Структура лексико-семантического поля «Польза» в русинском языке в сопоставлении с русским литературным языком

A written word is identified more easily when it is presented in the right than in the left visual field. This right visual field superiority (RVFS) may be explained by the left hemisphere's role in reading and by reading direction in left-to-right scripts. However, the comparison of left-to-right and right-to-left scripts had not resulted in systematic differences. It had also been found that the linguistic environment has an effect on visuospatial bias. We hypothesized that the linguistic environment might also affect RVFS. In an identification task, French and Hebrew words were presented in each visual field to four groups of 24 neurologically healthy participants, all of whom read French and Hebrew as a first or second language: native French speakers in France, native French speakers in Israel, native Hebrew speakers in Israel, and native Hebrew speakers in France. Results showed a greater RVFS with French than with Hebrew words in all groups except the native Hebrew speakers in Israel. Thus, at least for native Hebrew speakers, the country where participants lived also had an effect on the differential RVFS between languages, suggesting an effect of environmental script or reading practice.

The paper deals with the study of the framework concept of TRY in English and Russian linguocultures. The definition of concept is given and its research methodology is described. The use of the field approach to the examination of the English and Russian concepts of TRY allows distinguishing the nuclear and peripheral components of the corresponding lexico-semantic fields of Try in the English and Russian languages. The method of component analysis is used for the explication of their semantic structure. Conceptual analysis allows distinguishing the concepts in their dual function, also general scientific methods of comparison and generalization are used. The degree of “intensity”, sensory concreteness, clarity, or, in other words, the prototypical character of the feature for native speakers determines whether the lexical unit belongs to the core or periphery of the lexico-semantic field. Conducted lexicographical and contextual analysis has revealed the areas of matching and disagreement of the Russian and English concepts. The coinciding components include “making an effort to do something”, “an unsuccessful effort” and “sporting events, tournaments”. The English concept demonstrates more elaborate inner structure as compared with the Russian one. Some components of the English concept connected with the idea of success/successfulness and assault/war correspond to the lacunas in the Russian concept. This nonidentity is explained by the national specifics of the concepts under investigation resulting from the features of national history, culture and traditions.

The study analyzes somatic idioms used in business English, which constitute an essential part of the linguistic worldview of native speakers. Phraseological units recorded in lexicographic sources were analyzed, and 212 English somatic idioms were selected. The research examines the semantic classification of somatic idioms covering thematic groups such as external human body parts, internal human body parts and external animal body parts. Idioms referring to external human body parts form the most substantial category of somatic phraseological units, comprising 141 examples or 66.5% of the analyzed corpus. It is followed by idioms involving external animal body parts (45 idioms, making up 21.2%), while idioms with lexemes nominating internal human body parts form the smallest group (26 units, representing 12.3%). The idioms under study were classified by their level of semantic opacity into pure (32.4%), semi-idioms (41.4%), and literal (26.2%). Special attention was given to translation techniques applied for adapting somatic idioms in interlingual communication. Results show that the most common translation methods are analogy (34.9%) and near equivalent (27.4%), whereas absolute equivalents (14.6%), descriptive translation (19.8%) and calques (3.3%) are less frequently used. The external human body parts thematic group exhibited the greatest variability in translation methods, indicating the universality of this group for constructing metaphorical meanings. The study demonstrates that metaphorical expressions involving lexemes that nominate human body parts are a rich source of idioms across languages. Among them, references to external body parts tend to carry meanings that are widely understood and easily translatable across cultures. In contrast, idioms involving lexemes nominating internal organs or animal anatomy often reflect culturally specific associations, making direct translation more challenging and frequently requiring explanation or adaptation. The originality of this paper lies in its focus on semantic features of somatic idioms used in business English, a topic that has received limited attention in linguistic research. By grouping these idioms into thematic categories - external human body parts, internal human body parts, and external animal body parts - and analyzing their meanings and translation techniques employed in rendering them in Ukrainian, the study offers new insights into how figurative language works in professional communication. Conclusion. The study highlights the richness of somatic idioms in business English and their semantic features. It shows that idioms based on external human body parts are the most common and easiest to translate due to their universal meanings. In contrast, idioms involving internal body parts or animal anatomy tend to be more culture-specific, often requiring explanation.

