Ландшафтно-картографический анализ территории Южно-Камчатского природного парка (участка Всемирного природного наследия «Вулканы Камчатки»)

Protected areas are central to all nature conservation efforts with their key environmental, social, cultural and economic functions throughout the world. The protected forest areas system in Turkey consists of national parks, nature parks, nature monuments, and nature protection areas. Among these, the national parks are the most extensive in terms of the total area. Since the first national park was created in 1958, the number of the parks and other protected areas in the country has gradually expanded. Today, there are 41 national parks covering an area of 898.044 ha. Major problems in managing national parks in Turkey can be classified into the followings: administrative-legislation, planning, lack of resources; stakeholder’s participation-local’s needs, lack of baseline data and inappropriate uses such as unregulated tourism. In this study, legislation and institutional framework, the extent and distribution of parks according to main criteria for selection, and major problems indicated earlier are critically examined. Key words: Protected area, national park, management objectives, ecotourism, conservation.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北京市自然保护地生态效益及其影响因素 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202108252386 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项（XDA23080000） Ecological benefit evaluation and influencing factors analysis of the Protected Areas in Beijing Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:自然保护地是生物多样性富集区域，发挥着水源涵养、防风固沙等重要的生态效益。北京市共5类79处自然保护地，是首都重要生态屏障，但自然因素和人为干扰对自然保护地生态效益有着重要影响。核算了北京自然保护地的5种典型的生态效益，使用单因素方差分析比较了不同类型自然保护地生态效益的差异，并基于冗余分析法探究了2种自然因素（年均气温和年降水量）和4种人为因素（人口密度、建设用地比例、耕地比例和道路密度）对生态效益的影响。结果表明：（1）北京自然保护地总体生态效益：北京自然保护地生境质量高，生境质量指数均值高达0.88；其它4项可价值化的生态效益中，水源涵养价值最大，固碳价值最低。（2）各类自然保护地之间生态效益比较：除生境质量外，其它4个生态效益之和，自然保护区和森林公园显著高于其它3类自然保护地；湿地公园的生境质量显著低于其它4类保护地，而这4类保护地之间生境质量并无显著差异；从水源涵养的生态效益来看，风景名胜区和地质公园显著低于其它3类自然保护地。（3）人为干扰因素（影响水平为38.92%）对生态效益的影响程度远高于自然因素（影响水平为16.63%）；防风固沙、水土保持和固碳效益主要受人为干扰影响，而生境质量同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响，水源涵养则主要受到自然因素的影响。（4）基于冗余分析，北京自然保护地可分为3个类群：水源涵养型、高质量栖息地型、其它生态效益型（包括防风固沙、水土保持和固碳）。研究可服务于北京保护地管理，提升北京自然保护地的生态效益。 Abstract:The protected area has high biodiversity and vital important ecological benefits, such as water conservation, soil and water conservation, sand fixation and wind prevention. In Beijing, the protected area are the core of the capital's ecological barrier. There are still many problems in the management of the protected area management, and human disturbance(population, economy and transportation) is prevalent, which seriously affects the ecological benefits of the protected area, especially in big cities such as Beijing. The natural factors also have impacts on ecological benefits of the protected area. However, there is still a gap in the understanding of the main factors the affecting the ecological benefits of the protected area in Beijing. We calculated 5 typical ecological benefits of 79 natural protected areas in Beijing, and compared the difference of ecological benefits of 5 types of protected area (natural reserve, forest park, scenic and historical interest area, geopark and wetland park) with one-way ANOVA. The effects of two natural factors (annual average temperature and annual precipitation) and four human impacts (population density, proportion of construction land, proportion of cultivated land and road density) on ecological benefits were investigated based on redundancy analysis. The results showed as follows:(1) in 2020, the value of water conservation per unit area in Beijing's protected areas was 34347 yuan/ha, the value of wind prevention and sand fixation was 2774 yuan/ha, the ecological value of soil and water conservation was 1274 yuan/ha, and the carbon fixation value was only 473 yuan/ha. In addition, the mean value of habitat quality per unit area in Beijing's protected areas was 0.88. (2) While comparing ecological benefits among different types of protected area, except habitat quality, the total benefits of the other four types of ecological benefits, nature reserve and forest parks were significantly higher than the other three types of natural protected areas. The habitat quality of wetland parks was significantly lower than that of the other four types of protected area, and there was no significant difference among the four types of protected area. In terms of ecological benefits of water conservation, scenic and historical interest area and geoparks were significantly lower than other three types of natural protection area. (3) Compared with natural factors (16.63%), human factors (38.92%) were the main factors affecting the ecological benefits of the protected area in Beijing, mainly including wind prevention and sand fixation, soil and water conservation and carbon fixation. Habitat quality was affected by both natural and human impacts, and water conservation was mainly affected by natural factors. ('4) Based on redundancy analysis (RDA), all the protected area in Beijing could be divided into three types:water conservation type, high-quality habitat type, and other ecological benefits (including wind prevention and sand fixation, water and soil conservation and carbon sequestration). The results showed that it was important and urgent to integrate and optimize the protected area in Beijing, and the key point was to reduce the construction and agricultural land in the protected area, and move excessive population out of the protected area. This study was of great significane to improve the ecological benefits of the protected area in Beijing, and provides theoretical and technical support for the scientific management of the protected area in Beijing. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Managing sustainable development in recreational and protected areas. The Dovre case, Norway

