ОЦЕНКА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО УЩЕРБА ОТ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ СТОЧНЫМИ И КОЛЛЕКТОРНО-ДРЕНАЖНЫМИ ВОДАМИ В НИЗОВЬЯХ РЕКИ СЫРДАРЬЯ

Effects of drip irrigation with saline water on waxy maize (Zea mays L. var. ceratina Kulesh) in North China Plain

Distribution and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residue in edible cattle tissues from northeastern part of Egypt: High accumulation level of OCPs in tongue.

Freshwater shortage is becoming one of the major limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas of north China. A two-year field experiment about mulched drip irrigation on maize was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District with five irrigation water salinity levels (total dissolved solids; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g·L−1). The effects of irrigation water salinity on maize emergence, growth, yield, grain quality, and soil salt were determined. The results indicated that with the soil matric potential of −20 kPa and irrigation quota for each application of 22.5 mm, the irrigation water salinity showed negative influence on maize emergence and maize morphological characteristics (plant height, leaf area index, stem diameter, and dry matter), as irrigation water salt concentrations exceeded 3 g·L−1. The water use efficiency decreased linearly with the irrigation water salinity raised from 1 g·L−1 to 5 g·L−1, while maize grain protein increased and starch content decreased with the increase of irrigation water salt contents. Additionally, both the vertical radius and horizontal radius of salt isoline by mulched drip irrigation reduced with the irrigation water salt concentrations, when the irrigation water salinity was above 3 g·L−1. Summarily, irrigation water salinity of 3 g·L−1 was recommended for maize mulched drip irrigation in this study.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are pesticides with global scale ubiquity, persistence and bioaccumulation, which leave long-term residuals in the water body. OCPs' high toxicity poses significant threats to human health and aquatic biodiversity, making assessment of OCPs' impact on aquatic ecology and human health urgently necessary. In this research, the presence of 16 OCPs in surface water and groundwater along Shaying River, China, as well as OCPs concentration correlations, was investigated at 24 selected sampling sites. At the same time, the ecological risk and human carcinogenic risk were also analyzed by risk quotient method and USEPA's Risk Assessment Guidance, respectively. Results showed that the total concentration of OCPs ranged from 21.0 to 61.4ngL-1 in groundwater, and 12.3-77.5ngL-1 in surface water. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and heptachlor were the prominent contaminants in groundwater, which indicated their use in the recent past and confirmed their persistence. The α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios in groundwater confirmed that γ-HCH (lindane) was used as main substitute of technical HCH in the study area. The correlation analysis illustrated that δ-HCH and γ-HCH played a dominant role in HCHs residue. Heptachlor and α-HCH, as well as endosulfan and heptachlor epoxide, had a strongly significant positive correlation, suggesting an associated usage of the two pair OCPs. An extremely high ecological risk for aquatic organism was observed for γ-HCH, heptachlor and dieldrin, while the carcinogenic risks posed by the selected OCPs in surface water and groundwater were all acceptable.

Visions of Development in Central Asia is not a book about Central Asia, but about current anthropological methods of theorizing culture. Noor O’Neil Borbieva claims that it is not the anthropologi...

The salt concentration that reduces cowpea growth depends on cultivars and is also affected by the chemical composition of irrigation water. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salinity and chemical composition of irrigation water on plant growth and mineral nutrition of cowpea plants [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Plants were cultivated in plastic pots, using 22 kg of soil in a greenhouse and subjected to four different salt concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 dS m -1 ) in irrigation water. These different salt concentrations were obtained by adding NaCl, CaCl 2 .2H 2 O and MgCl 2 .6H 2 O (A1), a mixture of chloride, sulphate, carbonates, and bi-carbonates salts (A2), or alone NaCl (A3). A completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement (3 x 4), with five replicates was adopted. Total leaf area and fresh and dry masses of leaves, stems and roots were measured 48 days after sowing. The contents of inorganic solutes (Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) were also determined. The salinity of irrigation water caused reduction in the biomass production and in leaf growth, but effects of the chemical composition of water on these parameters were not observed. However, the ionic composition of irrigation water affected the contents of mineral nutrients, especially the contents of Fe, Cu and Mn.

