Особенности поиска смысла жизни и эмоционального реагирования у военнослужащих, потерявших зрение в боевых условиях

Symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined for their association with health status in a sample of sexual assault victims. Hypotheses were that symptoms of each disorder would account for unique variance in health status among individuals exposed to traumatic stressors. Fifty-seven sexually assaulted college women were assessed for prior victimization history, assault characteristics, and depressive and PTSD symptoms. When prior history of sexual victimization, assault severity, and physical reactions during the assault were controlled, hierarchical multiple regression models indicated that symptoms of PTSD and depression were significantly associated with global health perceptions and severity of self-reported health symptoms. Only PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with reproductive health symptoms. The results suggest that both symptoms of PTSD and depression account for the relationship between exposure and health impairment among sexual assault victims.

People with dissociative symptoms are generally poly-symptomatic and require high levels of healthcare resources. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms are two major disabling comorbid symptoms in people with dissociative symptoms. While the sense of control over symptoms may be associated with PTSD and dissociative symptoms, the interplay among these factors over time remains unexplored. This study examined the predictors of PTSD and depressive symptoms in people with dissociative symptoms. Longitudinal data from 61 participants with dissociative symptoms were analyzed. Participants completed self-report measures of dissociative, depressive, and PTSD symptoms and the sense of control over symptoms two times (T1 & T2) with an interval of over one month. PTSD and depressive symptoms were not transient or time-specific, but they persisted over time in our sample. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for age, treatment usage and baseline symptom severity, T1 symptom management scores (β = −.264, p = .006) negatively predicted T2 PTSD symptoms, while T1 PTSD symptoms (β = .268, p = .017) positively predicted T2 depressive symptoms. T1 depressive symptoms (β = −.087, p = .339) did not predict T2 PTSD symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of improving symptom management skills and treating comorbid PTSD symptoms when working with people with dissociative symptoms.

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment and HIV are both associated with a greater risk for adverse mental health, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and increased systemic inflammation. However, it remains unknown whether childhood maltreatment and HIV interact to exacerbate PTSD, depression, and inflammation in a manner that may further increase the risk of adverse health outcomes in people living with HIV. This study investigated the interaction between childhood maltreatment and HIV status on PTSD and depression symptom severity, and on peripheral concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in women. We hypothesized that women living with HIV (WLWH) who report high levels of childhood maltreatment exposure would show the greatest PTSD and depressive symptoms, as well as the highest concentrations of LPS and hsCRP.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 116 women (73 WLWH and 43 women without HIV). Participants completed interviews to measure trauma exposure, including childhood maltreatment, and PTSD and depression symptoms. They also provided blood samples that were analyzed for LPS and hsCRP concentrations.ResultsBoth women living with and without HIV reported high rates of trauma exposure and showed no statistically significant differences in overall rates of childhood maltreatment. Moderate to severe childhood maltreatment was associated with higher PTSD symptom severity (p =.005), greater depression severity (p =.005), and elevated plasma LPS concentrations (p =.045), regardless of HIV status. There were no effects of childhood maltreatment on hsCRP concentrations. There were no detectable significant effects of HIV status, or interactions between HIV status and childhood maltreatment, on PTSD and depression symptoms, or LPS and hsCRP concentrations (all p’s > 0.05).ConclusionsOur findings highlight the impact of childhood maltreatment on depression and PTSD symptoms and LPS concentrations in women. These results underscore the importance of trauma-informed health care in addressing childhood maltreatment to potentially improve both mental and physical health outcomes of adult women.

