Обзор подходов к оценке влияния новых вызовов на экономику и отдельные аспекты налогообложения

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. This is the central thesis of Fiona Hill & Clifford Gaddy, The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold (Brookings Institution Press, 2003). 2. Per Botolf Maurseth, ‘Divergence and Dispersion in the Russian Economy’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 55, No. 2 (2003), pp. 1165–85. 3. World Bank, From Transition to Development: A Country Memorandum for the Russian Federation (World Bank, 2005), pp. 47–50. Available at http://go.worldbank.org/47BLR525K0 (last accessed 6 November 2007). 4. For an excellent analysis of the spatial consequences of Soviet Planning, see Judith Pallot & Denis J.B. Shaw, Planning in the Soviet Union (Croom Helm, 1981). 5. The paradigmatic example of this in the literature would be Marshall Goldman's The USSR is Crisis: The Failure of an Economic System (W.W. Norton, 1983). 6. Hill & Gaddy, The Siberian Curse. 7. World Bank, From Transition to Development, pp. 41–7, and Timothy Heleniak, ‘The 2002 Census in Russia: Preliminary Results’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2003), pp. 430–42. 8. See, for example, Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, Local Heroes: The Political Economy of Russian Regional Governance (Princeton University Press, 1997). 9. For a comprehensive analysis of regional economic change in the 1990s, see Philip Hanson & Michael Bradshaw (eds), Regional Economic Change in Russia (Edward Elgar, 2000). 10. Michael Bradshaw & Jessica Prendergrast, ‘The Russian Heartland Revisited: An Assessment of Russia's Transformation’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 46, No. 6 (2005), pp. 83–122, and Michael Bradshaw, ‘Observations on the Geographical Dimensions of Russia's Resource Abundance’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 47, No. 6 (2006), pp. 724–46. 11. Michael Bradshaw & Karen Vartapetov, ‘A New Perspective on Regional Inequalities in Russia’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2003), pp. 372–98. 12. Clifford Gaddy & Barry Ickes, Russia's Virtual Economy (Brookings Institution Press, 2002). 13. Aton Capital, A Guide To Russia's Regions (Aton Capital, 2004), and SITE/CEFIR, Unleashing the Potential: Growth and Investment in Russia's Regions (Stockholm Institute for Transition Economics, 2006). 14. Rudiger Ahrend, ‘Russia's Post-crisis Growth: Its Sources and Prospects for Continuation’, Europe–Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 1 (2006), pp. 1–24, and Clifford Gaddy & Barry Ickes, ‘Resource Rents and the Russian Economy’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 46, No. 8 (2005), pp. 559–83. 15. Bradshaw & Prendergrast, ‘The New Russian Heartland’, pp. 116–7. 16. Vladimir Kontorovich, ‘The Importance of Geography’, in Michael Ellman (ed.), Russia's Oil and Natural Gas: Bonanza or Curse? (Anthem Press, 2006), pp. 173–85. 17. Shinichiro Tabata, ‘Observations on the Influence of High Oil Prices on Russia's GDP Growth’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vo. 47, No. 1 (2006), pp. 95–111. 18. Philip Hanson, ‘The Russian Economic Puzzle: Going Forwards, Backwards or Sideways?’, International Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 5 (2007), pp. 869–89. 19. For a discussion of transfer pricing, see World Bank, From Transition to Development, and OECD, Economic Surveys: The Russian Federation (OCED, 2006). 20. Hanson, ‘Russia's economic puzzle’, pp. 879–84. 21. Stanislav Kolenikov & Anthony Shorrocks, ‘A Decomposition Analysis of Regional Poverty in Russia’, Review of Development Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2005), pp. 25–46. 22. World Bank, Russian Economic Report, November 2005 (World Bank, 2005), p. 13. 23. World Bank, Russian Economic Report, June 2007 (World Bank, 2007), p. 12. 24. UNDP Russia, National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2006/2007, Russia's Regions: Goals, Challenges and Achievements (UNDP Russia, 2007), p. 112. Additional informationNotes on contributorsMichael BradshawMichael Bradshaw, Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.