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The article is devoted to the issue on balancing the important interests of a person, a society and the state in cyber space by means of administrative law. The purpose of this article is to determine the legal nature and the role of the correspondence of the important interests of a person, a society and the state in cyber space in the context of administrative and legal provision of cyber security. The paper also deals with a proper balance between the law-enforcement interests of the state and the respect for fundamental human rights. The method of analysis has revealed in clarifying some features of concepts "interest", "need", "right". The method of synthesis has been used to define common concepts, for example "person's interest in cyberspace". Comparative legal method has been used in the process of comparison of the legislation of Ukraine and the international legislation that governs the issue on balancing the important interests of a person, a society and the state in cyber space. The author of this research presents the possible structure of person's cyber security through a set of important person's rights and interests in cyberspace, for example, the right to access to the Internet; the right to protect personal data in cyberspace; the right to be protected from aggressive marketing technologies in cyberspace, the prohibition of monitoring, including through cookies, HTTP, HTML5 markers or other technologies; the right to education, the right to access knowledge through the use of cyberspace etc. Conclusions and proposals of this research can be used for further research and for improving the administrative and information legislation of Ukraine, including the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamental Principles of Cyber Security of Ukraine". Keywords: the balance of interests of the person, society and state, cyber space usage, public interest, private interest.

The present study compares the use of adjective intensification in written L2 Italian production in South Tyrolean upper secondary schools with that of young Italian native speakers. By relying on a Diasystematic Construction Grammar approach, it explores the role of learners’ L1s, L2 proficiency levels and their linguistic environments as potential variables affecting the use and choice of different intensifying constructions. Results show that a dominant German-speaking linguistic environment is a significant predictor of learners’ preferences for a syntactic over a morphological intensification type. Unexpectedly, however, learners of Italian also make heavy use of the intensifying suffix — issimo, an unfamiliar construction in German. Results also show a difference in the diversity of intensification types used by learners compared to native speakers. Learners are limited to the most frequent types and make a very limited use of maximizers, which seem to be a “blind spot”.

The study examines santri speech in a coastal Islamic boarding school which shows politeness in respecting the Kyai. This study aims to describe marks of politeness as a form of respect for Kyai and classify politeness factors in santri speech in the coastal boarding school. This study used a qualitative approach with analysis of pragmatic politeness. The study finds that maxim of wisdom and Javanese proverb are dominating the santri speech. Honorific is the most dominant word chosen to address Kyai. The determinant factors found are linguistic and nonlinguistic factors. The linguistic factor for respecting the Kyai is dominated by Javanese diction and euphemism. The nonlinguistic factor is influenced by the mother tongue of speakers as native speakers. Most of the speakers are Javanese, so santri speech is also in Javanese. The speakers’ loyalty as native speakers is also very high. The linguistic behavior of the santri greatly reflected respect for Kyai. The respect for Kyai can be seen in the diction, language loyalty, and linguistic behavior of the santri who are domiciled in Islamic boarding school environment. This politeness builds the strength of characteristics in the coastal Islamic boarding school.

The aim of the article is to describe, what word building tools express negation in modern German language; to determine the place and importance of word-forming elements expressing negation in the German word building system; to characterize the internal structure and semantics of formations expressing negation; to describe the inventory of prefix derivatives expressing negation, to classify them according to formal and semantic parameters. The article uses several methods of research. Namely, analysis of direct constituents, methods of descriptive, comparative, substantial and disjunctive opposition. The use of mentioned methods make the formal and semantic structure of word building constructions transparent. Results of the research can be described as follows: the article analyzes more than one hundred word building constructions expressing negation, fetched from lexicographical sources, journals and newspapers, fiction literature and other samples of the functional style. The article reviews the inventory of prefix derivatives having negative word building meanings, there are described their structural and semantic characteristics. The corpus of formations expressing negation is compared to the headwords of dictionaries of the German language and there are revealed the items that are not registered in dictionaries. We can make a conclusion from the materials analyzed in the article that prefixes represent very productive word building tools to express negation in the German language. The nominative function of prefix derivatives that express negation is to modify already existing words. They almost do not participate in compression of syntax constructions. During prefixation there occurs determination of the substantive or adjective root form by a morpheme prefix. Foreign (borrowed) prefixes expressing negation are mainly used in scientific special field texts, which is quite opposite for the German prefixes that mainly occur in the vocabulary of everyday conversation.

