Сопоставительный анализ устойчивых выражений с зоонимичным компонентом «собака» в английском и казахском языках

The article considers the role of phraseologisms with the meaning of speech behavior in the English language. The aim of the study is the identification of the English phraseologisms with the meaning of speech behavior defining the phraseologisms directly related to household realities. In the article, the English phraseologisms denoting speech behavior are distinguished from other phraseologisms and among them the phraseological units reflecting household realities are chosen in order to reveal their meaning. Phraseologisms trace the connection of the language with culture and they are characterized by various historical facts. All events in the life of the nation obtain their reflection in the vocabulary. Phraseological units of speech behavior reflectinghousehold realities, selected from phraseological dictionaries, are analyzed to identify the most striking examples of the household realities. In the course of our research, the methods of continuous sampling were used for the selection of language material and also the methods of description, quantitative calculation. The analysis of the linguistic material showed that the most frequent among the household realities of the English language were phraseological units denoting the names of food and drinks. This is followed by the phraseological units describing dwellings and constructions and the phraseological units depicting clothes and shoes. Significantly less common phraseological units turned out to be phraseological units denoting vehicles.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of phraseological units in English newspaper headlines. The aim of the work is to study and analyze pragmatic functions of phraseological units in the headlines of modern British and American newspaper articles. The notion of phraseological unit is revealed and its features are defined. The subject of the study is 185 phraseological units belonging to three groups, namely: phraseological units with a component related to the field of colour, music and weather. The research material includes 9,200 headlines of English newspapers, dated 2014-2018 and selected from the Questia Online Library. Using the method of continuous sampling, we selected phraseological units from the dictionaries The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms, Dictionary of English Idioms & Phrases and McGraw-Hill’s Essential American Idioms Dictionary. In addition, the frequency of use of phraseological units of the three groups in the headlines of British and American discourses was studied and analyzed. The study found that the most common of the three groups was the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of colour. The second most common is the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of music, and the least numerous is the group of phraseological units with a component related to the field of weather. In addition, it was determined what phraseological units are the most common in English newspaper headlines and which ones are the least common.

The analysis of the semantics of phraseological units, the identification of specific phraseological meanings, the study of systemic relations between phraseological units of related and unrelated languages, the study of the most important processes of phrase formation, the study of thematic groups of phraseological units contribute to a deeper penetration into the semantic processes occurring in the phraseological unit. The study of the scientific and theoretical basis of linguistic units of the indirect nomination made it possible to determine the stratum of phraseological units of the Yakut language with components that denote spatial objects, spatial reference points such as the location of the object in the vertical and horizontal axes, object location relative to other objects, movement in space, movement in space; to identify somatic, zoonimic phraseological units with spatial semantics, as well as phraseological units that signify a temporary space for describing universals and unique spatial images of the world of the Yakut and Kazakh peoples. Of all the types of explication of space, a special place belongs to the zoonimic phraseological units of the being analyzed. The purpose of this work is to study the representation of the spatial image of the world in the zoonimic phraseological units of the Yakut and Kazakh languages. In the course of the work, the method of component analysis and the method of phraseological identification were used. The article is executed within the framework of the State Program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 34.3377. 2017 / Comparison of the category of imagery of the Yakut language with Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Altaic and Mongolian languages for 2017-2019.

The Investigation of English, Russian and Kazakh Computer Terms Borrowings to be Acquired at English Class

The numerals are specified by their symbolic meanings along with digital ones. One can find them mostly infixed expressions, legend stories, zhyr-dastans. The article is devoted to the use of the sacred numbers in fixedexpressions. The names of the numerals frequently appear in phraseological units, fixed expressions in Kazakhand English languages relating to religious beliefs, customs and traditions have been collecting from the earlytimes depict all specific features of wealthy sentience and considered to be a word-hoard. The actual materialswere collected from phraseological dictionaries of Kazakh, Russian and English languages. And also exampleswere taken from art works. There are different numerals used in phraseologisms and proverbs (two, four, five,six, eight, fifty, hundred, thousand and so on). The authors define a series of numbers which are considered to besacred ones according some concept beliefs. In article are determined the peculiarities of using numbers three,seven, nine, thirteen, twenty five, forty, fifty in fixed expressions and the use of these numbers in differentmeaning, to possess the sacred name.

