Рецензия на книгу В.Е. Кемерова «Социальная философия: смена парадигм» (М.: Академический проект, 2022. 127 с.)

Difficulty with social interactions is a characteristic of schizophrenia. The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain activation changes during a social cognition paradigm in patients with schizophrenia during and after an acute episode and their association with social and executive function. In a longitudinal study design, 14 patients with schizophrenia experiencing an acute episode had an fMRI scan. They returned for a follow-up scan after clinical improvement. Fourteen healthy comparison subjects were also scanned twice with approximately the same time interval between scans as in the patient group. The authors employed a social cognition fMRI paradigm involving empathic and forgivability judgments. Schizophrenia symptoms, social functioning and illness insight scales, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were used to examine whether improvement on these measures was associated with recovery of brain activation in response to the social cognition paradigm. After recovery from the acute episode, patients exhibited increased activation in the left medial prefrontal cortex, which was, in turn, significantly correlated with improved insight and social functioning. Decreased symptom severity and improved performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were not significantly associated with increased left medial prefrontal cortex activation. This is the first study to the authors' knowledge to use a social cognition paradigm to reveal improved left medial prefrontal cortex activation in schizophrenia after recovery from an acute episode. These results suggest that restored left medial prefrontal cortex activation may mediate improvement of insight and social functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

A healthy lifestyle is fundamental for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Investment in primary prevention, including modification of health risk behaviors, could result in a 4-fold improvement in health outcomes compared with secondary prevention based on pharmacological treatment. The American Heart Association (AHA) emphasized the importance of lifestyle in its 2020 goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction. In addition to defining “cardiovascular health” based on criteria for blood pressure and biochemical markers (lipids and glycemia), the AHA Strategic Planning Committee further identified lifestyle characteristics of central importance: nutrition, physical activity, smoking, and maintenance of a healthy body weight.1 The World Health Organization estimated that ≈80% of NCDs could be prevented if 4 key lifestyle practices were followed: a healthy diet, being physically active, avoidance of tobacco, and alcohol intake in moderation.2 To support healthy lifestyle initiatives, major changes are necessary at the societal level to improve population health. Numerous strategies might help to create a culture that promotes and facilitates healthy behaviors, including creating laws and regulations, mounting large-scale public awareness and education campaigns, implementing local community programs, and providing individual counseling.3 Physicians are uniquely positioned to encourage individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors: Approximately 80% of Americans visit their primary care physician at least once a year. Physicians directly communicate with their patients during clinical encounters across numerous settings, and research indicates that patients highly value recommendations provided by their physicians.4,5 However, data further indicate that lifestyle counseling does not routinely occur in physicians’ offices, thereby representing a lost opportunity. Physicians report that they perform lifestyle counseling during ≈34% of clinic visits.4 Patients, in turn, report an even lower frequency of physician lifestyle counseling. For example, obese patients reported receiving physical activity and …

Physical and social cognition in domestic dogs: A comparative study

Social perception and knowledge impairments in severe alcohol use disorder: Group and individual-level findings

Social Cognition Education (SCE) of college student has spawned a proliferation of studies in the past two decades. Social cognition level (SCL) of college student is deemed pivotal to the pursuit of both personal empowerment and the economic development of a society. Most of the contemporary interpretations of social cognition are inextricably intertwined with lifelong learning. In this paper, we investigated the personal social cognition level (knowledge, attitudes and behavior) of a sample of students of public security college using the personal characteristics. Second, we examined peer influences on the level of social cognition of college students. Finally, we examined how college students’ social knowledge and attitudes correlated with their social behavior. The study found that through police practice, students can improve their practical ability, ability for application of knowledge, and ability to innovate and enhance their sense of police responsibility and police professional identity so as to inspire their spiritual power to learn. Keywordssocial cognition; SCE; relation of SCE; police practice