The purpose of this paper is to empirically determine the effect of a change in a country's Value Added Tax (VAT) rate on its aggregate consumption and its economic growth. As for the effect on aggregate consumption, this paper removes the income effect and discusses only the substitution effect. Using panel data models on a sample covering up to 14 developed countries, including Japan, and quarter periods from the second quarter in 1980 (1980 Q2) to the third quarter in 2010 (2010 Q3) and picking up 53 cases of the change of the VAT rate, this paper shows empirically that aggregate consumption and economic growth display three kinds of trends when the VAT rate is changed. The first trend is that aggregate consumption and economic growth increases [or decreases] just before the rise [or reduction] of the VAT rate. The second trend is that they decrease [or increase] relatively dramatically as soon as the rise [or reduction] is implemented. The third trend is that after the dramatic decrease [or increase] they increase [or decrease] gradually.

The current international political and economic climate, characterized by a large number of sanctions imposed on our country, has resulted in significant changes not only in our internal and external business environment, but also in the structural transformation of Russia's economy. While aggregated macroeconomic indicators such as GDP and industrial production may initially appear to indicate a return to pre-crisis levels from 2019, a more in-depth analysis of the sector-specific Russian economy reveals slightly different results. This article, based on a cluster analysis conducted by the author, examines the state of the various sectors of Russia's real economy since February 2022, using data from the Bank of Russia's monitoring, which collects estimates of current and future economic conditions from businesses in different sectors. The findings of the analysis revealed some heterogeneity within the non-financial sector, with certain types of businesses experiencing a more rapid recovery and adaptation to new operating conditions, as confirmed by official statistics. The article further examines the economic changes that occurred during the imposition of sanctions on the Russian Federation between 2014 and 2015, as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic, events that similarly came as a shock to Russia's economy in February 2022. Using structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) modeling, impulse responses were generated at various time points, with key variables including the central bank rate, monetary supply, consumer price index, enterprise production estimates, and requirements from non-financial state, private, and public entities. The analysis revealed changes in the response of economic variables to a key rate shock across different time periods, indicating that external conditions significantly influence economic dynamics in the Russian non-financial sector. These findings emphasize the significance of conducting industry-specific analyses, considering prevailing conditions, to provide reliable assessments of the dynamics of a country's economic growth and the subsequent achievement of sustainable development.

This study examines the impact of domestic and foreign shocks on the real and financial sector of BRIC countries. For this purpose, we use a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model over the extended period of 1997 to 2016. We conclude that domestic policy shocks have a more substantial impact on Brazilian, Indian, and Russian economy than foreign shocks, while foreign shocks have more contribution in the case of China. Interestingly, results show the negative impact of policy shocks on bank credit provided, implying its role in multiplying the impact of shocks on real variables. Surprisingly EPU of USA has a positive impact on stock markets of India and China, implying capital flight phenomenon, where investor transfer investment from risky to safer places.

Since taxes are the foundation of an economy, an efficient tax system is essential to its continued existence. Revenue generation depends on effective taxation, which is measured by the tax system's elasticity and buoyancy. Using the data from 1991 to 2023, the tax buoyancy of a few South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—are examined in this work. The estimation of coefficients has been done using the pool least square approach. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been used as an explanatory variable to assess the buoyancy of the four components of taxes and total Tax. Although the buoyancy coefficients for Value Added Tax (VAT) and customs duties are statistically significant, they have coefficient values below 1, i.e. -3.49 and 0.21, respectively, indicating that they are ineffective automatic stabilizers for the chosen time frame. As a result, the government feels inflexible when it comes to implementing value-added Tax as a source of collecting revenue. On the other hand, income tax and sales tax are good automatic stabilizers, as they have a positive and significant link with GDP, as shown by the coefficient values of 6.95 and 6.1, which are bigger than 1. Income and sales tax rank highest among all revenue-generating levies, indicating that South Asian nations choose a progressive tax structure. However, the entire tax structure in South Asia is geared towards proportional adaptation and requires strict control to be strengthened. Policy lesson suggests that a better domestic tax system can aid in increasing revenue collection through taxes since the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO) discourage excise and customs duties.