Proverbs are structures that contain certain truths or evidence. They cover many aspects of human life and are often used in everyday life. The brevity of proverbs and the ease of use of their structure make it easier to memorize them. In different countries, proverbs often cover a similar topic, but are transmitted in different forms. In the course of the research, we created a site for the online translation of proverbs. In the course of this study, we grouped proverbs according to their subject matter and semantic similarity. We have collected about a hundred proverbs and sayings. The site presents the equivalents of proverbs in the Kazakh and English languages of different levels. Any of these proverbs can be found on the specified site by searching both in English and in Kazakh. The site is intended for a wide range of readers. The site can be used by students of English and Kazakh languages, students of the faculties of translation, philology, psychology, folklore, history, literary studies, cultural studies, etc., as well as teachers, researchers and professional translators. In the future, the site's funds will be constantly replenished.

The article examines the binary category of verb tense in the Russian, English, Kazakh languages from the point of view of the formation of grammatical competence, reveals the meaning and use of the terms "competence" and "competency", defines the term "competence". By virtue of resetting the objectives of the methodology to effective practical mastery of the ways of speech behavior in certain situations. Therefore, in recent decades, scientific pedagogical thought has been focused on attempts to classify the system of competencies and their descriptors. Grammar, as one of the important aspects of language, through which the formation of oral and written communication skills is ensured, has always been at the center of scientific disputes, discussions about its place, role and significance in language teaching. Currently, grammar is part of the content of language teaching programs, so its role should be considered precisely in the aspect of educational activity. As an example of E.A. Shtulman's model, using the example of control sections to determine the level of formation of grammatical competence in teaching the Russian language. Especially important is the place of grammar in the development of language material for the English language, characterized by a strict order of construction of speech utterance. In the course of the study, experimental work was carried out in six groups (three experimental and three control) on the formation of grammatical competence based on the category of verb tense, according to the results of which criteria for measuring the level of formation of grammatical competence in teaching different languages were developed. The coefficient of pedagogical efficiency of the experiment was 1.4. Key words: time, category, competence, methodology, knowledge, training, skill, skill, situations, communicative tasks.

The article argues the linguistic and cultural specificity of the etiquette units used in intercultural communication. The etiquette units of the Kazakh and English languages have their own linguistic and cultural features. Determining the scope of application of etiquette units in intercultural communication and the study of linguistic and cultural specifics is one of the urgent problems facing modern linguistics. Intercultural communication is an important aspect of interaction between different cultures. It involves the transfer of information, ideas and values between people who speak different languages and belong to different cultures. One of the main aspects of intercultural communication is etiquette, which includes rules and norms of behavior adopted in a particular culture. Based on this, in the main part of the article will be focused on the linguistic and cultural features of the etiquette units in the Kazakh and English languages. Will be studied the influence of national cognition on linguistic units. A special place in human life is occupied by etiquette units of intercultural communication, in addition to language use. In the process of using etiquette units, the speaker and the listener must have cognitive knowledge. In accordance with this, the main section of the article offers its own definition based on the works of domestic and foreign scientists written in connection with etiquette units. According to the results of the study, the interrelation of etiquette units in intercultural communication with the folk worldview is studied and the examples given are evaluated from the point of view of language and culture. In the final part of the article to the main section, will be formulated a concept and offer a final thought with the help of a clear analysis. Will be also evaluated a number of searches in modern Kazakh linguistics. Will be defined the specifics of etiquette units in intercultural communication, studied from the point of view of language and culture. The most basic ethnic unit of the population is language. Given this, the value of this research object will be determined.

"The article discusses precedents in the Kazakh and English languages. Precedent phenomena in a language can express the spiritual culture, worldview, behavior and mentality of each people. Along with the continuous development of modern society, the language is changing, acquiring a new character, and the scope of its service is expanding. Phraseologisms and proverbs, precedent phenomena have been associated with language since ancient times. Therefore, in them you can see the history and culture of the nation, the existence of the people for many centuries. The purpose of the study is to compare the precedent phenomena of the Kazakh and English languages in the linguocultural aspect. During the study, methods of collection, systematization, comparative study, and linguocultural analysis were used. The conclusions reached in the study will contribute to the theoretical and practical filling of the fields of «Linguoculturology», «Intercultural communication». Practical value of the study: the results of the study can be used in comparative scientific research on future precedent phenomena in the Kazakh and English languages. In conclusion, the authors draw the following conclusion: stable phrases are an integral unit of communication, having value for the individual, containing national identity and culture. Keywords: linguoculturology, language, culture, precedent text, precedent name, precedent case (situation), text, cultural process. "