This article discusses the contribution of Сarl Menger, a famous Austrian economist and one of the authors of the so-called marginalist revolution in economic theory, to social philosophy. The focus of the research is the transformation of the ideological and methodological foundations of social philosophy at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The focus is on Menger’s contribution to this transformation. Using discursive and conceptual analysis methods, the author shows that the marginalist revolution brought about the most important transformations not only in economic theory, but also – what seems even more significant – in the ideological and methodological paradigm prevailent in the social sciences at that time. In other words, it impacted social philosophy. If the “old” – pre-marginalist – worldview-methodological paradigm was characterized by methodological holism and the principles of substantiality and equivalent exchange, then the “new” – marginalist – paradigm abandoned the principle of substantiality, and adopted methodological individualism and non-equivalent exchange as its fundamentals. The author states that the “new” ideological and methodological paradigm in the social sciences and humanities or the “new” scientific research program (Lakatos) in social philosophy demonstrated a progressive shift in problems (Lakatos) in the twentieth century, proving its effectiveness and heuristics. However, Russian social philosophy did not adequately reflect the ideological and methodological changes caused by the marginalist revolution, nor did it deaw the appropriate ideological and methodological conclusions. This article aims to address a gap in Russian social philosophy, which is what makes the research conducted in this article both novel and relevant. It examines Сarl Menger’s contribution to the replacing the “old” ideological and methodological paradigm of understanding humans and society with a “new” one. This allows us to discuss Menger’s contribution to the social philosophy in his time. It provides a deep ideological and methodological reflection on the transformations in the paradigmatic foundations of social philosophy and draws appropriate ideological and methodological conclusions.

Impairments in social cognitions in schizophrenia are increasingly reported in the last decade but only a few studies have come from Asia. The objective of the study was to evaluated emotion perception, theory of mind and social knowledge in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Participants were 36 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and 36 normal controls with comparable age and level of education. We administered general neurocognition test (the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination), emotion perception (the Faces Test), theory of mind (the Eyes Test) and social knowledge (the Situational Features Recognition Test; SFRT). Schizophrenia patients displayed obvious impairment in all three social cognition domains i.e. the Faces Test [13.7 (2.9) vs 15.7 (1.9), P=0.001], the Eyes Test [18.9 (4.4) vs 23.5 (4.4), P<0.001] and SFRT [0.85 (0.09) vs 0.9 (0.05), P=0.002]. The performances on three social cognition tests did not correlate with positive symptoms. Only the Faces Test seemed to be related to negative symptoms. The results demonstrated that there are deficits of social cognitions in schizophrenia even in a clinically stable population.

The article examines the problem of subjectivity and identity formation, the specifics of individual and collective identity research. It is noted that the study of subjectivity, "I" (self), which is the source of the formation of individual identity, actualizes the study of this problem in many social and humanitarian sciences. It has been established that in a broad interdisciplinary context, it is a search for an effective methodological toolkit for determining the dynamic matrix of subjectivity, which is constantly changing in the modern globalized society. In the context of the study of the phenomenon of subjectivity and identity, the socio-psychological theory - the theory of traits, the theory of roles and the humanistic theory - is briefly considered. It was found that all these theories cannot adequately investigate the subject's identity, the possibility of using E. Erikson's identity theory and the direction of social constructionism, where human subjectivity is constructed here and now in relations with other people using speech practices of discourse, was analyzed . It was determined that the discourse in the understanding of social constructionists is a kind of material basis of the practices of social construction of reality, thanks to which the "I"-construction of subjectivity is constructed.

The relevance of the study of methodological problems is due to the growing interest in the search for appropriate tools that meet the requirements of the validity and suitability of its application to specific objects of research practice. This article proposes to discuss the model of convergence of philosophical and general scientific approaches in social and humanitarian knowledge, formed on the principles of methodological pluralism, dialogue and synthesis. Based on the results of the analysis of the evolution of social and humanitarian knowledge, correlations were established between the content of social theories and the system-deterministic, structural-functional, system-activity, situational and synergetic approaches. It was determined that the use of synthetic methodology contributed to the consideration of social phenomena in various cognitive planes, consistently forming the idea of objects of social reality: as deterministic systems, the vital activity of which is based on the main subsystem; as systems consisting of elements that perform important functions, which ensures the integrity of their structure; as reflexive-activity systems that react to the acts of the subjects of social interaction; as self-organizing systems in the process of continuous formation.

Translating social science concepts into medical education: a model and a curriculum.