References and Further Reading

The term “BRICS” represents a group of five emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India China and South Africa, which started in 2009. These economies have caught the attention of literally everyone--international financial law practitioners, political scientists, countries, international organizations and other stakeholders. The emergency of a unified geopolitical bloc, started to reframe international financial outlook with a new set of new ideas and values. include reforming the global financial and economic architecture, strengthening the principles and standards of international law in many sectors of their economies. The paper highlights prospects and challenges that lie ahead of BRICS countries to fully realize their mandate and to co-exist with the World bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Bank and IMF have supported economic development of countries since their inception, I however do not see any harm posed by the introduction of more capital from BRICS, it should be received with both hands. There are looming prospects for expansion of BRICS, countries like Argentina, UAE, Mexico, Algeria and Saudi Arabia have indicated their desire to jump on BRICS bandwagon, the current Russian-Ukraine war remains a big challenge, not least that it has threatened to suck in all BRICS members into this war. The paper finds that as global dynamic challenges continue to mutate, nothing should preclude countries from working together to find lasting solutions to their common challenges. Some BRICs Nations are also beleaguered with high levels of corruption in public offices, they will need to seriously address this challenge, if they are to offer a robust development agenda for emerging markets to supplant the Bretton Wood Institutions. This paper was written, guided by three specific objectives: (i) Examine the rationale for launching the BRICS development initiatives and potential conflict with the World Bank and IMF. (ii) Discuss the mandate of the World Bank and IMF in fostering economic development especially developing countries. (iii) Explore potential areas of conflict between the Bretton Wood Institutions and BRICS to co-exist in their varied development mandates towards member countries. The paper has established that while nothing precludes BRICS offering alternative funding mechanisms to their members, they will need time to fully realize their objectives. Establishment of the BRICS signifies that its high time the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have adopted desired reforms, if they are to remain influential today.

Purpose The purpose of the research is to substantiate the perspectives and to determine the methods and problems of optimization of the taxation system with the help of informatization in modern Russia. Methodology For determining the current state of informatization of the modern Russia’s economy, the materials of the Global Information Technology Report 2016, provided by the World Economic Forum, are used; for studying dynamics of informatization of Russia’s economy—materials of the Measuring the Information Society Reports 2009–2017, provided by the International Telecommunication Union, are used. Regression and correlation analysis is used for determining the influence of informatization of Russia’s economy on the index of taxation, calculated by the World Bank. Results Results of the performed research showed that modern information and communication technologies allow for full authomatization of the tax system, thus ensuring its large optimization. The developed authors’ model is optimized on the basis of new information and communication technologies of the tax system. It is determined that in modern Russia the level of informatization is rather high and continues to grow, stimulating the optimization of the tax system. Most of the methods of informatization of the tax system are applied in modern Russia. The problems related to application of the methods of optimization of the taxation system with the help of informatization in modern Russia include absence of the necessary software and equipment failures. Recommendations For further successful optimization of the taxation system with the help of informatization in modern Russia, it is recommended to pay attention to development of infrastructural provision of this process.

The debt crisis has induced Latin American countries to carry out a long and expensive adjustment process. In order to reconcile the problem of foreign indebtedness with the Latin American countries' economic growth, adoption of the strategy of "adjustment with growth" has been suggested. As both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank will play an important part in this strategy, a review of the conditionality of both institutions is required. The "adjustment with growth" strategy will soon result in a double conditionality from the IMF and the World Bank. In Bretton Woods, the roles of the IMF and the World Bank were defined as follows: The IMF's main concern was the short-term adjustment of a country having an external disequilibrium. The IMF focuses mainly on macroeconomic matters, and its goals are to stabilize the balance of payments and to control inflation.