Do women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased prevalence of moderate and severe depressive and anxiety symptoms compared with control women, and do these symptoms correlate with age, BMI, testosterone, hirsutism or insulin resistance (IR)? Women with PCOS have significantly increased odds of moderate and severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, independent of obesity, and the symptoms are weakly associated with age, BMI, elevated testosterone, hirsutism and IR. Previous studies have reported that women with PCOS have an increased prevalence of mild depressive and anxiety symptoms or an increase in mean depression and anxiety scores, although these scores are usually within the normal range. Thus, it is therefore not clear whether these findings are clinically significant. The prevalence of moderate and severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, which require follow-up and would benefit from treatment, is not known in this population. A comprehensive systematic review (SR) was performed up to January 2016 and included 30 cross-sectional studies, representing 3050 subjects with PCOS and 3858 controls, from 10 different countries. The meta-analysis (MA) on depressive symptoms included 18 studies and the MA on anxiety symptoms included 9 studies. A separate SR identified 15 studies for the meta-regression examining the associations with PCOS-related symptoms or comorbidities. All studies included adult women with PCOS, defined by the National Institutes of Health or Rotterdam criteria, and a control group without PCOS. Ovid, Embase, PsychInfo and Cochrane were searched up to January 2016. Included studies used a validated screening tool to compare the prevalence or mean scores of depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. Random effects MA was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Sensitivity analyses of methodological characteristics and a meta-regression of the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) to evaluate PCOS-related clinical and laboratory associations were performed. Women with PCOS had increased odds of any depressive symptoms (OR: 3.78; 95% CI: 3.03-4.72; 18 studies) and of moderate/severe depressive symptoms (OR: 4.18; 95% CI: 2.68-6.52; 11 studies). Women with PCOS had increased odds of any anxiety symptoms (OR: 5.62; 95% CI: 3.22-9.80, nine studies) and of moderate/severe anxiety symptoms (OR: 6.55; 95% CI: 2.87, 14.93; five studies). When subjects were matched on BMI, women with PCOS still had higher odds of both depressive (OR: 3.25; 95% CI 1.73-6.09; four studies) and anxiety symptoms (OR: 6.30, 95% CI: 1.88-21.09; three studies). There was no substantial heterogeneity among studies in the overall MA on depressive symptoms (I2 = 22.4%, P = 0.19), but there was significant heterogeneity among studies in the analysis on anxiety symptoms (I2 = 59.6%, P= 0.01). In the meta-regression evaluating pooled SMDs between groups, women with PCOS and concurrent depression had higher mean values of age, BMI, hirsutism score and IR, while women with PCOS and concurrent anxiety had higher mean values of BMI, hirsutism score and free testosterone (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). All studies were cross-sectional, thus we can only hypothesize that the diagnosis of PCOS precedes the diagnosis of depression and anxiety. There were large variations in methodological characteristics especially in the studies screening for anxiety; however, they only partly explained effect size variation. This evidence-synthesis analysis shows that PCOS diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of moderate and severe depressive and anxiety symptoms and suggests that providers should consider screening women with PCOS for both depression and anxiety. Although age, obesity, hyperandrogenism and IR do not explain the entire association, well-designed studies are needed to assess the impact of treatment of these factors on depressive and anxiety symptoms in women with PCOS. No funding was used for this study. There are no conflicts of interest. N/A.

Cross-sectional. To examine the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain intensity, taking symptoms of anxiety and depression into account within persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Persons with SCI, who visited a Dutch rehabilitation centre between 2005 and 2010, were invited to complete a survey. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (TSQ), pain intensity with an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and symptoms of anxiety and depression with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). To determine associations between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity, linear regression analyses were performed. Confounding variables representing anxiety and depression were added to the final model. In total, 175 participants (55.8% traumatic, 29.1% complete) were included (response rate of 31.7%). Of them, 11.4% had clinically relevant symptoms of probable PTSD (TSQ score ≥6) 69.8% experienced moderate to severe pain levels (NRS ≥ 4), 14.9% had symptoms of anxiety and 20.8% symptoms of depression (HADS scores ≥11). Levels of PTSD symptoms were strongly associated with symptoms of anxiety (0.54) and depression (0.49). Bivariate analyses showed a moderate significant association (0.30) between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity. This association became small (0.10) when anxiety and depression comorbidity were factored into the final regression model. No independent association between PTSD symptoms and pain intensity was shown when adjusted for anxiety and depression. Results of this study suggest the usefulness of screening for PTSD in persons with SCI (regardless of injury cause or type/level) who score high on symptoms of anxiety/depression.

The authors investigated the theoretical and clinical role of depression among cocaine abusers in treatment. Eighty-nine cocaine-abusing patients underwent 2 weeks of substance abuse treatment. Posttreatment major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms before and after substance abuse treatment, and alcohol diagnoses were assessed and their relation to pretreatment substance use, cravings in high-risk situations, and 3-month follow-up status was examined. High rates of major depressive disorder were found but were unrelated to pretreatment substance use. The decrease in depressive symptoms during treatment was independent of major depressive disorder or alcohol diagnoses and predicted treatment attrition. Higher levels of depressive symptoms during treatment were associated with greater urge to use cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs in high-risk situations. Concurrent major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms did not predict cocaine use at follow-up. However, patients who had an alcohol relapse episode experienced more depressive symptoms during treatment than did those who abstained. The results highlight the relationship of depression to alcohol use among cocaine abusers and suggest a need for further studies of the association between depression and substance use disorders.

