دراسة حول الترميز المشترك العميق للمصدر والقناة لنقل الصور اللاسلكي الموثوق في شبكات الجيل السادس

With the development of sixth generation (6G) networks, semantic communication is treated as an emerging technology to provide more intelligent communication between two parties for enhance the accuracy and efficiency of communications. Whereas, it demands to merge all physical layer blocks in the conventional communications, which heavily deteriorates the spectrum sparsity problem of wireless communication networks. For this sake, we develop a novel intelligent relay assisted semantic communications, by enhancing communication efficiency, which creates a paradigm for text transmission fusion in 6G networks. In this contribution, the semantic communication system we have designed combines traditional deep learning methods with intelligent semantic relays, based on which, the protocols about minimizing the semantic errors by recovering the meaning of sentences for addressing channel variations issues. Meanwhile, our designed system could be applied in the case of wireless channel deterioration or knowledge background mismatch at the transmitter and receiver, and is also a paradigm for future applications in one-to-many and many-to-many semantic communication. At last, we propose a range of research directions and open challenges for boosting the implementations of relay assisted semantic communications.

It is an exciting time in telecom research, as connectivity becomes the key ingredient of new vertical markets, such as automotive, smart city, smart grid, and healthcare. Fifth Generation (5G) network infrastructure and technologies have to respond to requirements of these verticals as well as mobile broadband services. 5G networks will be challenged by connectivity “everywhere,” “all the time” with traffic from “Internet of Things” (IoT). Data rate, latency, and mobility demands are extremely variable and communication mechanisms bring new challenges for network design. 5G networks are not merely considered as an evolution of existing 4G networks, but emphasis on a variety of emerging communication paradigms such as Machine-Type Communication (MTC) and IoT, has changed the design philosophy of future tactile communication. 5G network design will be service driven with billions of new devices generating heterogeneous traffic. The rate and QoS requirements are going to be much stringent and heterogeneous as compared to 4G networks.

Identity spoofing attacks pose one of the most serious threats to wireless networks, where the attacker can masquerade as legitimate users by modifying its own identity. Channel-based physical-layer security is a promising technology to counter identity spoofing attacks. Although various channel-based security technologies have been proposed, the study of channel-based spoofing attack detection in 5G networks is largely open. This paper introduces a new channel-based spoofing attack detection scheme based on channel virtual (or called beamspace) representation in millimeter wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) 5G networks. The principal components of channel virtual representation (PC-CVR) are extracted as a new channel feature. Compared with traditional channel features, the proposed features can be more sensitive to the location of transmitters and more suitable to mmWave 5G networks. Based on PC-CVR, we offer two detection strategies to achieve the spoofing attack detection tackling static and dynamic radio environments, respectively. For the static radio environment where the channel correlation is stable, Neyman-Pearson (NP) testing-based spoofing attack detection is provided depending on the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\ell _{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -norm of PC-CVR. For the dynamic radio environment where the channel correlation is changing, the problem of spoofing attack detection is transformed into a one-class classification problem. To efficiently handle this problem, an online detection framework based on a feedforward neural network with a single hidden layer is presented. Simulation results evaluate and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detection schemes. For the static radio environment, the detection rate can be improved around 25% with the help of PC-CVR under the NP testing-based detection, and the detection accuracy can reach 99% with the machine learning-based scheme under the dynamic radio environment.

Performance analysis of coexistence of traditional communication system and emerging semantic communication system

In this chapter, we present a comprehensive end-to-end (E2E) network slicing framework for fifth-generation (5G) wireless and core networks and provide our vision on network slicing for beyond 5G (B5G) networks using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. We first give an introduction on the 5G communication networks by specifying distinct 5G networking characteristics. As the key features of 5G pose challenges on quality-of-service (QoS)-oriented resource provisioning, a new concept of network slicing is presented, based on software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies, to enhance the overall resource utilization while guaranteeing QoS isolation among services. We focus on developing specific network slicing solutions for both 5G wireless networks and core networks. In addition, the evolution of B5G networks is discussed in terms of a potential networking paradigm shift with new service key performance indicators (KPIs). To satisfy B5G service requirements, a framework of AI-assisted network slicing lifecycle is developed to automate the slice creation with reduced slice management complexity. A case study is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed E2E network slicing solutions.Keywords5G communication networksNetwork slicingWireless networksRadio resource slicingCore networksComputing and transmission resource slicingBeyond 5G networksAI-assisted network slicingQoSE2E delay