This article discusses the effective role of Britten Woods institutions, specifically the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB), in supporting wage and/or remuneration policies in developing countries, with a focus on Mozambique. The research used bibliographical references on the subject, statistical data from international organizations, official websites of the Government of Mozambique, analysis of reports from IMF and WB, and documents available in important online repositories. This allowed, on the one hand, to understand the genesis of Bretton Woods, whose objectives are to define common rules of behavior for countries to achieve macroeconomic stability. It also allowed the formulation of theories on the dominant role of these institutions, associated with the understanding of the role of the political environment for the implementation of a feasible wage policy. On the other hand, it allowed the understanding of the variables, essential steps for the implementation of a sustainable wage policy in Mozambique, and the fiscal nature as a tool for self-financing wage policy, as an alternative to the institutions to the IMF and WB, which, with the change of the political system in Mozambique, from socialist to capitalist, they supported economic reforms, specifically wage policy, with an emphasis on monetary policy, having in the last 3 years supported the introduction of the Single Wage Table (TSU), whose introduction precedes the Old Wage Table (TSA) and aims to correct the imbalances that characterized the remuneration system of the direct and indirect administration of the State, as well as avoiding the instability of the payroll resulting from the indexation of wage subsidies/supplements to the base salary. Finally, the article found that the IMF and WB have always had enormous power to reshape market rules in their own favor and that for Mozambique to balance its (in)dependence on financing wage policy, it must deepen other sources of financing with comparative advantages aimed at profit, which implies strengthening the capacity to negotiate with other international financing institutions, and also improving the mobilization, through diversification, of internal revenues.

Charging for health services in the third world

This article explores generic issue in the context of specific case, that of the Global Development Network (GDN). The issue is this: How can global, centralized organization help build the capacity of local, independent institutions and individuals throughout the developing world without imposing an externally driven agenda or indeed stifling the indigenous initiative it is supposed to promote? Perhaps the best illustration of this tension is the relationship between the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the countries whose development they are seeking to assist. These organizations attempt to build capacity and support home-grown strategies, but their efforts are often characterized as heavy-handed, top-down, and centrally driven. Any attempt by global organization to build local capacity must balance hand-holding and hands-off approach. The challenge is especially tricky in the case of GDN. The organization is supposed to empower researchers in the developing and transition countries to conduct independent research in the social sciences. The key word here is independent: good research must be both de facto independent and perceived to be independent. However, GDN is in the process of becoming formal international organization (like the World Bank) with an assembly composed of representatives of the member states as the ultimate authority. Can global organization of this kind build the capacity of local researchers without undermining their independence and originality? The answer offered here is yes. Three aspects of GDN's design support this conclusion: information, governance, and implementation. With regard to information, GDN routinely assesses the needs of its constituents and calls on them to assess the effectiveness of its programs. However, information is of little value if it is not translated into effective action. The second factor therefore is responsive management. In GDN's case, the key feature will be the division of responsibilities between the two major bodies in its governance structure: the Assembly and the Board of Directors. Finally, decisive action, no matter how well intentioned, can fail if it is not properly implemented. By relying on decentralized implementation of its activities and promoting cross-fertilization among peers, GDN increases the prospects of successfully building genuine and lasting local research capacity. While particular manifestations described here may be specific to GDN, the three factors--information, governance, and implementation--are surely critical to all efforts by international organizations to build capacity in developing countries. A Brief Overview GDN was formed in December 1999 to support and link research and policy institutes involved in the field of (1) According to its mission statement, GDN, a worldwide association of research and policy institutes, promotes the generation, sharing, and application to policy of multidisciplinary knowledge for the purpose of development. (2) Achieving these goals involves building policy-relevant research capacity in developing and transition economies in order to generate and sustain effective--and home-grown--socioeconomic policies. Capacity building, in other words, is at the core of GDN's mission. History Beginning its life as unit in the World Bank in late 1999, GDN quickly assumed an independent existence. As early as December 2000, the independent Board of Directors was instituted and charged with the overall management of GDN. While the World Bank retained one slot on the board, the other seventeen slots were filled by representatives of the research community from around the world. The organization also became independent legally and physically. In March 2001, it was incorporated as not-for-profit organization and relocated to 2600 Virginia Avenue in Washington, D.C., where the small secretariat operated for four years. …