Review of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination in Chinese soils

In a heterogeneous field in which the soil properties vary, under a deterministic irrigation regime, the crop yield might also differ from place to place in the field. These differences may, in turn, reduce the average (over the field) yield relative to that which would be obtained if the soil properties were uniform throughout the field. The simplified crop yield‐soil response model coupled with the conditional simulation method, presented in part I of this study, was used here to evaluate the spatial distribution of the amount of irrigation water required to maintain a prespecified relative crop yield, uniform throughout the field, for a given irrigation water salinity. By considering the water irrigation amounts at different sites in the field, rather than that of the entire field, it was shown that the amount of irrigation water required to obtain a given relative crop yield (for a given irrigation water salinity) can be reduced by 7 to 34%. The amount of water that could be saved increased as the level of the required crop yield increased and as the salinity of the irrigation water decreased. The spatial distributions of the amount of irrigation water required to maintain a given relative crop yield were combined with economic considerations in order to evaluate the spatial distribution of the optimal amounts of irrigation water for a given irrigation water salinity. It was shown that the optimal amounts of irrigation water can be reduced by 6 to 29%, when the responses of different sites in the field is considered rather than the average response of the entire field. Irrigation schemes based on imposition of engineering requirements on the spatial distributions of the optimal irrigation water amounts, increased the net benefit (price of the crop yield minus cost of the irrigation water) by 5.5 to 42% relative to that obtained under deterministic conventional water application schemes. The differences between the two schemes decreased as the irrigation water salinity increased.

Long-term saline water irrigation decreased soil organic carbon and inorganic carbon contents

Every year a significant portion of semi-arid agricultural lands of Ethiopia becomes unproductive due to salinity and sodicity. For responsible land use and irrigation water management, it is essential to understand the salinity and sodicity status of irrigation water. As a result, this study was conducted to identify and classify the quality of woito irrigation scheme in Benatsemay District, Ethiopia. For the analysis of the irrigation water quality of the woito irrigation scheme, four representative samples were collected from the study area during both the wet and dry seasons. Irrigation water samples were taken and subjected to several analyses, including those for pH, TDS, EC, SAR, RSC, dissolved cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), and anions (SO42-, HCO3-, and CO32-), in order to determine the quality of the irrigation water used in the area under investigation. The results of investigation indicated that the pH of water samples was appropriate for irrigation. The EC of irrigation water was classified as medium and high during the wet and dry seasons. It was determined that the average SAR value was adequate for irrigation because it had little sodicity both during the wet and dry seasons. Additionally, the irrigation water had a suitable RSC value. Water quality analysis results for water samples taken from the research area generally showed salt issues to be a major concern. Salinity management and control strategies will therefore be employed to lessen the research area's exposure to long-term salinity threats. These actions include proper drainage, mixing irrigation water of different quality levels, adding mineral additions, replacing open irrigation canals with pipe systems, and using crops that can withstand salt. Therefore, additional research should be conducted to determine the status of groundwater quality in the studied area.

Depth-distribution, possible sources, and toxic risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in different river sediment cores affected by urbanization and reclamation in a Chinese delta

Water is a second most important resource in agriculture followed by land. The water availability for irrigation is often scarce, is one of the most critical input for agriculture production in most areas. Productivity in these areas can be enhanced by better management of rainwater and /or development of groundwater. So the present investigation was carried out to study the effect of saline water irrigation on the growth of blackgram. The various treatment included in the study were three ruling varieties of blackgram as factor V viz., V1- VBN 6, V2- VBN 4 and V3- VBN 3 and four salinity levels as factor S viz., S1-EC-3 dS m-1 and Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) - 4; S2-EC- 3 dS m-1 and SAR-6; S3-EC-3 dS m-1 and SAR-8; S4-EC-6 dS m-1 and SAR-6. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with three replications. The results of the study concluded that the soil application of saline water (EC-3 dS m-1 and SAR-4) irrigation to saline tolerant blackgram variety VBN 3 (S1V3) was identified as best treatment combination to realize the maximum germination of blackgram under saline water irrigation.