This study presents the nominations of the emotional concept "fear" on the material of the Kazakh and English languages. The means of linguistic representation of the concept are analyzed on the basis of the definitions of the main lexemes in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms and examples from fiction. Comparative analysis of the concept identifies the national-cultural specifics and peculiarities of the perception of the concept. Lexical means of nomination in the Kazakh and English languages reflect physiological processes at the moment of experiencing the emotion, the reasons, intensity and subsequent emotional state of a person. The relevance of this research is determined by the modern general theoretical problems of linguistics, its interest in the problems of the interaction of language, thinking and culture, also by the focus on the study of fragments of the picture of the world through their linguistic representations. Fear is one of the basic emotional concepts that make up the core of the linguistic worldview. Basic emotions are universal, so are emotional concepts. However, emotional concepts are characterized by national and cultural specificity, which is reflected in the semantic differentiation associated with the assessment and comprehension of the people. Research prospects consist in further study of the structure and semantics of the concept “fear” (“қорқыныш/ fear”), in a more in-depth study of complex studies of the concept's verbalization in linguistic consciousness.

This article discusses the figurative phraseological units, namely, the idioms of English, German and Kazakh languages in comparative aspect. It appeals to the phraseology of imagery due to the fact that the imagery—a defining component of semantic derivation and semantics of phraseological units in particular. The main goal is to make a contribution to the theory of phraseology, based on the tradition of comparative phraseology. Also, a brief review of domestic and foreign publications in the field of comparative phraseology is done and the article describes the results of practical analysis of idioms in three languages. The main features of the analysed units are multi-component structure, stability, idiomaticity that distinguishes them from other expressions. They can be interpreted in two different conceptual levels: literal sense and figurative sense. In the analysis are used the method of field simulation. The study aims to identify and develop a model describing visual images as elements of the cognitive system. Keywords: Imagery, visuality, imagery means, imagery structure.

The article focuses on exploring the phraseological objectification of the “sinful” emotional concepts Brit. ENVY and Ukr. ЗАЗДРІСТЬ in the remotely related lingual cultures (British and Ukrainian). To identify common and distinctive senses of these concepts (1) the range of the concepts that closely correlate to the discussed emotional concepts was defined and (2) the system of conceptual metaphors representing these concepts was revealed. The material involves 253 phraseological units (PUs) that denote envy in the English language and 309 PUs in Ukrainian. The material is selected from authoritative explanatory, bilingual and phraseological dictionaries. The contrastive research of the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ that correlate with other ethical and emotional concepts (e.g.: GRATITUDE, KINDNESS, VIRTUE, HONOUR) makes it possible to speak about the concurrence of fundamental moral values and attitudes in Christian cultures. Moreover, the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ figure prominently in the hierarchy of values (“white” envy) vs. disvalues (“black” envy) of the contrasted lingual cultures. The conceptual metaphors provide the concept ENVY with the meanings that are considered to be specific for the lingual culture under study. Our findings show that despite the universal character of envy both as an emotion and a feeling, it is permanently affected by ethnic and socio-cultural factors that provide the concepts ENVY & ЗАЗДРІСТЬ with specific lingual cultural meanings. It is noteworthy that the study of the PUs can reveal only the traditional (fixed) understanding of envy. Therefore, to detect the changes in the modern priorities of the British and Ukrainians, it is necessary for prospective research to compare the results of the language material (lexicographic and phraseographic resources) with the results of analysis of actual language data, i.e. psycholinguistic experiments, sociolinguistic monitoring, language corpora.