The author reveals the concept of “ressentiment” in the works of Max Scheler. It is highlighted that this concept is the continuation and development of Sheler’s axiological doctrine, it forms the foundation of his sociology of knowledge and philosophical anthropology. Analysis of Scheler’s ideas about “ressentiment” in the works of foreign and domestic authors made it possible to determine the areas of possible application of this concept in various fields of research. The author comes to the conclusion that studying Sheler’s heritage can not only philosophically deepen the sociological study of society, but also outline the current search directions in various branches of social and humanitarian knowledge. The author demonstrates the theoretical and methodological potential of applying the concept of “ressentiment”, based on the example of analyzing changes in the modern perception of human corporeality in general and the beauty of the human body in particular. The concept of “bodily ressentiment” is introduced, while revealing features of the “coup in values” mechanism, which manifests itself in the desire to practically change one’s own body. People with copious tattooing have become the object of preliminary observation within the context of the sociological study of the mass perception of human corporeality. Interpreting the results of in-depth interviews allowed for identifying the possibilities of empirically applying M. Scheler’s concept of “ressentiment”. Although the mental and psychological characteristics associated with ressentiment were not noticed in everyone who applies a large number of tattoos on his or her body, it is possible, regardless, to establish a connection between experiencing ressentiment and one’s propensity to constantly apply tattoos. It should be noted that the author of this study was not out to determine the prevalence of “bodily ressentiment”. His goal was to detect external signs and to reveal states of consciousness which most likely would indicate towards an emerging and developing ressentiment connected with one’s body.

In this paper I provide a rationale for the use of ethnographic fiction for representing research findings. Then I tell a story, based on real people and real events, about an interaction between an anonymous biologist with advanced prostate cancer and me, the social scientist that interviewed him. Techniques employed in the writing include the following: using scenes to show rather than tell; building interest through character development; using plot to create dramatic tension; and including authorial presence to heighten analytic possibilities. While the overarching theme of the paper is gender and its disruptions, a variety of topics are covered, including the following: biological versus social=psychological interpretations of behaviour; the impact of male hormones; sexual function and dysfunction; transgenderism; eunuchs today and in the past; and prostate cancer treatment. Possible criteria for judging the merits of this story, and other ethnographic fictions, are provided.

Introduction: International Law’s Invisible Frames - Introductory Insights

The phenomenon of political thought of conservatism is being dealt with in the article within the context of currently prevailing in social and political sciences discussions about the end of traditional political ideologies. The article is aimed at proving that the conservatism which hardly fits into the framework of the ideologized political thought of the 19th century is currently becoming one of the main factors shaping the new paradigm of political thinking. This idea is based on the conception of conservatism as proposed by the two authors - Edmund Burke and Michael Oakeshott. Burke's merits are identified with his criticism of political rationalism and radicalism, whereas M. Oakeshott was the first to prove that the identity of political thought of conservatism is created not by the specific collection of political principles but rather by a certain perspective of the attitude towards social reality. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, a paradigm of ideologized political thinking was formulated. An ideological dogma became more significant than the traditions of political behaviour which were established over a long period of time. Political thinking was dominated by numerous ideological narratives. Conservatism was the only narrative which did not fit into the framework of the paradigm of ideologized political thinking. Ideological political thinking has to a greater extent influenced liberalism and socialism. No doubt, one can identify ideological forms of conservative thinking. However, these forms do not create the phenomenon of conservatism. The unique nature of British conservatism is clearly demonstrated by the opposition to the domination of ideologies in the sphere of political thinking.

The social sciences hold the potential to help interpret and address the complex challenges confronting society. The impact agenda actively encourages the social sciences to make and demonstrate a difference; to justify and protect social science funding. Knowledge mobilisation (KM) can be thought of systematically as a process, encompassing the co-production and channelling of knowledge that can enable the social sciences to gain purchase and voice in the policy-making and delivery process, and supports the endeavour to make a difference. This article serves as an editorial introduction to a special issue in two parts: ‘KM: Research Impact’ and ‘KM: Engagement’. It sets out to outline the forces leading to the rise of the impact agenda and the questions it poses for the social sciences. Particular attention is given to the changing policy context that has reshaped the academy. The article then progresses to outline debates on research and impacts and the forms of engagement that are needed to demonstrate and deliver impact beyond the academy. The article examines the ways in which impact is defined, measured and ‘delivered’ within the social sciences. This is followed by a section on the ways in which social science knowledge is mobilised. The penultimate section addresses the co-production of social scientific knowledge and this is followed by a brief conclusion.