Numerous studies have shown that level of exposure to combat-related stressors is a robust risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among military personnel deployed to a warzone. Threat perception of warzone experiences assessed retrospectively has been consistently linked to increased risk for PTSD and depression months or even years after returning from deployment. However, little is known about concurrent relations between perceived threat, deployment stress, and stress-related symptoms during deployment. Using a novel in-theater web-based assessment system, we investigated the unique and joint contribution of threat perception and deployment stressors in predicting the emergence of PTSD and depression symptoms during deployment. Soldiers (N = 150) completed assessments of deployment stressors, perceived threat, PTSD symptoms, and depression symptoms throughout deployment to Iraq. Results revealed that perceived threat potentiated the increase in PTSD symptoms as a result of increases in deployment stressors. In contrast, perceived threat, but not warzone stressors, uniquely predicted depression symptoms. Results highlight the important role of threat perception as a risk marker for the acute experience of depression and PTSD symptoms during deployment. (PsycINFO Database Record

This study aimed to expand the applicability of the three-dimensional psychological pain model for suicide prediction in clinical practice. A total of 548 psychiatric patients were recruited, of whom 56.9% had major depressive disorder, 28.5% bipolar disorder, 14.6% substance use disorder and 28.1% a history of suicide attempt (SA). Centrality measures and bridge factors were analyzed to map the close connections among psychological pain, severity of symptoms and SAs through network analysis. Joint profiles of psychological pain and depressive symptoms, and their associations with SA were also tested through latent profile and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. Emotional and cognitive manifestations of depressive symptoms emerged as the top two most central nodes in each patient group. Importantly, pain avoidance showed the strongest direct and positive associations with SA, significantly surpassing depressive symptoms. Pain avoidance acted as the most prominent bridge variable with the highest bridge expected influence, mediating the relationship between depressive symptoms and SAs. Patients in the pain-avoidance and depressive symptoms class were approximately four times (OR = 3.47-4.63) as likely to report SA as those in the other two classes. Pain avoidance displayed superior performance (AUC = 0.77) than depressive symptoms in accurately identifying suicide attempters with these three psychiatric disorders. Compared to depression, pain avoidance is a more proximal trigger of SAs in patients with psychiatric disorders characterized by emotional and behavioural control deficits. Pain avoidance may bridge the gap between depressive symptoms and a risk of SA in such clinical populations.

Individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Emerging research suggests that blood pressure variability (BPV) may serve as an early indicator for increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, the relationship between post-traumatic stress symptom severity and symptom clusters, and comorbid conditions such as depression, with BPV is unclear. Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of PTSD and depression symptoms, PTSD symptom clusters, and beat-to-beat blood pressure variability (BPV) in a sample of individuals diagnosed with PTSD. We hypothesized that participants with greater PTSD symptom severity would have increased BPV. Methods: Twenty participants (mean age = 46 ± 10 yr; 70% males; 75% African American) with diagnosed PTSD were enrolled. PTSD severity and symptom clusters were assessed via the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) and depression symptoms were assessed via Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Beat-to-beat blood pressure was recorded via finger photoplethysmography for a five-minute duration. BPV indices were calculated as the coeffcient of variation (CV), standard deviation (SD), and average real variability (ARV) for systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure. Pearson correlations were conducted to evaluate the association between symptoms and BPV outcomes. Participants were also categorized into two groups based on symptom severity. Independent t-tests were used to compare those with mild to moderate symptoms (n = 7) relative to participants with severe and extreme PTSD symptoms (n = 13). Results: PTSD symptom severity was significantly correlated with depression symptoms (r = 0.83, p &lt; 0.001). However, there were no significant correlations between BPV measures and either PTSD or depression symptoms. We did observe moderate non-significant correlations between the PTSD intrusive symptom cluster and diastolic and mean blood pressure CV (r = 0.33 and r = 0.29, p &gt; 0.05). Similar moderate correlations were observed between depression symptoms and diastolic and mean blood pressure CV (r = 0.31 and r = 0.29, p &gt; 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the two symptom severity groups in terms of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure for CV, SD, and ARV (systolic CV 0.61 ± 0.17 vs. 0.62 ± 0.17 %, p &gt; 0.05, diastolic CV, 0.70 ± 0.06 vs. 0.72 ± 0.16 %, p &gt; 0.05, and mean blood pressure CV 0.63 ± 0.09 vs. 0.65 ± 0.15 %, p &gt; 0.05 for mild to moderate and severe to extreme PTSD symptoms, respectively). Conclusions: Contrary to our hypothesis, those with greater PTSD symptom severity did not have significantly greater BPV. In summary, our data demonstrate that higher PTSD symptoms are not associated with beat-to-beat BPV; however, the moderate correlations suggest that larger studies are needed to determine if PTSD intrusive symptoms and depression symptoms, are related beat-to-beat BPV indices. VA Merit I01-CX001065, and DOD PR210574. M. McGranahan is supported by NIDDK training grant TL1DK129502 and U2CDK129501. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Firefighting has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health conditions. We previously found that among Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, higher-intensity WTC-exposure predicted PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and subjective cognitive concerns. The present study aims to compare these symptoms in the FDNY WTC-exposed cohort versus a comparison cohort of non-FDNY, non-WTC-exposed firefighters. The study population included WTC-exposed male firefighters from FDNY (N = 8466) and non-WTC-exposed male firefighters from Chicago (N = 1195), Philadelphia (N = 770), and San Francisco (N = 650) fire departments who were employed on 9/11/2001 and completed a health questionnaire between 3/1/2018 and 12/31/2020. Current PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and subjective cognitive concerns were assessed via validated screening instruments. Multivariable linear regression analyses stratified by fire department estimated the impact of covariates on each outcome. Adjusted mean PTSD symptom scores ranged from 23.5 ± 0.6 in Chicago firefighters to 25.8 ± 0.2 in FDNY, and adjusted mean depressive symptom scores ranged from 7.3 ± 0.5 in Chicago to 9.4 ± 0.6 in Philadelphia. WTC-exposure was associated with fewer subjective cognitive concerns (β = -0.69 ± 0.05, p < .001) after controlling for covariates. Across cohorts, older age was associated with more cognitive concerns, but fewer PTSD and depressive symptoms. WTC-exposed firefighters had fewer cognitive concerns compared with non-WTC-exposed firefighters. We were unable to estimate associations between WTC exposure and PTSD symptoms or depressive symptoms due to variability between non-WTC-exposed cohorts. Longitudinal follow-up is needed to assess PTSD, depressive, and cognitive symptom trajectories in firefighter populations as they age.

