مکانیابی محل دفن مناسب پسماندها در سکونتگاههای روستایی (مطالعه موردی: نقاط روستایی شهرستان خواف)

While rural electrification brings economic, health, educational, and environmental benefits, it also creates persistent wastes that can have negative implications for human and environmental health. The rural development and environmental management intellectual communities have not worked together sufficiently to manage the nonbiodegradable waste products of rural development. In the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan—a nation noted for its vast forests and positive environmental record—the most challenging wastes to manage are those that follow rural electrification: spent light bulbs and fluorescent lights, and small appliances. Based on 6 months of field research in Bhutan, this paper proposes a depot and circuit rider system for the management of non-biodegradable wastes in rural areas.

Intrioduction. The development of rural areas today is one of the main tasks facing authorities at all levels. The complex of projects and programs aimed at achieving this goal includes, among other things, the creation of a comfortable living environment in rural areas. The priority direction in this area is the problem of stimulating housing construction and, accordingly, providing rural residents with favorable living conditions, including both housing and engineering infrastructure, as well as the surrounding space, accessibility of social facilities. The solution of this problem will contribute to improving the quality of life in rural areas, attracting highly qualified personnel, including young people, and creating a favorable image of rural areas as a whole. The aim of the work is to develop a common decision-making mechanism to stimulate housing construction in rural areas, taking into account both general economic trends and influencing factors, as well as the role of rural administration, residents and business representatives. Methodology. In the course of the study of the problem of stimulating housing construction in rural areas and the development of proposals, methods of economic-statistical, abstract-logical, monographic and system analysis were used. Results. Based on the results of the study, a mechanism for the development and decision-making by authorities in the field of stimulating housing construction in rural areas is proposed. The factors determining the state of supply and demand in the rural housing construction market are identified, their impact is assessed on the example of the municipal district of the Stavropol Territory. Based on the results of the assessment of the influence of factors, a matrix of measures has been formed, which are implemented in accordance with the matrix of actions selected for the corresponding factor influencing supply and demand in the housing construction market in rural areas. Conclusions. The presented mechanism and matrix of measures will allow to qualitatively improve approaches to the management of rural territories and create conditions for the implementation of projects for the formation of a comfortable living environment in rural areas.

At present, with the increasing global awareness of sustainable development and environmental protection, significant attention has been directed toward the ecological living environment in rural areas. Selecting appropriate rural waste treatment methods is crucial for promoting the sustainable development of the rural ecological environment. Existing research reveals that, in certain regions—ecological conservation zones—there is a lack of targeted evaluation systems for rural waste treatment methods. Moreover, how regional characteristics can be integrated with quantitative assessment outcomes to inform specific treatment solutions remains relatively less explored. This study took Beigou Village in Huairou District, Beizhuang Town in Miyun District, Wangping Town in Mentougou District, and Dakezhuang Township in Yanqing District—all located within Beijing’s ecological conservation areas—as research subjects. It develops a suitability evaluation framework for rural waste treatment, encompassing five dimensions: economic investment, technological factors, environmental pollution, social benefits, and carbon emissions. This study combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the entropy weight method to determine indicator weights. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was then employed to calculate comprehensive scores and conduct a graded assessment. The evaluation results effectively differentiated the sample grades (e.g., Beigou Village received a comprehensive score of 2.373, rated as “Good”). Based on the evaluation results and field investigations, tailored solutions—including physical, thermal, recycling, and integrated treatment approaches—were proposed for each village and town. This study investigated the precise “evaluation–solution” matching for rural waste treatment in ecological conservation areas, demonstrating distinct novelty compared to previous research. It provides direct guidance for waste management in the four villages and towns within Beijing’s ecological conservation areas, thereby enhancing the efficiency of resource utilization in rural regions.

Analysis of the Environmental Challenges of Rural Areas in Guilan Province with Emphasis on Solid Waste (Case Study: Bandar Anzali, Rasht and Roudbar)

در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه، سطوح توسعه به دلیل رشد سریع و نامتقارن و عدم توسعه متناسب مناطق و اختصاص غیراصولی منابع و امکانات به مناطق برخوردار و محرومیت سایر مناطق بخصوص مناطق روستایی دستخوش نابرابری‌های چشمگیر در سطح منطقه‌ای گردیده که در موارد بسیاری نیز در حال افزایش است و سبب عدم توسعه آن‌ها در تمام ابعاد شده است. در پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی حاضر، برای ارزیابی شهرستان‌های استان لرستان (در بازه زمانی سال 1390) به لحاظ شاخص‌های توسعه‌مندی زیرساخت‌های انرژی و ارتباطات، از مدل پرومته 2 که به رتبهبندی گسسته گزینهها تأکید دارد، استفاده شده است. شاخص‌های مستخرج از منابع رسمی منتشر شده (نظیر فرهنگ آبادی‌های استان لرستان) به صورت نسبت تنظیم شدهاند و برای وزندهی به آن‌ها از روش تحلیل شبکهای استفاده گردیده است. در رویکرد پژوهش و با استفاده از ابزار VP ، ارزیابی و دید یکپارچه نسبت به شاخص‌های توسعه و شهرستان‌های استان (به‌مثابه گزینهها)، مطابق با تحلیلهای GAIA و GAIAWEB عملی می‌شود. لذا از نرم‌افزارهایVisual PROMETHEE و Super Decisions برای تحلیل دادهها استفاده شده است. مطابق با نتایج کلی دست آمده از مقایسه نسبی شهرستان‌ها، تنها 4 شهرستان دارای ارزش خالص مثبت بوده‌اند که در این میان، شهرستان بروجرد با جریان خالص 0.089 ، بالاترین میزان برخورداری از امکانات زیرساختی را در نواحی روستایی خود دارد.