The language of Sergei Yesenin’s prose is still poorly studied. The article aims to analyze Yesenin’s individual authorial formations extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the story Yar, the short story “Bobyl and Druzhok” and the novella At White Water. The main methods of analysis were descriptive, component, and contextual ones. As a result of the study, we identified Yesenin’s individual authorial lexemes, bilexemes and phraseological units. We recorded occasional names of everyday objects, natural phenomena, as well as names of people, animals and body parts formed by suffixation, prefixation and suffixation, and composition. For the derivation of adjectives the writer uses suffixation (with various suffixes, sometimes unproductive), occasional patterns (with missing stages in the derivation chain), and composition. To coin verbs, Yesenin chooses mainly prefixation-suffixation and prefixation-suffixation-postfixation methods. He also adds a derivational morpheme to an onomatopoetic word, which is occasional by nature. When coining participles and adverbs, Yesenin uses mainly traditional schemes, but takes the stems of occasional and dialect verbs as generating ones. His adverbs are mostly lexical occasionalisms and are formed mainly by prefixation-suffixation. We also recorded authorial particles and interjections in Yesenin’s prose. A features of the writer’s individual creative manner is the presence of the so-called bilexemes his works. Yesenin’s prose contains occasional phraseological units, in which a unit’s component is replaced, a unit is part of a comparative construction with a completely replaced predicative component, a unit is broken, a unit’s composition is expanded, several units are combined, a unit is shortened or dephraseologized. A separate group is units with the concept “God” – these are modified set phrases and formations created by Yesenin himself. The structural and semantic analysis of the transformed and authorial phraseological units showed their main functions: emotive, evaluative, transmitting additional information and saving speech resources. Transforming a phraseological unit, Yesenin introduces various semantic clarifications, enhances expression and achieves a comic effect. Occasionalisms are found both in the author’s speech and in characters’ remarks. The performed analysis of Yesenin’s individual authorial formations from literary prose, as well as the appeal to the poet’s lyrics give us grounds to conclude that, for Yesenin, occasional words and phrasess are not just a means of expression, but an integral element of his individual style that, on the one hand, emphasizes the originality of his language, and, on the other, brings it closer to the poetic traditions of folk speech, which indicates the versatility of Yesenin’s talent.

Abstract. Gender studies represent an intensively developing field of knowledge. Gender means a set of concepts and norms of behavior, usually associated with persons of male and female gender. Gender issues are at the center of a new interdisciplinary field of human sciences, called “gender studies”. The main concept of the categorical apparatus of this direction is “gender” (sociocultural sex), which involves the study of male and female behavior, thinking, and communication. Gender has an all-pervasive ability, which determines its arrangement in the collective and individual consciousness. Phraseological units are a vivid example of the embodiment in the language of characterological features of the worldview of representatives of a particular linguistic community and the means of historical translation of the cultural attitudes of the native speaker of a language. Being stereotypes of the people's consciousness, they serve as a valuable source of information about the people's perceptions, behavior and attitude to this or that phenomenon of culture and represent a fragment of the language picture of the world. This article, firstly, seeks to outline the main steps that gender studies have taken in the field of Tatar and English phraseology. Secondly, it shows the general criteria of selecting gender-specific phraseological units from lexicographic sources. Thirdly, it analyses gender-specific phraseological units nominating a male person in the Tatar and English languages in the comparative aspect. Keywords: gender marked phraseology, phraseological unit, male gender, Tatar, English, comparative study.

The paper focuses on culturally relevant properties of personal memory and the potential of natural languages in codifying them. The study is based on one of the key postulates of anthropological linguistics stating that dynamic changes in human mentality, cultural developments and newly accumulated knowledge find their reflection in the lexical subsystem of the language. Relying on the concept of phraseology as a fragment of linguistic reality bearing an information-intensive map of the national world view and the type of linguistic identity, the paper examines phraseological units verbalizing fundamental memory processes of encoding, storing, remembering and forgetting and offers a linguacultural perspective on the specifics of representing individual memory processes in English phraseology. A combination of automatic processing methods applied to analyzing authentic lexicographic sources along with conventional data-collecting procedures yielded an empirical base of the research composed of phraseological units representing key stages of mnemonic processing. To analyze the obtained data, component, lexicographic, and content-analysis methods were employed. Findings allowed compiling an inventory of mnemonic phraseological units in English, developing their typology on the basis of structural, semantic and functional criteria, identifying the proportion of each structural, semantic and stylistic type in the data sample. A multi-parameter cognitive interpretation procedure yielded a stage-based typology of mnemonic phraseological units reflecting phases of mnemonic processing, its content and nature. The results suggest a possible correlation between cultural specifics of Anglo-Saxon world view and verbal representation of individual memory on the phraseological level.