Family surrogates of patients who die in an intensive care unit (ICU) are at risk of cooccurring prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive disorder during bereavement, but symptom trajectories are often explored individually. To simultaneously examine and determine co-occurrence of PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptom trajectories. This cohort study was conducted in ICUs of 2 Taiwanese medical centers from January 2018 to March 2020, with follow-up through July 2022. Participants included surrogates responsible for decision-making who provided data 6 to 24 months after the death of their loved one. Data were analyzed from August to December 2022. PGD was assessed with the 11 grief symptom items of the PG-13; PTSD, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised; and depressive symptoms, the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at 6, 13, 18, and 24 months after the death. Latent growth mixture modeling was conducted to identify distinct trajectories, and joint latent class analysis was used to assess joint patterns of trajectories. A total of 303 participants were included, with most younger than 56 years (207 participants [68.3%]), female (177 participants [58.4%]), and married (228 participants [75.2%]), and their relationship with the patient was mostly spouse (88 participants [29.0%]) or adult child (166 participants [54.8%]). Three trajectories were identified each for PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptoms. A resilience trajectory was predominant across PGD (253 participants [83.5%]), PTSD (250 participants [82.5%]), and depressive (200 participants [66.0%]) symptoms. Second most common was a recovery trajectory identified for PGD (36 participants [11.9%]) and PTSD (41 participants [13.5%]) symptoms, while for depressive symptoms, a moderate trajectory (72 participants [23.8%]) signified persistent moderate distress. A chronic trajectory characterized by persistently high distress was identified for PGD (14 participants [4.6%]) and depressive (31 participants [10.2%]) symptoms, whereas a unique delayed-onset trajectory (12 participants [4.0%]) was identified for PTSD symptoms. Most family surrogates (228 participants [75.2%]) experienced cooccurring PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptom trajectories, but multiple patterns were discordant. Symptom trajectories cooccurred in joint patterns: resilient (247 participants [81.5%]), recovered (43 participants [14.1%]), and distressed (14 participants [4.5%]). These patterns were characterized by high conditional probabilities for the resilience (PGD, 0.999; PTSD, 0.999; depressive, 0.804), recovery (PGD, 0.854; PTSD, 0.890; depressive, 0.588), and chronic (PGD, 0.921; PTSD, 0.789; depressive, 0.980) symptom trajectories. In this cohort study, grief-related psychological symptoms evolved in complex ways during ICU bereavement, as characterized by heterogeneous trajectories. Some ICU bereaved surrogates experienced persistent elevated PGD, PTSD, and depressive symptoms individually or conjointly, underscoring the importance of early screening to identify this population at high risk of comorbid psychological distress trajectories.