There are more than 900 million people in China's rural areas, and a great deal of waste is created in production and in living on a daily basis. The treatment and reverse re-using of agricultural waste is an important factor about the new green economy and safety of ecological environment in rural areas. China is the world's largest agricultural waste-producing country, so the analysis and research about the status and problems of rural waste facing China, and what countermeasures about developing the reverse logistics of agricultural waste can be obtained is very important to achieving sustainable agricultural development and constructing new rural areas into a well-off society.

Objective To find out the iodine nutrition and thyroid function of adults in rural and urban areas of Xi′an City, and to analyze the relationship between iodine intake and thyroid function. Methods Two streets (townships) were selected in urban and rural areas of Xi′an City according to multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, one community (administrative village) was selected in each street (township), and 100 residents were selected from each community (administrative village). Drinking water, household salt, urine and blood samples of people over the age of 16 were collected to test water iodine, salt iodine, urinary iodine and thyroid function. Results A total of 354 drinking water samples were examined, and the median of water iodine was 4.50 μg/L in Xi′an, and iodine concentrations of ≥10 μg/L in urban group was higher than that of rural group [48.21% (94/195) vs 20.13% (32/159), χ2 = 30.123, P 0.05]. Subclinical hypothyroidism in all thyroid dysfunction was the main thyroid disorder, which was 7.18% (14/195) and 6.92% (11/159) in urban and rural groups. Conclusions Xi′an urban healthy adult iodine intake is at an ultra-appropriate level. In rural areas, the intake of iodine in healthy adults is at an appropriate level. The areas of high water iodine are found in Xi′an for the first time. Increased iodine intake may promote the occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism. Key words: Iodine; Water; Salts; Urine; Thyroid function

Total petroleum hydrocarbons and influencing factors in co-composting of rural sewage sludge and organic solid wastes

Aspects of sustainability of development activities is very important to note because it concerns the problem: (a) development carried out by both central and local governments do not reflect the optimal level of local empowerment. Development carried out sometimes incompatible or inconsistent with the actual needs of society.(b) Movement of autonomy and decentralization in the end result of Government Regulation Number 72 Year 2005 on the Village that regulate more about planning at the village level. For example in artide 63 paragraph 1 of Regulation No. 72 of 2005 states that: In terms of village government as a rural development plan created the unit in the planning of the district / city and in paragraph 2 that: Planning of rural development as referred to in paragraph (1) prepared in a participatory manner by the village administration in accordance with their authority. These two verses show the level down to village level planning and participatory. The next chapter then describes the five-year term and annual planning.(c) an interesting fact that occurred in the South Barito district showed that the complexity of the determinants of the success of village planning,the readiness of forces to support infrastructure andfacilities is also greatly affect the success of the plan making village. Result of the research indicates that the creationon village development planning has shown the existence of a good process and is done in aparticipatory manner, as mandated in Government Regulation No. 72 of 2005. Although there are still some villages that have not been able to prepare villages plans. The are several factors the affect rural development planning, among others : Supporting factors : a) Community participation; b) Has been appointed village planning facilitator maker. In hibitting factors : a) The ability of village official; b) Managerial ability village government; c) Lack of facilities and infrastructure supporting the village government; d)Weak regulatory agencies as regional policy maker

Rural youth in Pakistan play very important role in the political, economic and social development of the country. Many Rural Youth Organizations such as Chand tara, Boy Scouting, Girl Guide Movement, Farm Guide Movement and Farm Girl Guide were introduced in Pakistan. But in-spite of all these efforts, Pakistan had no formal system for organizing and training a bulk quantity of its Rural Youth. And it is time to create awareness among our rural youth about new technologies for adoption in the field of agriculture and rural development. Keeping in view the about fact present study was designed in 2008 to ascertain self perceived role of Rural Youth in agricultural and Rural development in District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. The district comprises three tehsils (sub-division) namely Depalpur, Renala Khurd, Okara. From each tehsil, one union council was selected through simple random technique. Two villages were selected randomly from each selected union council and 25 young males whose ages were in the range of 15 - 25 years were selected randomly from each these selected villages, thus, making a total number of 150 respondents. The data were collected with the help of a specifically designed and pre-tested interview schedule. The results showed that 88.0% of the respondents had an education from primary to matric (tenth examination) and above level. Slightly more than one fourth 28.6, 25.7 and 17.2% of the respondents were labourers, farming, farming and playing respectively. On the basis of conclusions it was recommended that for first of all the educational level of the study area should be increased. To establish the cottage industry in villages so that maximum numbers of Rural Youth get employed there and initiate various agricultural developmental programmes for the betterment of Rural Youth. Key words: Rural development, agricultural technology, rural youth.