Reliable transmission of high quality images through wireless communication channels represents a great challenge, especially for real-time applications. From one aspect, it is necessary to achieve efficient compression that maintains the good image quality without increasing the transmission bandwidth. Secondly, wireless channels impairments such as fading and interference increase the probability of errors when the image data is transmitted. This necessitates the use of efficient channel coding to protect against channel errors. However channel coding results in increasing the transmitted bit rate, for real time applications. Again, this is constrained by the usually limited available transmission bandwidth. In this paper, this dilemma is solved by adopting new unequal error protection techniques that are used to achieve the above requirements by using image adaptive combined compression and error protection. This is achieved through image segmentation and adaptive compression and channel coding according to the importance of the image segments. Two proposed techniques are introduced. In the first suggested technique, the image is partitioned into equal blocks and the data classification is performed in the DCT domain. The DCT coefficients of the different blocks are classified to different classes of importance and hence they are given different rates of error protection and compression ratios. The second technique is based on adaptive image segmentation using quadtree decomposition into unequal segments before applying the DCT. Finally, to improve the quality of received images, the Orientation Adaptive Sequential Interpolation error-concealment technique is applied to the reconstructed images. Computer simulation shows that the proposed techniques achieve high degree of robustness against channel impairments with good image quality with acceptable data rates.

Wireless Connections and volume of the traffic are increasing with different applications over 5G environments. Thus, many researchers have estimated the increasing range of user's requirements within these networks. However, the traffic management will play a very important role in satisfying the user's needs in future wireless communications. In this research, the massive data traffic will be studied for enabling the best of IoT applications over a 5G network. Thus, the multiple accessing schemas are presented for managing the overall network traffic. Furthermore, the primary aim of this research is to provide an efficient estimation technique for managing traffic when multiple access is capable of handling variable delays and data priorities associated with the large volume of the traffic considered in the 5G networks. Thus, it can be modified to IoT applications within future IoT based 5G networks. Moreover, this research will be leading us to implement an estimated traffic solution for IoT applications over 5G networks. Thus, it comprehensively focuses on the traffic issues within large applications from the accessing steps till assuring the service delivery.

The 5G wireless networks are potentially revolutionizing future technologies. The 5G technologies are expected to foresee demands of diverse vertical applications with diverse requirements including high traffic volume, massive connectivity, high quality of service, and low latency. To fulfill such requirements in 5G and beyond, new emerging technologies such as SDN, NFV, MEC, and CC are being deployed. However, these technologies raise several issues regarding transparency, decentralization, and reliability. Furthermore, 5G networks are expected to connect many heterogeneous devices and machines that will raise several security concerns regarding users’ confidentiality, data privacy, and trustworthiness. To work seamlessly and securely in such scenarios, future 5G networks need to deploy smarter and more efficient security functions. Motivated by the aforementioned issues, blockchain was proposed by researchers to overcome 5G issues because of its capacities to ensure transparency, data reliability, trustworthiness, immutability in a distributed environment. Indeed, blockchain has gained momentum as a novel technology that gives rise to a plethora of new decentralized technologies. In this chapter, we discuss the integration of the blockchain with 5G networks and beyond. We then present how blockchain applications in 5G networks and beyond could facilitate enabling various services at the edge and the core.

This chapter describes the support for IP based multimedia services on Third Generation (3G) wireless cellular networks. While earlier cellular networks offered only basic IP connectivity on a best-effort basis, 3G networks provide explicit support for real time multimedia services with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). As a result, they can offer traditional voice telephony, rich telephony services and multimedia streaming over IP, both inside a 3G network and in conjunction with external networks such as the Internet, the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). In fact, 3G networks will deploy for the first time in a large scale technologies such as IP version 6 (IPv6) and policy based IP QoS, spearheading the introduction of such technologies into the Internet. The two most important aspects of 3G networks with respect to IP based multimedia services are the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and the Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (MBMS). The IMS enables complex IP based multimedia sessions to be created with guaranteed QoS for each media component. Example applications include voice telephony and video conferencing. The IMS interoperates with both traditional telephony services and external IP based multimedia services. The MBMS provides native IP broadcast and multicast support in 3G networks, allowing high bandwidth services to be economically offered to multiple users. Example applications include video streaming via multicast and location based services via broadcast. The MBMS interoperates directly with IP multicasting. While both the IMS and the MBMS are IP based, their standardization is proceeding independently. It is however clear that their combination would allow numerous new services to be provided. The outline of this chapter is as follows. In Section II we give an overview of cellular networks and their evolution, while in Section III we describe in detail a specific 3G network, the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). Section IV presents an introductory description of the features and services provided by the IMS and the MBMS. In Section V we provide the details of the IMS, including service architecture, session setup and control and interworking issues. Section VI describes the MBMS in the same manner as for the IMS. Finally, Section VII discusses the QoS issues for IP based multimedia services, describing the overall QoS concept, the policy based QoS control scheme and its application to IMS sessions. At the end of the chapter, Tables II and III list the acronyms used. An extensive UMTS vocabulary is provided in [1].