ObjectiveThis study aimed at testing the significance of mediating and moderating roles of sense of coherence, adaptive coping styles and social support in the relationship between exposure to trauma and...

Introduction: The worldwide prevalence of mental disorders points to the need for adequate and urgent holistic responses. The disconnection between science, health and politics before and during the pandemic of COVID-19 undermined the actions and reorganization of the reception and support system, especially for the most vulnerable, women and young people. Objective: To verify the prevalence of anxious, depressive and hopelessness symptoms in academics of a public university during the pandemic period. Methodology: This is an observational, cross-sectional study carried out with 128 undergraduate nursing students from a public university in the state of Paraíba, Brazil from January to March 2021. The recruitment was online and the data collection instrument was prepared on Google Forms with sociodemographic, health and coping strategies questions. Results: The study showed a majority of single female academics with a positive self-perception of health. Nervousness, autonomic symptoms and fear stood out among the anxious symptoms. Regarding depressive symptoms, most reported self-criticism, irritability, fatigue, pessimism and sleep disorders. Positive expectations regarding the future were prevalent in the sample. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the health of the academic community. The students experienced the second wave with psycho-emotional reactions, but also with various coping strategies, mainly related to affective support from family and friends and professional support. The results show the need to investigate daily life, its stressors and risk factors to provide adequate support to promote and maintain the health of these students by approaching protective factors.

Patients with functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD) report high rates of traumatization and have high levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Psychotherapy is a mainstay of treatment for persons with FNSD. In this study, the investigators explored changes in PTSD symptoms and health-related quality of life after psychotherapy among persons with FNSD and examined factors contributing to these changes. Data were prospectively collected for patients with FNSD attending a specialist outpatient psychotherapy service in the United Kingdom (N=210) as part of an ongoing routine service evaluation. Pre- and posttherapy questionnaires included self-report measures of PTSD symptoms (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety symptoms (General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale), somatic symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-15), health-related quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey-36), and social functioning (Work and Social Adjustment Scale). Independent contributions to psychotherapy-related changes in PTSD symptoms and health-related quality of life were explored through multivariate analyses. All outcome measures revealed improvements after psychotherapy (p<0.001). Psychotherapy-related changes in depression and somatic symptoms and employment status at baseline explained 51% of the variance in PTSD symptom changes. Changes in PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and somatic symptoms made independent contributions to improvements in health-related quality of life (R2=0.54). Improvements were unrelated to FNSD subtype (dissociative seizures or other FNSD), age, marital status, or number of sessions attended. Reductions in self-reported PTSD, depressive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms, as well as improved health-related quality of life, were observed among patients who received one or more sessions of psychotherapy. Randomized controlled trials of psychotherapy for patients with FNSD are warranted.

ABSTRACTBackground: About half of the stroke population suffers from emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression post-stroke. Acquiring aphasia is seen to increase the risk of developing symptoms of emotional difficulties such as anxiety and depression.Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate self-reported emotional difficulties in chronic stroke patients with and without aphasia 1 year post-stroke. Further, we aimed to investigate the relationship between aphasia severity and self-reported symptoms of post-stroke depression and anxiety. We expected to find that patients with aphasia reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression than patients without aphasia. Furthermore, we expected to find that aphasia severity was associated with self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression.Methods & Procedures: The Norwegian Basic Aphasia Assessment (NBAA) was used to assess aphasia severity. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was administered to all patients to assess self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. To investigate group differences we used the patients’ scores on the subscales communication, ability to carry out daily activities, and ability to participate in social/leisure activities from the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS), the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).Outcomes & Results: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. We found a significant correlation between aphasia severity and symptoms of depression, indicating that patients with more aphasic difficulties reported more symptoms of depression. Specifically, the subscale repetition and reading comprehension from the NBAA correlated with the HADS total score. Furthermore, we found significant correlations between the patients’ performance on reading comprehension, repetition, and reading out loud and the HADS depression subscale. There was a significant difference between the groups on the SIS communication scores and the patients’ scores on the MMSE, whereas the aphasia group had more self-reported communication difficulties and a lower level of cognitive functioning 1 year post-stroke. However, on the SIS daily activities the non-aphasia group scored significantly lower. Finally, the groups did not differ on functional disability as measured by the mRS at admission to the hospital.Conclusions: Although there were no significant differences between the aphasic and non-aphasic groups as to the degree of self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, patients with aphasia reported symptoms of anxiety and depression that seemed to be associated with specific language problems, as the ability to repeat, and to read and comprehend words and sentences.