Формальное представление моделей прикладных предметных областей в понятиях унифицированной метамодели объектно-ориентированных приложений баз данных

This chapter describes the foundation and properties of object-oriented software measures. Many software measures for object-oriented applications have been developed and tested in the development environment. However, the process of defining new measures is still alive. The reason for such development lies in difficulties associated with understanding and maintaining object-oriented applications. It is still difficult to relate the measures to the phenomena we want to improve. Do our measurements indicate problems in reliability, maintenance, or too much complexity of some portions of the application? In order to reduce the complexity of software, new development methodologies and tools are being introduced. An example of the new approach to development is separation of concern. The tools, such as Aspect/J (Kiezales et al., 1997) or Hyper/J (Ossher & Tarr, 1998), facilitate the development process. There does not seem to be a sound metrics suite to measure complexity and efficiency of applications developed and coded with Aspect/J or Hyper/J. In this chapter, we attempt to review the current research into object-oriented software metrics and suggest theoretical framework for complexity estimation and ranking of compositional units in object-oriented applications developed with Hyper/J.

Advanced object-oriented applications require the management of schema versions, in order to cope with changes in the structure of the stored data. Two types of versioning have been separately considered so far: branching and temporal. The former arose in application domains like CAD/CAM and software engineering, where different solutions have been proposed to support design schema versions (consolidated versions). The latter concerns temporal databases, where some works have considered temporal schema versioning to fulfil advanced needs of other typical object-oriented applications like GIS and multimedia. In this work, we propose a general model which integrates the two approaches by supporting both design and temporal schema versions. The model is provided with a complete set of schema change primitives for fully-fledged version manipulation whose semantics is described in the paper.

Ontologies have been successfully employed in applications that require semantic information processing. However, traditional ontologies are not able to express fuzzy or vague information, which often occurs in human vocabulary as well as in several application domains. In order to deal with such restriction, concepts of fuzzy set theory should be incorporated into ontologies so that it is possible to represent and reason over fuzzy or vague knowledge. In this context, this paper proposes a model for representing fuzzy ontologies covering fuzzy properties and fuzzy rules, and we also implement fuzzy reasoning methods such as classical and general fuzzy reasoning, aiming to support classification of new instances based on fuzzy rules.

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a form of weakly supervised learning for problems in which training instances are arranged into bags, and a label is provided for whole bags but not for individual instances. Most proposed MIL algorithms focus on bag classification, but more recently, the classification of individual instances has attracted the attention of the pattern recognition community. While these two tasks are similar, there are important differences in the consequences of instance misclassification. In this paper, the scoring function learned by MIL classifiers for the bag classification task is exploited for instance classification by adjusting the decision threshold. A new criterion for the threshold adjustment is proposed and validated using 7 reference MIL algorithms on 3 real-world data sets from different application domains. Experiments show considerable improvements in accuracy over these algorithms for instance classification. In some applications, the unweighted average recall increases by as much as 18%, while the Fi-score increases by 12%.

The possibility of using intelligent technologies to solve the problem of implementing an active policy to introduce the younger generation to cultural heritage, national values in order to foster the spirit of patriotism, understanding the value of our independence is being considered. The subject of the research in this work is the effectiveness of using intelligent systems to solve problems of object classification. The purpose of the study is to increase the accuracy of recognition. The paper shows the method of sequential description of the Sequential API model, which allows you to keep models convenient for human perception, as well as create an instance of the model class. The result of the work is an intelligent object classification system. The values of the results of the algorithm for sequential description of the model are analyzed and presented. The maximum recognition accuracy during model training was 0.73%.

Although cognitive theory has been recognized as essential for the analysis of human–computer interaction (HCI), the representations that have been developed have been directed more toward theoretic purposes than practical application. To bridge the gap between theory and application, representations need to satisfy requirements for broad scope, a unified theoretical basis, and abstraction. Interacting cognitive subsystems (ICS) is proposed as a unified cognitive theory that can be used as the basis for such representations, and two approaches based on the theory are described. One entails the description of cognitive task models, which are a relatively complete representation of the cognitive activity required of a user in the coarse of an interaction. The other entails the production of less complete diagrammatic notations, which are intended to provide support in small-scale problem identification and resolution and which can be applied across tasks, visual interface, and sound interface issues and can handle static and dynamic situations. Although the former can be implemented in a production-rule expert system (ICSpert) and , therefore, does not require detailed modeling knowledge an the part of the analyst, the latter is a pencil-and-paper technique that does require theoretical knowledge but is intended to facilitate the acquisition of such knowledge in the interest of educating its users about the human aspects HCI. The representations differ in the knowledge required for their use, in the support that they offer, and in the situations for which they are appropriate. They have been used to represent problems from experimental situations, core HCI scenarios, a d red-world design projects. They share breadth of scope and abstraction, and their parent theory supports transfer of knowledge across domains of application and from older to newer technologies and feedback between the domain of application and the domain of theory.

