Аналіз динаміки синтетичних індикаторів якості життя з огляду впливу на детермінант економічної політики держави

The relevance of the research topic is explained by the negative impact of integration agreements, in particular the free trade ones, on the list of instruments that the state can use to implement its economic policy in the field of foreign economic activity, in particular - on the list of customs instruments. There is a steady global increase in international trade, coupled with the tendency to gradually reduce trade barriers by most countries. Strengthening integration processes negatively influence the breadth of influence and the list of customs instruments of economic regulation. Given the socio-economic and environmental risks that arise in the absence or lack of state regulation of economic processes, it is important to ensure the effectiveness of those instruments that may still be used under the terms of integration agreements. Additionally, the attention to the customs instruments is increasing in the context of the «economic patriotism» that is becoming popular in USA, Europe and other countries, together with the criticism of the neoliberalism. The coverage of the issue in the works of domestic and foreign scholars is sporadic in nature and is usually tied to the problem of a particular market or industry in a particular agreement. In the last years before the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, as well as in the first years after, T. Ostashko studied the potential effects of that agreement on the instruments of regulation of certain sectors of the economy of Ukraine. From the point of view of generalization of the practice of state regulation of economy in the European integration processes, it is possible to mention V. Olefir and O. Mitchenok which covers the experience of Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Africa, America and the Middle East. The above studies do not consider separate institutes of state regulation of the economy, in particular customs instruments, at a deeper level, focusing on the direct economic processes and the impact of increasing the freedom of trade turnover on national production. The research objective is to analyse the essence and impact of international economic processes on customs instruments for the implementation of the state economic policy in order to develop proposals for the effective use of these instruments. The theoretical and empirical methods of cognition in their dialectical combination are used in this work. In the analysis of existing integration processes, statistical and economic methods, in particular, comparisons, graphic constructions, as well as methods of descriptive and comparative statistics are used. Comparative methods, methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and also the system method are used to determine the ways of efficient use of customs instruments. system method is used. The dynamics of the development of integration processes and the influence of their various types on the customs instruments both in general and in separate branches are revealed in the framework of this research. The international experience of using customs instruments in these conditions is investigated and the most effective ones are highlighted. The results of this research can be applied in the process of formulating the state economic policies, in particular in the context of international economic activities, food security, protection of the national agri-food market and its elements, support of the national manufacturers. The research has demonstrated that in the framework of the WTO effective applied tariffs may be effectively utilized by approximation to the bound tariffs. Within the framework of bilateral and multilateral agreements, the institute of tariff quote is an effective tool, due to flexibility and potential directions of application, Increasing the country's participation in regional and bilateral trade agreements, albeit with the risk of creating a complicated regulatory «stew» and trade intervention, leaves a sufficient number of customs tools for effective implementation of the state regulation of economy.

Abstract. Economic growth concept has important place in the field of economics since it is started to studied as a social science. Particularly after economic and social destruction has been deeply perceived during the Great War, by the sides who were centered and most suffered, and then in the postwar period in 1929 when global economic crisis peaked. Therefore, in the upcoming years the governments had developed new economic policies in order to solve the increasing economical problems. They support various policies in order to ensure sustainable economic growth and development to individuals and legal entities by providing, sometimes redistributing, public funds. Usually, those funds are tax and insurance premium payments relieves, transfer expenditures, trade and agricultural subsidies, and investment supports. This research investigates effectiveness of the governments aids on economic growth, specifically by focusing investment supports, and to determine what direction and rate it takes under growth theories. In this research, the gross added value is dependent, and economical and social ones are selected as independent variables. And then they are included to the model, which focuses on Turkey by classifying regions as developed and less developed. The model uses panel data analysis. The findings are supports that, in Turkey include both developed and less developed regions, Department of Economics’ subsidized investment documents and fixed investment subsidies have positive effect on the gross added value. Keywords. Economic Growth, State Aids, Investment, Turkey. JEL. D92, E20, F43, N10, O16.