Concentrations and potential health hazards of organochlorine pesticides in shallow groundwater of Taihu Lake region, China

The work covers current issues of the historical period from the mid-7th to the mid-10th century. The article provides a brief historical overview of the period when the Oghuz state functioned, which played a key role in the process of Islamization of Turkic tribes throughout Central Asia and in the territory of modern Kazakhstan. The work aimed to demonstrate, using sources as an example, the processes of successful unification of ethnically diverse groups of nomadic and semi-nomadic populations, with different cultural and religious traditions, into a complex political structure. The territorial scope of the study covered a significant portion of these tribes, who settled and inhabited the fertile banks of the ancient Syr Darya River, moving from an exclusively nomadic way of life to a more sedentary, agricultural and trading activity. The discussion section of the work characterizes the geopolitical landscape of the region, which radically changed in 750 AD, when Arab troops defeated the Chinese armies, occupied many strategically important cities, and established strong Islamic rule in the territory of southern Kazakhstan. The paper demonstrates that this historical event marked a crucial turning point in the region's religious and cultural development, as vast territories came under the direct influence of Islam. The discussion section addresses questions regarding the integration of major urban centres in southern Kazakhstan and Semirechye into the broader Islamic ecumene, which contributed to the formation of distinct ethnoreligious communities. These groups, mostly composed of Turkic peoples who had converted to Islam, became known as "Turkmen" – literally meaning "Turk-like" – reflecting their special status as Islamic converts who retained their Turkic ethnicity and cultural characteristics. The authors also emphasize historical processes in their discussion that point to gradual religious transformations rather than an instantaneous mass conversion to Islam. The authors analyzed sources that described the lands located to the east as “countries of war and unbelief,” emphasizing the ambiguity of religious boundaries and ongoing clashes between Islamized and non-Islamized populations. In the concluding section, the authors express the opinion that the adoption of Islam by a significant portion of the Oghuz population had significant political consequences. Their active participation in protracted wars for control of Transoxania (Mawarannahr) during the gradual disintegration of the Samanid state in the 10th century led to significant demographic shifts and a mass exodus from traditional areas of residence. The authors, summing up the results of the study, concluded that, despite the mention of Dzhankent in historical sources in later periods, archaeological research data indicate that the main urban settlement actually ceased to exist by the end of the 10th century, marking the end of an important chapter in the history of urban development in Central Asia.

The Syrdarya River is the second largest river in the Aral-Syrdarya basin. It flows through the densely populated southern region of Kazakhstan and flows into the Aral Sea. The available water resources of the river are mainly used for irrigation of agricultural land. The main obstacle to the development of this branch of the economy is the lack of water in some parts of the massif, especially in its lower reaches. The article is devoted to the water regime currently forming in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River, and the assessment of the change in runoff over the year. In modern conditions, as a result of the influence of economic activity on the flow of the Syrdarya River, it is difficult to clearly determine the type of river nutrition. It follows from the analysis that in all seasons of medium and low (low) water content, the values of the flow volume are close to each other. Also, the intra-annual flow distribution differs from the Central Asian rivers of a natural nature. For example, if in the natural conditions of the river the greatest Runoff is observed in March-July, then in modern conditions the period of abundant water falls on the winter period – November-February. The average monthly minimum water flows occur during surface irrigation of cultivated areas, that is, in the summer months, and in the fall there is abundant irrigation of rivers. The large Toktagul and Andijan reservoirs built in the upper reaches of the river for irrigation purposes also have a great influence on the intra-network distribution of runoff and the dynamics of its fluctuations. This is due to the fact that currently these reservoirs are actually used for energy purposes. In addition, in recent years, the Koksarai counterregulator has been built along the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan.The main purpose of the study is to clarify the intracellular distribution of runoff in the lower reaches of the river in such difficult hydrological conditions in the river basin.