The evolution of communication networks has witnessed a remarkable transformation with the advent of 5G technology. As the latest generation of cellular networks, 5G promises to revolutionize the way we connect, communicate, and interact with the digital world. This paper explores the architecture, management, and implications of 5G communication networks, shedding light on the key features, challenges, and opportunities presented by this transformative technology. At the core of 5G networks lies a sophisticated architecture designed to deliver unprecedented levels of speed, reliability, and connectivity. The 5G New Radio (NR) architecture encompasses three primary components: the User Equipment (UE), the Radio Access Network (RAN), and the Core Network (CN). These components work in tandem to facilitate seamless communication between user devices and the broader network infrastructure. One of the defining features of 5G networks is their ability to support significantly higher data speeds and lower latency compared to previous generations. With the potential to deliver data rates of several gigabits per second and latency as low as a few milliseconds, 5G opens the door to a plethora of innovative applications and services, ranging from immersive virtual reality experiences to real-time remote surgeries. Effective management of 5G networks is paramount to ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and security. Network management systems employ advanced algorithms for dynamic resource allocation, quality of service (QoS) optimization, and network slicing. Network slicing, in particular, enables operators to create virtual networks tailored to specific use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT deployments, and mission-critical communications. However, the deployment and management of 5G networks pose several challenges and considerations. Infrastructure deployment requires substantial investment and coordination, while ensuring interoperability between different vendors' equipment and standards remains a pressing issue. Spectrum availability and allocation also play a critical role in determining the performance and capacity of 5G networks, necessitating careful regulatory oversight and spectrum management strategies. Despite these challenges, the implications of 5G technology are far-reaching and profound. From empowering smart cities and autonomous vehicles to enabling the widespread adoption of IoT devices and applications, 5G networks have the potential to reshape industries, drive innovation, and enhance the quality of life for billions of people around the world. 5G communication networks represent a paradigm shift in the way we connect and communicate. With their advanced architecture, dynamic management capabilities, and transformative potential, 5G networks are poised to unlock new opportunities, accelerate digital transformation, and usher in a new era of connectivity and innovation.

The evolution of communication networks has witnessed a remarkable transformation with the advent of 5G technology. As the latest generation of cellular networks, 5G promises to revolutionize the way we connect, communicate, and interact with the digital world. This paper explores the architecture, management, and implications of 5G communication networks, shedding light on the key features, challenges, and opportunities presented by this transformative technology. At the core of 5G networks lies a sophisticated architecture designed to deliver unprecedented levels of speed, reliability, and connectivity. The 5G New Radio (NR) architecture encompasses three primary components: the User Equipment (UE), the Radio Access Network (RAN), and the Core Network (CN). These components work in tandem to facilitate seamless communication between user devices and the broader network infrastructure. One of the defining features of 5G networks is their ability to support significantly higher data speeds and lower latency compared to previous generations. With the potential to deliver data rates of several gigabits per second and latency as low as a few milliseconds, 5G opens the door to a plethora of innovative applications and services, ranging from immersive virtual reality experiences to real-time remote surgeries. Effective management of 5G networks is paramount to ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and security. Network management systems employ advanced algorithms for dynamic resource allocation, quality of service (QoS) optimization, and network slicing. Network slicing, in particular, enables operators to create virtual networks tailored to specific use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT deployments, and mission-critical communications. However, the deployment and management of 5G networks pose several challenges and considerations. Infrastructure deployment requires substantial investment and coordination, while ensuring interoperability between different vendors' equipment and standards remains a pressing issue. Spectrum availability and allocation also play a critical role in determining the performance and capacity of 5G networks, necessitating careful regulatory oversight and spectrum management strategies. Despite these challenges, the implications of 5G technology are far-reaching and profound. From empowering smart cities and autonomous vehicles to enabling the widespread adoption of IoT devices and applications, 5G networks have the potential to reshape industries, drive innovation, and enhance the quality of life for billions of people around the world. 5G communication networks represent a paradigm shift in the way we connect and communicate. With their advanced architecture, dynamic management capabilities, and transformative potential, 5G networks are poised to unlock new opportunities, accelerate digital transformation, and usher in a new era of connectivity and innovation.