Measuring Potential Access to Food Stores and Food-Service Places in Rural Areas in the U.S.

This thesis has two aims. Firstly, it aims to provide a detailed ethnographic account of a post-reform village in north-western China by approach of examining how the fields of social relations are formed by and through discursive representations of the village and how the formation of social relations and representations of the village are constituted in everyday practices. Secondly, this thesis also aims to reach wider theoretical issues, particularly issues concerning the debates about writing and fieldwork in contemporary anthropology, and aims to use a specific case study to raise, critically, questions about ethnographic writing on China. Writing in the wake of Foucauldian and renewed Marxist currents of radical critique from which comes the general claim of relating power to knowledge or to ideology, I take a 'practice approach' in this thesis to examine rural life in post-reform China as historically situated social practice. Focusing on the details of everyday life, I argue that, firstly, social action and its agents are mutually constitutive and, secondly, social, economic and political organisations as complex forms of practices are constituted in everyday practices. In the Introduction, I trace the regional tradition of ethnographic writing on China and illustrate my theoretical stance and the specific position from which I write. Chapter 1 provides a background of the village by way of presenting different narratives and representations about the village. Chapter 2 looks at kinship as a social practice and examines its changing strategies. Chapter 3 focuses on the tactics of marriage negotiation and shows that social relations are modifiable, alterable, changing processes. Chapter 4 looks at food and the way in which it is served on different occasions as a signifier of various kinds of social relationships. Chapter 5, as a core chapter of the thesis, examines the strategies and tactics of everyday practices through a series of detailed ethnographic examples. Chapter 6 looks at the village celebrations - weddings and funerals - as extensive forms of practices, which reveal more clearly 'the logic of practice' in post-reform rural China. Chapter 7, the last substantial chapter, focuses on the effects of the economic reforms on the village's economic and political practices, and shows the changing strategies in reordering and re-constituting the power relations in post-reform rural China. In my Conclusion, I point out the significance of my research as a critical understanding of both the actual socio-economic conditions of post-reform rural China and the regional tradition of ethnographic writing on China.

Population growth, uncontrolled and excessive consumption of natural resources, urbanization together with technological and industrial developments have brought about considerable changes in the environment. At present, one of the main concerns for these societies is the proper collection and disposal of the domestic wastes. One of the main methods used for the disposal of the wastes has been the construction and use of landfills. Engineering designed and constructed landfills, should allow proper collection and disposal of the leachate, in order to prevent it from permeating into the ground and polluting valuable soil and ground water resources both in short and long terms. To achieve this, it is of paramount importance to use impermeable material for the construction of the landfill liner and the cover. In the current investigation, the possibility of using additives such as bentonite and lime to reduce the permeability of sandy and clayey soils has been studied. The effects of the additives were investigated when they were added to the soils in singular and in combined form. The amount of additives used varied between 0 to 9 percent of the dry weight of the soil. Results of the investigation showed that the use of bentonite on its own significantly reduces the permeability of the sand and lime addition proved to be ineffective in this respect. In case of the clay soil, lime showed to be more effective than bentonite in reducing the permeability of the soil. Concurrent addition of the lime and bentonite to the clay soil, although resulted in reducing the permeability but for a particular percentage of additives it has not been as effective as lime on its own. The addition of lime to the clay soil causes chemical reactions which constitute calcium silicate and aluminate hydrates. These compounds cement the soil particles together, occupy part of the void spaces and subsequently reduce permeability. Lime addition to the clay soil also modifies the clay structure, reducing its affinity for water absorption. As a result clay particles become less able to absorb water and the cementation of the particles resists volumetric changes caused by moisture variations. These effects combine to increase the clay soils ability to resist desiccation cracking when used as landfill cover. To meet the U.S.E.P.A. criterion of reducing soil permeabilities to less than 10-7cm/s, the optimum amount of bentonite for the sand was determined to be 8.5%, and for the clay soil the optimum lime and bentonite contents were respectively determined as 1.7% and 2.7%.

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521kgday-1 per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650kgm-3. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368kJkg-1, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.

Rural tourism is an important component of integrated and sustainable development and revitalization of villages, as well as an important factor in encouraging the development of local agricultural and non-farmer activities in rural areas, and also a special incentive to employment. In many countries of the European Union rural tourism is included in the development strategies of regions and rural areas. Rural tourism helps maintaining the population in place, creates new jobs, and contributes to socio-economic progress of outstanding areas. In Voivodina nearly half of the population lives in villages and the region has numerous resources for rural tourism development. Rural tourism can also play an important role in increasing the diversity of the tourist offer in Voivodina. This work highlights the importance of rural tourism in the function of the revitalization of the village, focusing on the challenges of the environment and the possible directions of development in the context of creating a recognizable tourist product and brand of rural tourism in Vojvodina, which could target both domestic and international market.