Backwardness in economic development in comparison with EU and countries from region, expressed especially after big crisis from 2008, demands a change of country's economic policy in order to create assumptions for a long-term sustainable development and competitiveness' increase in regional and world contexts. Having in mind results realized so far, there is a real danger that current economic policy will stabilize country on a low level of GDP, high unemployment rate, with low wages and bad working conditions in a large number of enterprises, in domestic or foreign ownership. Such situation is a result of non-existence of adequate strategy of economic development in transitional period. The goal of paper is to point that new economic policy should be based on support to sectors which most of its added value create through internationalization of business and which have faster growth of revenues on foreign than on domestic markets, such as IT sector, agro-business, medium-tech developed industries.

Today many developing countries focus on economic policies in order to promote international tourism as a potential source of economic growth for the country; however, the understanding of the relationship between tourism and economic growth is ongoing. The objective of this paper was to assess if tourism has promoted economic growth. We use six regional classifications and four income level classification in our data-set. Using a panel data of 144 countries that span over the period 1975–2010, our results reveal that the relationship between international tourism and economic growth is consistent among all different types of regions and classification countries of the world.

The study of economic growth indicators is of fundamental importance in estimating the effectiveness of economic development plans, as well as the great role it plays in determining appropriate economic policies in order to optimally use the factors that lead to the dynamics of growth in Iraq, especially during a certain period of time. The gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices), which is considered a part of the national accounts, which is considered as an integrated dynamic of statistics that produces in front of policy makers the possibility of determining whether the economy is witnessing a state of expansion or evaluating economic activity and its efficiency in order to reach the size of the overall economy.The research aims to determine the best and most efficient statistical model to be used in forecasting the GDP in Iraq based on time series data for the period from (1970-2020) years. Where the general trend models (Linear trend, Quadratic trend and Exponential Trend) were applied, and the three models were compared to choose the best model using some statistical criteria, including the Akiaki Information Standard (AIC) and Schwartz Standard (SBS). The results showed that the appropriate model is the Quadratic trend model, were predicting and forecasting values are close to the real values of the GDP series.

The article examines the process of the origin and development of pawnshop activity in the Russian state in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. Special attention is paid to improving the conditions for granting loans to the population secured by property. The authors investigated the normative legal acts regulating the activities of pawnshops. It is noted that the creation of pawnshops was due to the need to rid the population of usurious oppression and the search for new sources of replenishment of the state treasury. The analysis of the sources of legal regulation shows that in the pre-revolutionary period there was a gradual transfer of the work of pawnshops from the public sphere to the private – the organisational and legal forms of pawnshops were improved, the system of control over their activities changed. The chronological framework of the study also includes the Soviet stage of the formation of pawnshop activity, which is poorly studied. After the temporary cessation of pawnshops, the process of its revival began within the framework of a new economic policy in order to improve consumer services for the population. The authors reveal the contribution of pawnshops to the preservation of citizens' property during the Axis-Soviet War. The analysis of the history of pawnshop activity allowed us to conclude about the social role of pawnshops and their importance for maintaining the financial situation of the population, which indicates the need for the development of pawnshop activity at the present stage.

This paper investigates the determinants of Sudan balance of payments using annual data on Balance Of Payments (BOP), foreign debt (ED), Exchange Rate (EX), inflation (INF), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the period (1980 - 2016). The paper elaborates the problem regarding the impact of foreign debt on the balance of payments. The paper built on the fundamental assumption that the foreign debt linked to a positive relationship with the balance of payments by running VECM Approach. Results of the study indicate that there is a direct correlation between the balance of payments and foreign debt, and an inverse relationship between the balance of payments and all of the inflation, gross domestic product and exchange rate during the fore mentioned period. The paper recommends that Sudan should not totally depends on foreign aid in solving its economic problems which entails to transfer big amount of the national product to meet the commitments towards those foreign countries, the need for coordination between macroeconomic policies and domestic economic policies in order to increase output domestic product, economic policies are functioning to reduce the ratio of foreign debt and the reduction of inflation and bring about stability in the exchange rate which leads to improving the balance of payments to be adopted by Sudan.