Tourist trails as a linear form of tourist infrastructure fulfill various functions (i.e. recreational, ecological, economic, social, ensuring safety). They are especially important in national parks, where in selected areas tourist penetration is allowed only along specially designed, official routes. A well-planned layout of tourist trails with appropriate facilities can help to limit the negative consequences of tourist pressure on protected natural areas. The aim of the article is a comparison of offers for active tourists in two mountain national parks (the Krkonose National Park in the Czech Republic and the Peneda-Geres National Park in Portugal), taking into consideration the marked hiking trails — the most frequently used type of tourist trails. As a result the level of area coverage by the networks of hiking trails was assessed, as well as their adequateness towards the needs of tourists. The descriptive analysis was based on author’s personal observations. In the examination of hiking trails as part of a system, some elements of the graph theory were used, especially coefficients for topologic analysis of spatial structure. This method enables simplification of a network, comparison of various areas and making some assumptions concerning tourist infrastructure, which is a crucial factor while analyzing trails from a tourists’ point of view. In both analyzed national parks the relief is quite similar, as well as their locations near national borders, what justifies the choice of the areas scrutinized in the paper. What differ them are patterns of tourism development and the current ways of undertaking active tourism. Not similarities but the two latter factors resulted in a distinct character of the two compared networks of trails and facilities connected with them. The system of hiking trails and tourist infrastructure seem better developed in the Krkonose National Park, what can be explained by historical and social conditions, especially the adopted model of hiking. In the article some disadvantages of tourist infrastructure in both protected areas were presented, as well as some suggestions in terms of its development, resulting from the analysis of networks of hiking trails.

The management of national parks (NPs) is a challenge because it is necessary to en?sure the conservation, improvement, sustainable use of natural and other values at NP area, as well as the management of NPs? visitors. This paper aims to study the NPs? management models in Serbia, as well as to compare them with selected countries of the Southeast Europe region (Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro). In the paper were considered the possibilities of improving the NPs management model (institutional framework and organisation of NP management) in Serbia, based on best practice examples from the region and the views of NPs? managers and stakeholders in Serbia. The research used primary data, collected through interviews with representatives of NPs? managers and stakeholders, as well as secondary data, which were used for the analysis of organizational models of NPs? management in selected countries. The management of NPs, as the most important protected areas in Serbia, is entrusted to public enterprises (PE NP). In Slovenia and Croatia, NPs are managed by public institutions, as public services established by the Government. In Montenegro, all NPs are managed by the Public enterprise for national parks of Montenegro, which was established by the Government as a single business entity. Respondents agree that the existing NPs management system in Serbia can be improved by strengthening the institutional framework and establishing a model of public institutions.

The redesignation of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial to the Gateway Arch National Park in 2018 by the Trump administration spurred debate about the distinct naming designations utilized by the National Park Service (NPS) in the United States. Place naming is a significant factor in shaping the 'sense of place' that people experience with these protected areas. In this study, I seek to better understand how 'sense of place' with the Gateway Arch has been affected by the contentious redesignation to a 'National Park'. To assess 'sense of place', I gathered data on values and characteristics people associate with 'National Parks' and the Gateway Arch. Primary data was collected from an online Qualtrics survey of adult U.S. residents in the "National Park Service (Fan Page)" group on the social network Facebook and secondary data pulled from published Yelp reviews. Together, these qualitative data were used for a two-part coding analysis with NVivo software that provided statistics for three main themes: environmental characteristics, intrinsic values, and visitor experience. Results showed that people associate environmental characteristics the most with 'National Parks' at large, while the Gateway Arch is most associated with intrinsic values. These results, in addition to the historical background of the NPS system and the Gateway Arch, is crucial in understanding the critical disconnect between how 'National Parks' are broadly perceived and the current designation of Gateway Arch National Park.

Economic evaluation of the increased mental health value of increasing Queensland's protected areas to 17% land area

The aim of this study is to propose a method for accounting of the recreation-related cultural ecosystem services (RRES) provided by protected areas of category National Parks оn the example of Pirin National Park (Pirin NP), Bulgaria in accordance with the System of Environmental Economic Accounting – Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) framework and the System of National Accounts (SNA) principles. The suggested Tourist consumption products – based method measure the value of actual recreation-related ecosystem services (RRES) flow as a difference between demand and supply of RRES provided by a protected area. It is based on respective indicators: Total tourism products consumption by the visitors of the NP (demand) and Expenditures for maintenance of the asset’s ecosystems (supply). The results show that the average value of RRES flow is estimated on BGN 170 Million for the period 2015 – 2019. The proposed method for valuation of RRES in protected areas of category National Park gives reliable results, based on a minimum of data which are public or easily accessible.