The article is devoted to the didactic potential of English-language YouTube vlogs for learning English as a foreign language by students of non-philology programs. Modern teachers of foreign languages, working in non-philological specializations, face the challenge of diversifying didactic materials. The emergence of Web 2.0, technological advancements, and the information age present a plethora of opportunities to facilitate engaging, efficient, and high-quality English language learning for both educators and students. The purpose of the article is to provide an in-depth analysis of English-language YouTube vlogs encompassing a diverse range of topics, intended for learners of various demographics, including age, gender, socioeconomic background, and English proficiency level. The study explores the potential of integrating these YouTube channels into classroom and independent learning activities for students enrolled in non-philological programs. Methodology. The research employed a multi-pronged approach. An analysis of existing literature on the research topic provided insights into the current state of mobile learning research, both domestically and internationally. A descriptive method enabled the researchers to synthesize the experiences gained during the exploratory phase. Finally, the synthesis of the gathered data facilitated the formulation and execution of the research concept. The study investigates the didactic potential of eleven YouTube channels for fostering English language learning (as a second foreign language) among students in non-philological programs. A selection of English-language vlogs has been analysed, encompassing categories such as everyday life (The Cottage Fairy), education (Lindie Botes, Ruri Ohama, RealLife English), culinary arts (Delish), popular science, (Geography Now, Smarter Every Day, Vsauce, Thomas Frank, Matt D’Avella), and culture and arts (Chris Stuckmann). These vlogs cater to a broad audience, varying in terms of age, English proficiency level, thematic focus, subscriber count, viewership statistics, and uploaded video content. The analysis revealed that the proposed materials can be seamlessly integrated into the learning process for first-year students categorized as elementary, pre-intermediate, and intermediate learners. A unifying characteristic across the examined YouTube channels is the “edutainment” concept. This approach emphasizes the achievement of educational objectives by combining a gamified learning experience with the instructional content itself. The sheer variety of English language learning vlogs empowers learners to select topics that align with their personal interests, preferred language complexity, and desired level of visual engagement. Additionally, the content offers valuable knowledge for overall development. For educators, the primary advantage of YouTube channels lies in their ability to illustrate key lesson topics with engaging video content delivered by native speakers or individuals who, like the students themselves, have learned English and can offer practical advice. Visual content ranks among the most effective pedagogical tools. Strategically chosen YouTube vlogs can significantly enhance students’ vocabulary development, facilitate the acquisition of idioms and colloquial speech patterns, improve pronunciation, strengthen linguistic competencies, and refine listening and speaking skills. Furthermore, the broad thematic range of the content contributes to an expanded worldview. Students gain exposure to diverse cultural aspects of other countries, acquire new knowledge about the world, develop effective time management skills, and glean a wealth of valuable and engaging information. Conclusion. The integration of English-language YouTube vlogs into the curriculum of non-philological programs presents a promising avenue for enriching the foreign language learning experience. The “edutainment” approach fosters a stimulating and interactive learning environment, catering to diverse learning styles and facilitating the acquisition of essential language skills and knowledge. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term efficacy of this approach and its impact on student learning outcomes.

The subject of the study is the emotion of joy and its components identified using the semantic differential method, illustrated with examples from English and Spanish. The semantic differential and its application to the study of joy occupy a significant position in contemporary linguistics. Emotions determine human behavior, influence self-perception and perceptions of others, and are linked to the overall level of personal well-being. Joy is traditionally viewed as a positive emotional state; however, its internal structure is far from homogeneous, encompassing various shades of experience, from calm satisfaction to exuberant delight. Therefore, analyzing the close components of joy and the linguistic means of their expression in different languages becomes particularly important for successful and effective communication in various contexts. The methods and methodology of the research include the semantic differential method itself, based on which scales for questionnaires were developed; the questionnaire method for collecting relevant material; as well as structural analysis. The main conclusion of this study is the identification of the key components of joy and their semantic characteristics in English and Spanish through the semantic differential method using a ten-point questionnaire. Conclusions were drawn about the connection of the concept of joy for representatives of English-speaking linguistic culture with components such as "activity," "mystery," "individualism," and with the concepts of "collective," "openness," "lightness," and "loudness" for representatives of Spanish-speaking linguistic culture. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the key components of joy using the semantic differential method based on questionnaires from native speakers. Utilizing Ch. Osgood’s method allowed for the identification of implicit evaluative aspects by which native speakers differentiate the concept of "joy" in English-speaking and Spanish-speaking linguistic cultures. The analysis of the results from the semantic differential opens new opportunities for subsequent applied research.