A formal approach for matching and ranking trustworthy context-dependent services

Active object-oriented database systems (AOODBSs) are based on the object-oriented paradigm and provide an event driven behavior for implementing time critical reactions by integrating event-condition-action (ECA) rules to the database. We focus on the modeling aspects of AOODBSs. We propose an integrated approach, called A/OODBMT (Active Object-Oriented Database Modeling Technique), which integrates and extends the Object Modeling Technique (OMT) method for conceptually designing active object-oriented database applications. A/OODBMT models database applications by defining and integrating four new types of models, namely the nested object model (NOM), the behavior model (BM), the nested rule model (NRM), and the nested event model (NEM).

: This thesis extends the Graphical User Interface of a prototype multi-relational database front-end system, called Amadeus. System enhancements are realized through the application of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and Human-Computer Interface (HCI) design principles. Knowledge gained from each topic has been incorporated into the design and implementation of a Form-based interface for database data entry and display. The focus of this thesis is divided between two issues: the development of a set of tools for creating and using Form objects; and the design of the Form object itself. Form creation is accomplished using an application program called the Interface Editor module. The Interface Editor is one of six modules which, together, comprise the Amadeus system. Form manipulation occurs in a second application which implements basic program methods for controlling Data entry and display processes. Design and implementation of this thesis was accomplished using the Prograph programming language and development environment, which provided a basic set of system classes essential to the implementation of the Form object and Graphical User Interfaces.... Object-Oriented Programming, User interface design, Prograph, Visual programming, Form-based interface, Database systems

In this chapter, a formal, adaptive tutoring process model for case-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) is described. Combining methods of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science led to the development of ITSs more than 30 years ago. In contrast to the common agreement about the ITSs’ architecture, components of ITSs are rarely reusable. Reusability in ITSs is intimately connected with the application domain, that is, with the contents that should be learned and with the teaching and learning strategy. An example of a learning strategy is case-based learning, where the adaptation of the learning material to the learner plays a major role. Adaptation should take place automatically at runtime, and thus should be part of the ITS’s functionality. To support the development of ITSs with reusable components and the communication about and the evaluation of similar ITSs, a formal approach has been chosen. This approach is called the tutoring process model.

Acquiring a foreign language requires a student to master the two elements of language, vocabulary and grammar, and the four language skills, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Within each skill, these two language elements play a considerably essential role since they are seen as the very core aspects of language learning and that they are regarded inherent in each of these skills. Thus, vocabulary and grammatical aspects cannot be separated from the four language skills in language acquisition as without any one of which each skill is never acquired. Since the implementation of communicative approach in 1984 to the application of the competency-based language teaching in Indonesia, English programs at high schools have been meaning or message based rather than language usage or form oriented. As a result, grammar learning has been significantly kept aside if not totally ignored in class interactions, and that communication success becomes the main target in instructional objectives. This study attempts to map grammatical errors the students make in their speech productions. It employs an interview technique for data collection by recording the conversations of twenty respondents - - junior and senior students - - on a selected issue of a particular topic and transcribing them in the form of written transcripts which are then to be analyzed from a grammatical perspective with the reference of grammar books. Those violating the grammatical norms will be considered as grammatical errors. It has been found out that learners’ grammatical errors are derived from two major causes - - translating concepts of L1 into L2 and their approximative system. This study concludes that the communicative classrooms which utilize the competency-based language teaching bring about a positive impact upon grammar learning. This research is significant as it gives a great contribution to structure and speaking class teachers, students, as well as to the department for policy making.

A combination of established lipid extraction procedures and high‐resolution 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods has been used to analyse qualitatively and quantitatively the lipid composition of rat liver. The major lipids present in each structural class were identified and quantified. Considerable information on the composition of the different classes of structural and unsaturated fatty acid chains were obtained for the intact lipids without resort to hydrolysis. Significantly, the relative amounts of cholesterol, glycerophospholipids, ether lipids, sphingolipids and glycerides were shown to be in agreement with previous determinations by high‐performance liquid and other chromatographic procedures.

The authors present a novel application architecture and supporting environment. The application architecture is based upon the concept of separating the application domain knowledge (including semantics, constraints, and functionality) from the application code. This application domain knowledge is embedded in a domain model that can be shared by multiple applications. This is made possible by the use of object-oriented technology. The other advantages of this separation of the domain model from the application code include: (i) the provision of a consistent view of the application domain across multiple applications; and (ii) its use as a communication and learning aid. The application architecture also supports the separation of the user-interface issues from those of application functionality. The development of a network editor application conforming to this architecture is also presented. >

The purpose of this survey is to provide an introduction to the interesting role which set-theoretic methods have begun to play in the problem of determining the structure and classification of certain classes of abelian groups, in particular, the class of ω1-separable groups, i.e., groups such that every countable subset is contained in a Σ -cyclic summand.

The HBDS model is a type of data structure essentially built upon the set theory and the hypergraph concept. Four abstract data types are defined, respectively named: class, object, attribute and link. Its architecture is composed of an arborescence, an hypergraph, a forest and two multigraphs. In the inner part of the system, links are transformed into hidden classes and objects, allowing to consider them as hierar-chized. Extensions of the model are proposed in order to reduce the number of links: hyperclass, hyperlink, multilink and hypermultilink. One of the main features of the HBDS is the presence of a skeleton structure which makes the structure immediately understandable, without depending upon the number of the components.