The objective of this study was to measure the impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Sudan. It based on the following hypotheses: The most critical factors impacting Economic Growth(GDP) in the long- and short-run: exchange rate, inflation, Money supply, and Lending cost . There was a statistically significant relationship between Economic Growth and: exchange rate, inflation, Money supply, and Lending cost . The study used a descriptive approach and the analytical statistical method to construct the model and Eviews8 Program for data analysis. The Data were collected from the Bank of Sudan for period 1990-2018. Using An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach was to estimate the model in the short and long run. Findings were as follows that there was a statistically significant relationship between the Economic Growth (GDP) and its factors in the long- and short-run. The money supply had a positive and statistically significance impact on the GDP growth. The exchange rate had a positive e and statistically significance impact on GDP growth. The inflation rate coefficient is negative, and statistically significance impact on GDP growth and Lending cost coefficient was a negative and statistically insignificant impact on GDP growth. Finally, correction coefficient values had high speed in overtaking shocks. The study recommended reducing inflation rate through appropriate economic policies in order to activate the effect of Total Investment Lending cost rate index. KEYWORDS: Inflation, Exchange Rate, ARDL, Growth, Co-integration.

Optimal inventory policies for successive generations of a high technology product

This study was conducted to critique and asses the institution of Jirga and its practice of Swara. The data was collected through vis-à-vis semi-structured interviews from the Jirgees and Swaras, the two most proximate stakeholders of the institution of Jirga. For the analysis of data, the tool of Thematic Analysis, developed by Braun and Clarke (2015), was used. The findings of the study show that Jirga — besides being unconstitutional — is involved in multifarious inhumane practices and its members are mostly uneducated. Its decisions are completely void of the canon international law and human rights. Jirga is involved in the felonious practice of Swara. Swaras — women atoned by Jirga in reprisal for an offence — are living wretched lives facing multifarious forms of violence, discrimination, humiliation and other forms of inhumane behaviors. Besides, they are suffering from depression, inferiority complexes, suicidal attempts, malnutrition, verbal abuse, etc. The findings also imply that illiteracy, passivity and condonement of the judiciary and law enforcing agencies, and the higher rate of crimes in the area are the factors contributing to the practice of Swara. In the light of the findings, the researcher recommends that the practice of reprisal reiterated by Jirga should be completely extirpated. Education should be disseminated and the government and law enforcing agencies should work in proximity to mitigate the rate of crimes in the area. The government should frame inclusive economic policies in order to promote peace and prosperity in the area.

Food security remains a critical development challenge for Pakistan, exacerbated by population pressures, climate vulnerabilities, and systemic inefficiencies within its agrarian economy. In the current research, there is a research question that examines the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a game changer in terms of advancing food security, other vital determinants such as the agri-food system, greenhouse gas emission, GDP per capita, drinking water provision, and population growth. It is affirmed using the annual data from 2001 to 2023, and with the development of a model of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), as a result of the assessment showed that there is indeed a stable long-run co-integrating relationship between the variables. The findings prove that ICT, the agri-food system, and GDP per capita have great positive impacts on long-run food security, and gas emissions are also positively correlated as well, which indicates that there is a complex association between them and agricultural output. The first one is that in the short run, when the error-correction mechanism is efficient, it implies that the adjustment to the equilibrium following a shock is fast. The results highlight the need to have a strategic approach to digital innovation, an effective food value chain, and sustainable economic policies in order to develop a resilient food system. The paper ends by making recommendations on specific investments in ICT infrastructures, climate-sensitive agriculture, and inclusive development to guarantee Pakistan's sustainable food security in the view of changing environmental and demographic conditions.

The article is devoted to the current situation in the economy of Azerbaijan, as well as global trends. Based on the selected priorities, prospects for economic growth and development were determined, and volatility in the country’s economic development was analyzed. The article identifies the reasons for the slowdown in economic growth, which reveal the feasibility of carrying out a structural transformation, since a non-diversified economy is subject to the risks of unsustainable development and unsustainable economic growth. Structural problems of the economy, its growth and development should be central to the development of economic policies in order to stimulate growth and development. This contributes to the transition to a new growth model, solving the problems of uncompetitive industries and markets. Economic diversification leads to the emergence of new types of activities in new markets and new industries, that is economic diversification is facilitated by increased competitiveness, innovation, effectiveness and efficiency. Directions are also proposed to help reduce the impact of structural problems on the economic growth and development of the country.