The impact of functional load and cumulative errors on listeners' judgments of comprehensibility and accentedness

The paper analyzes the influence of the norms of civil and family law on the upbringing of a person. First, the authors focus on the powerful educational potential of the principles of integrity and justice. The paper also analyzes provisions of Russian civil and family law that require achieving a balance of personal and public interests (the principle of combining personal interests with public ones). The paper highlights that upbringing as a function is not only known to civil and family law, it is the main, defining function of Russian civil and family law. This function is aimed at educating or re-educating participants of civil and family law in a direction appropriate for society. According to the authors, legislative recognition of the upbringing functions of civil and family law is necessary. This can be solved by the preamble in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Family Code of the Russian Federation, where, among other tasks and directions of the relevant legislation, the upbringing function is indicated. The principles of good faith, justice, and a combination of personal interests with public ones form the foundations of upbringing functions in Russian civil and family law, since the existence of a person as a biosocial being outside society is impossible.

The current study set out to investigate the relative contributions of Initials and Finals to Chinese L2 comprehensibility based on Brown's functional load (FL) principle. 75 speech samples elicited from 20 Urdu-speaking learners of Chinese were subjectively rated by native speakers of Chinese for comprehensibility scores, and then the segmental errors were analyzed based on FL principle. The experimental results showed that the ratio of segment errors with high FL has stronger correlation with comprehensibility than those with low FL, and the ratio of Final errors showed stronger correlation with comprehensibility than that of Initial errors, suggesting that segmental errors with high FL inhibit comprehension more than low FL errors, and Finals are more important for successful comprehension than Initials. This study offers: (1) the adaptation of Brown's FL principle on Chinese, (2) an empirical evidence that Final is a more important constituent than Initial in speech comprehension, (3) re-examination of the stronger impact of high FL errors than low FL errors on comprehensibility.

Research on the acquisition of copula choice has shown that learners are not accurate with this structure, even after several years of instruction (Briscoe, 1995; Ryan & Lafford, 1992). Previous research has also shown that the language development of novice learners can be assessed through a multifeature contextual analysis, similar to those used in sociolinguistic research, thereby allowing for the inclusion of native‐speaker variation in the design (Geeslin, 2000). The current investigation compares contextualized questionnaire data from advanced learners of Spanish (N = 28) to data from native Spanish speakers (N = 25). The analysis shows that semantic and pragmatic features interact to predict the appearance of the copulaestar, and that the factors that predict the appearance ofestarare different for the two groups.

Here a preliminary hypothesis is used, viz., that the concept of "postsocialist" public interests is disputed in each and every aspect, implicating that a new theoretical and heuristic framework is needed for urban planning. This framework ought to be developed in a way to render it acceptable as a common denominator for the majority of urban actors, on the one hand, and to help balance individual (partial) and collective interests in the preparation and implementation of planning decisions at various planning levels, on the other. Under the current conditions of transition, there are very few elements that could in advance and with certainty be ascertained of public or general interest. The quality and societal relevance of planning decisions would basically depend on the quality of planning communication and interaction, also being relevant for the developing of a public interest. In the contribution, it is particularly emphasized that, following the collapse of the former ("socialist") public interests, the very legitimacy of planning is endangered as well. We direct attention to a number of new approaches, with a view to make use of their respective rational, productive, emancipatory and modernizing potential. Here, it is almost the last "resort" for one to insist on the publicity and public control in planning decision-making, especially in terms of the role of laymen - versus the more powerful and influential stakeholders - as the key direction in developing of new modes of planning. In this context, of crucial importance is to develop a new theoretical articulation of the concept of "postsocialist" public interests, as this concept is constituent for developing democratic planning during the transition period. The key aspect here pertains to balancing a large number of emerging and legitimate individual interest vis-?-vis public (collective, common, and similar) interests. This also applies to developing new institutional and organization arrangements and support that are needed, to direct the "societal game" of individual interests to collective public purposes. Particularly, effective arrangements of the kind are needed to prevent the "game" ends in destructive outcome, in the first place for the already well established public interests that will predictably keep such status.