Examines the role of the US in international financial institutions with particular reference to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Describes the extraordinary influence of the US on these institutions as a function of both formal means (e.g., US financial contributions) and informal practices and conventions that have developed over time, with the informal mechanisms of influence often being more important than the formal ones. However, it is also argued that, notwithstanding the weight of US influence, it would be inaccurate to consider the World Bank and the IMF as mere instruments of US power and policy, and that their remaining credibility and legitimacy rest in part on their ability to create some political distance between themselves and their most powerful state patron. US domestic political conditions are also important. Within the country, the division of authority between Executive and Congress sometimes enhances and at other times constrains US influence; the effective exercise of US power also requires interlocutors in host governments who share the technical mind‐set and ideological predispositions of the US and international financial institutions. The different sections of the chapter: analyse the formal and informal structures of power in the World Bank and IMF; look at the US in relation to the financing, lending decisions, staffing and management of these institutions; and discuss formal power structures and informal exercises of influence.

An approach to taxation that goes beyond an emphasis on tax rates to consider such aspects as administration, compliance, and remittance. Despite its theoretical elegance, the standard optimal tax model has significant limitations. In this book, Joel Slemrod and Christian Gillitzer argue that tax analysis must move beyond the emphasis on optimal tax rates and bases to consider such aspects of taxation as administration, compliance, and remittance. Slemrod and Gillitzer explore what they term a tax-systems approach, which takes tax evasion seriously; revisits the issue of remittance, or who writes the check to cover tax liability (employer or employee, retailer or consumer); incorporates administrative and compliance costs; recognizes a range of behavioral responses to tax rates; considers nonstandard instruments, including tax base breadth and enforcement effort; and acknowledges that tighter enforcement is sometimes a more socially desirable way to raise revenue than an increase in statutory tax rates. Policy makers, Slemrod and Gillitzer argue, would be well advised to recognize the interrelationship of tax rates, bases, enforcement, and administration, and acknowledge that tax policy is really tax-systems policy.

This study investigates the complex interplay between government fiscal policy and economic growth in Kenya, focusing particularly on the balance between fiscal multipliers and the crowding-out of private investment. Using a quantitative approach, the research applies Local Projection Methods (LPM) to estimate the size and timing of fiscal multipliers and employs Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models to assess the extent to which public borrowing influences private sector investment. The analysis utilises time-series data spanning from 2000 to 2023, sourced from authoritative institutions such as the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, the Central Bank of Kenya, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. The results reveal that fiscal multipliers in Kenya are moderate in magnitude, with government spending raising GDP by approximately 0.25% in the short run, increasing to nearly 0.60% over a longer horizon. Notably, capital investments—especially in infrastructure and education—demonstrate significantly stronger multiplier effects compared to recurrent expenditure, which shows only limited influence on growth. The study also uncovers a pronounced crowding-out effect whereby heightened public borrowing leads to increased interest rates, thereby constraining private investment, particularly when public debt levels are high. Furthermore, the effectiveness of fiscal interventions is found to vary according to macroeconomic conditions, emphasising the importance of maintaining fiscal prudence. These findings highlight the critical need for strategic fiscal management, prioritising productive public investments alongside sustainable debt practices, to enhance economic growth and foster inclusive development in Kenya