The protected area is an area with largely unchanged natural systems, managed to ensure long-term protected of biodiversity and at the same time provides a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet the needs of the local population. The history of the studies related to protected areas dates back to B.C years. With the recognition of Yellowstone as the National Park in 1872, the protected areas are officially recognized. After that, a number of conservation areas have been declared in Europe and in many countries around the world. Protected areas cover 13.9 percent of the world land surface and coastal-ocean area. The United States is the leading country in the areas of protection. Venezuela and Germany are other countries that stand out in terms of the number and size of protected areas. There are 59 national parks in the USA. One of the most important national parks is the Yosemite National Park. This national park in the state of California is admired for its natural beauty. Therefore, ıt is very well known and is visited by about 4 million people annually. In this study, the features of Yosemite National Park were compared with the national park characteristics of our country.

Applying Q-methodology to investigate the perception of the social and economic role of the national park by local stakeholders. Cases of national parks in the Carpathians

Bat surveys in 20 Protected Areas (PAs) of Nepal are sporadic and/or had targeted purposively a few localities, therefore, bat diversity from the PAs is yet to be explored. Bat species richness in PAs from two reviews until 2011 are inconsistent. In total, seven surveys have been undertaken in six PAs since 2011. Hence, an update and revision on chiropteran account from the PAs of Nepal is warranted. We reviewed available literatures and museum collection records, and further collated and plotted bat occurrence coordinates into the country and mapped them. In total, 44 of 53 bat species in Nepal have been recorded from 12 PAs. Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) reports highest species richness (22) followed by Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and Buffer Zone (SNNP & BZ) (15), Makalu Barun National Park and Buffer Zone (MBNP & BZ) (14) and Chitwan National Park and Buffer Zone (CNP & BZ) (13). In contrast, survey localities are more in CNP & BZ (12), ACA and SNNP & BZ (equally 11) and MBNP & BZ (10). Species richness increased proportionately with higher survey efforts and including more habitat types in respective PAs. Three species: Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rh. pearsonii and Rh. sinicus are recorded from six out of 12 PAs. Pipistrellus javanicus (12), Hipposideros armiger (10), Cynopterus sphinx (9) and Rh. sinicus (9) are recorded from maximum number of surveyed localities in the PAs. All the PAs have limited occurrence records. Therefore, intensive surveys are recommended for understanding actual chiropteran diversity to the PAs of Nepal.

Anthropogenic pressure in Czech protected areas over the last 60 years: A concerning increase

The increasing contradiction between ecological conservation and community development is a common challenge faced in most protected areas worldwide. Since 2019, China has used a “sky window” policy to alleviate the dilemma of environmental protection and sustainable production activities in national parks. This policy’s impact on household income in national park communities has received little attention. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the sky window policy on household income in Wuyi Mountain National Park communities in China and explore its mechanism of action in order to provide policy recommendations for achieving the protection goal of the national park and enabling win–win development of the community. Based on a total of 951 samples, which were collected through face-to-face interviews with 518 households in two periods, we used the difference-in-differences (DID) model to obtain consistent results and conducted robustness tests on the model by employing propensity score matching (PSM). The results showed that the “sky window” policy had a significant negative impact on the income of households in national park communities, which was mainly caused by the relaxation of restrictive regulations on farmers’ planting and breeding activities within national parks. The findings indicate that government departments in China need to further improve the laws and regulations regarding national park construction, establish a dynamic evaluation mechanism to regularly review the effects of the “sky window” policy, and make timely adjustments based on changes in the ecological environment of national parks and the development needs of local communities. At the same time, to ensure a stable source of income for residents, it is also necessary to establish a platform for realizing the value of ecological products, strengthen support for livelihood transformation, and establish long-term benefit linkage mechanisms. This study contributes to the research on the effective management of national parks, community welfare improvement, and sustainable development in developing countries.

Gap Analysis of Giant Panda Conservation as an Example for Planning China's National Park System.

Introduction This chapter seeks to describe the relationship between indigenous peoples and several protected areas in Malaysia, namely Krau Wildlife Reserve, Taman Negara National Park, Endau Rompin National Park, Kinabalu National Park and Gunung Mulu National Park. These protected areas were chosen because they all illustrate various aspects of the relationship between protected areas and indigenous people. Krau Wildlife Refuge in Pahang is used by groups of Chewong and Jah Hut. These two groups live outside the park, but maintain a certain level of traditional ownership rights to the reserve. Taman Negara, covering parts of Pahang, Kelantan and Terenganu, is the home of a group of the Batek Negrito people. This case study describes the relationship of grudging tolerance on the part of the park administration towards a small and truly nomadic group of indigenous people. Endau Rompin National Park in Johor shows how indigenous people are currently employed in parks and conservation in Malaysia. The description of Gunung Mulu provides a portrait of the Eastern Penan, another hunter-gather group numbering about 400, who live in and have customary access rights to the park. This instance also reveals how the Sarawak Forestry Department (SFD) has handled an indigenous population residing within a protected area. Lastly, Kinabalu Park illustrates the treatment of indigenous people in the state of Sabah, in which indigenous groups have far more influence than any of the other states of Malaysia.