertz–Knudsen expression. Based on the developed numerical model and the obtained experimental data, the kinetics of evaporation of tungsten at high power fluxes to the surface (up to 1 GW/cm2) is investigated.