With the development of market relations, the urgency of defining new approaches in the management of scientific and technological progress, which provides innovative development of enterprises. The purpose of the article is to study the problems of development of the intellectual property protection system, their impact on the innovation activities of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine and to develop approaches to effective implementation of innovations in their activities. In the process of writing general theoretical methods were used. The system method was used in the study of theoretical aspects of innovative technologies. The method of analysis is used to characterize the receipt of applications for inventions in Ukraine. With the help of abstract-logical substantiated and presented conclusions and proposals for the development of effective mechanisms for implementing the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine's economy. Currently, the most pressing problem of increasing the competitiveness of the economy and high-quality economic growth is the creation and implementation of a systematic approach to the protection and management of intellectual property in Ukraine to make fuller use of national intellectual results and scientific and technological progress. We believe that although in recent years in Ukraine enough attention has been paid to the problems of development of the intellectual property protection system and its regulatory support, but the implementation of the main provisions of these regulations is inadequate. As evidenced by the dynamics of applications for inventions, so in 2019 they received 3852 against 4495 in 2015, respectively. The number of applications from national applicants during the period under review did not change, and from foreign applicants — decreased by 5.7 %, which in indicates the distrust of the latter to the economic and political situation in Ukraine. Critical assessments of the situation in the domestic sphere of intellectual property protection, in particular objects of industrial property rights, are confirmed by data from international and national official sources. The data presented in the article show that the existing system of intellectual property management is inefficient and does not meet modern priorities of technological development and requirements for economic growth. Taking into account the socio-economic features of today, we have proposed priority organizational and economic measures to develop effective mechanisms to strengthen the role of intellectual property in the implementation of the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine's economy. In particular we need: 1. To promote the gradual creation of a national network of commercialization and transfer of technologies and innovations based on the organization of regional centers. 2. To develop programs and incentives for scientific and technological partnership between government agencies in the academic, sectoral and educational sectors of science and industry. It is also advisable to develop a legal framework for the possibility of establishing a scientific and technological cluster by state organizations and private enterprises. 3. Reduce by 80–75 % the current rates of fees for patenting inventions and utility models. 4. Develop and implement mechanisms of state support for patenting inventions abroad, created in accordance with the priorities of technological development of the country, etc. The proposed recommendations for developing effective mechanisms to strengthen the role of intellectual property in implementing the strategy of innovative development of Ukraine's economy should be adapted to the guidelines of modern economic policy in order to accelerate the restructuring of national policy based on innovative development model and economical knowledges.

This study aims to shed light on the increasing importance of the public-private partnership in the Saudi Arabia Kingdom, and the growing of available opportunities to attract private investments for many sectors such as aviation, water and port management, as well as clarifying challenges and obstacles of this type of contracting, and requirements for the successful partnership between public and private sectors in order to clarify and crystallize requirements and foundations of the real partnership between them in setting economic policies in order to advance the Saudi economy and achieve the desired economic development in the Kingdom’s Vision 2030. The study concluded that the partnership between public and private sectors, if it has the right structure, can be developed successfully, that’s what has been proved by the actual progress made by the Kingdom by opening new sectors and reforming laws and regulations, which led to an increase interest in partnership projects between the public sector and the private one. Thus, it will contribute to an increase number of partnership projects in the coming years with international, regional and local partners.

We develop an overlapping generation model to examine how the relationship between status concerns, fertility and education affect growth performances. Results are threefold. First, we show that stronger status motives heighten the desire of parents to have fewer but better educated children, which may foster economic development. Second, the government should sometimes postpone the introduction of an economic policy in order to maintain the process of economic development, although such a policy aims to implement the social optimum. Third, status can alter the dynamic path of the economy and help to explain the facts about fertility during the great transition.