In this paper, we address challenges to packet switched video telephony (PSVT) in 3G wireless networks such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), and propose a technique which can improve PSVT service in 3G wireless networks. In HSPA, temporary decrease in available bandwidth can occur based on the user’s location in the cell and/or system loading conditions. This can result in significant increase in observed packet latency, potentially resulting in dropped packets at the receiver. To overcome this problem we describe a feedback based rate adaptation scheme. The proposed scheme is capable of adapting the video encoder bitrate to the varying channel bandwidth and hence minimize the packet latency. The novelty of our proposed approach is that the algorithm matches encoded source rate to varying channel conditions without making any piecewise constant bitrate (CBR) assumptions on the channel. In the proposed scheme the observed throughput is monitored on the uplink (i.e. from sending mobile to the network) and on the downlink (i.e. network to the receiving mobile). The desired target data rate is determined based on these observed throughput. Based on the source variability and the desired target data rate, the algorithm controls the encoding time and packet size (e.g. bytes) of video frames scheduled for transmission. We present simulation results of the proposed approach, based on approved specifications and common simulation conditions adopted in 3GPP and ITU. We show that the one-way delay can be significantly reduced by providing timely feedback of observed throughput from receiving mobile to the sending mobile. By using such a feedback message once every 200 ms, we show that 95 percentile of the packets were delivered with a one-way delay under 250 ms. We also show that our proposed algorithm is capable of graceful degradation based on available system resources and user’s location in the cell.

With the major wireless service providers planning to start deployment of 4G wireless networks by mid 2010, research and industry communities are racing against time to find solutions for some of the prominent still open issues in 4G networks. The growing interest in 4G networks is driven by the set of new services will be made available for the first time such as accessing the Internet anytime from anywhere, global roaming, and wider support for multimedia applications. In this paper describe some of the key opportunities will be made available by 4G networks, present key challenges and point to some proposed solutions.

The mobile communication network cuts 0.5 percent of today’s global energy consumption. Among all other constrains, energy is the most critical concern to deploy any communication network. The demand of power for wireless networks increases dramatically. By applying three novel approaches, we can minimize the power consumption of 4G wireless networks such as optimal power scheduling (OPS) for base stations, packet delay scheduling (PDS) and sleep mode for variable traffic density (SMVTD). This paper presents energy consumption issues over the 4G wireless network and its associated constraints such as finding the optimal radio base stations to reduce the energy and cost for the entire system. Within same network coverage area if we optimize the number of base stations, then it will be a hallmark to minimize the energy cost. We have considered the various element concerning the 4G network and responsible parameters for energy consumption. We also studied the different mode of variable traffic density in 4G network.

In existing semantic communication systems for image transmission, some images are generally reconstructed with considerably low quality and a high transmission rate. Driven by the imperative to effectively tackle these longstanding challenges, semantic communication has emerged as a critical technological advancement. In this work, we propose a Semantic Adaptive Communication (SAC) framework to transmit images with core information. Specifically, the proposed framework is composed of a Semantic Encoder (SE) and Semantic Decoder (SD), a Semantic Code Generator/Restore (SCG/SCR) module, a Compression Estimator (CE), a Channel State Information Acquisition (CSIA) module and a Wireless Channel. To fully capture both channel attention and spatial attention for semantic features, we design a Double-Attention Module (DAM) that operates alongside channel conditions, integrated into the SE and SD. Additionally, in order to predict the compress rate of the SAC, the CE works based on the channel condition and the recover quality. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SAC framework has a greater PSNR (increased by 0.5-2 dB) and accuracy value (91-93%), which indicate the SAC robustness, than traditional communication methods and other semantic communication algorithms in image transmission scenarios. In addition, the proposed framework achieves adaptive transmission rates with minimal sacrifice in recovery performance while enhancing the bandwidth utilization efficiency of the semantic communication system.