ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ВПЛИВУ МЕНТАЛЬНОГО ЗДОРОВ'Я НА СУБ'ЄКТИВНУ БЕЗПЕКУ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

A discrepancy is observed between the general public's subjective perception 'of environmental hazards, which is characterized by feelings of concern and insecurity, and "objective risk." In this article, theoretical notions about subjective risk perception are reviewed and illustrated with (our own) Dutch research. Our work with respect to environmental hazards is very much inspired by Bandura's social-cognitive theory and his concept of self-efficacy. In this article, research is described that focuses particularly on the role of u self-efficacy in relation to risk perception and behavior, mass media versus Direct experiences with risks, and risk communication processes, illustrating the application of Bandura's notions in the field, of environmental hazards. Results of out studies show, for example, more feelings of insecurity and fear in women, in individuals with a "left-Wing" political preference, and in people highly exposed to mass-media reporting about hazards. People living in the direct vicinity of a large hazardous complex, however, reported feeling less insecure than did people living at a large distance. This last effect is explained by a verification process in which mass-media reports are more likely to be rejected and ignored by direct neighbors of hazardous industrial plants. Finally, consequences for risk communication are discussed.

An Opportunity for Parity: Health Care Reform Vis-à-Vis Behavioral Health and Substance Abuse Treatment

Frontline essential workers face elevated risks of exposure to COVID-19 because of the interactive nature of their jobs, which require high levels of interaction with the general public and coworkers. The impact of these elevated risks on the mental health of essential workers, especially outside the health care sector, is not well studied. To address this knowledge gap, we examined correlations between perceptions of workplace risks and mental health distress among grocery store workers in Arizona. We collected the first statewide sample of essential workers outside the health care sector focused on mental health and well-being. A total of 3344 grocery store workers in Arizona completed an online survey in July 2020. We used multiple regression models to identify demographic and work-based correlates of mental health distress. Levels of mental health distress among respondents were high: 557 of 3169 (17.6%) reported severe levels and 482 of 3168 (15.2%) reported moderate levels. Perceptions of workplace safety were strongly correlated with significantly reduced levels of mental health distress (ß = -1.44; SE = 0.20) and reduced perceived stress (ß = -0.97; SE = 0.16). Financially disadvantaged workers and employees aged <55 reported high levels of mental health distress. Perceptions of safety and protection in the workplace were significantly correlated with availability of safety trainings, social distancing, and policies governing customer behaviors. Lacking sufficient workplace protections, grocery store employees in Arizona experienced high levels of mental health distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Providing clear federal and state policies to employers to guide implementation of workplace protections may help reduce sources of mental health distress.

With the rising prevalence of mental health disorders among patients undergoing revision arthroplasty, the effect of pre-operative mental distress on functional outcomes after revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) remains uncertain. The objective of this scoping review is to explore how pre-operative mental health conditions, such as anxiety or depression, influence patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and satisfaction after rTHA. Understanding these dynamics is essential for identifying at risk populations and optimizing post-operative outcomes.A systematic search was conducted across MedLine, Embase, HMIC, and PubMed. Articles were screened for eligibility, and data from the selected studies were extracted and analysed.A total of 194 studies were screened and three were included in the final analysis. The three studies underscore the bidirectional relationship between mental and physical health, where poor mental health can exacerbate physical symptoms like pain or reduce functional improvement, while physical limitations from hip joint can worsen mental health. These three studies collectively highlight the impact of mental health on outcomes following rTHA, with patients experiencing mental distress often reporting lower satisfaction and more complications - higher risks of infection, further revision surgeries, and lower functional recovery. PROMs reveal that traditional medical measures may not capture the full effects of mental health on patients’ satisfaction and recovery. Notably, one study found that peri-operative selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) use might reduce the risk of revision, suggesting that managing depression pre-operatively could improve post-operative outcomes. All three studies emphasize the need to assess and address mental health before rTHA to enhance patient satisfaction and overall recovery.Few studies have examined the effects of mental health on rTHA patients. However, the available literature suggests that pre-operative mental health distress is associated with lower PROMs scores and satisfaction after rTHA. This emphasizes the importance of integrating mental health care into the management of patients undergoing rTHA, as it plays a crucial role in improving both physical and psychological outcomes.

In this study we employed a repeated cross-sectional design to examine mental health among young adults in Israel using samples collected before and after the October 7th attacks and subsequent war, with a focus on resilience resources, coping strategies, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Additionally, we explored risk and protective factors associated with PTSD symptoms separately for each sample. Data were gathered from two online surveys conducted pre- and post-October 7th, encompassing 2131 young adults aged 18-24. Findings revealed a significantly higher rate of PTSD in the post-October 7th sample (43.3%) compared to the pre-October 7th sample (25.2%). In addition, the post-October 7th sample reported lower levels of resilience resources and social support, along with a greater reliance on emotional coping strategies. PTSD symptom severity was also significantly higher in the post-October 7th sample. Perceived threat emerged as a key risk factor, whereas social support and personal resilience acted as protective factors. Emotional coping strategies such as self-blame and avoidance were found to exacerbate PTSD symptoms. Post-attack predictors of PTSD symptoms included direct exposure to the injury or death of loved ones and internal displacement. These findings underscore the vital role of personal resilience and social support in mitigating the mental health effects of severe trauma. Furthermore, the study highlights the nuanced relationship between coping strategies and mental health, emphasising that commonly employed strategies may not always protect against severe stress. Identifying effective resources for recovery in the context of prolonged and intense threat is essential for informing intervention efforts.

To examine the separate and joint associations of physical activity and levels of physical, mental, and social health with long-term all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in older adults. A cohort of 4008 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population of Spain aged 60years and older was analyzed. Information on physical activity was self-reported. Physical and mental health were assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire, and social health with a 4-item score on network structure and social engagement. Participants were categorized as being in a good, intermediate, or poor health according to tertiles of the score in each health dimension. Analyses were performed with Cox regression and adjusted for main confounders, including levels in the other two health dimensions. Over a median follow-up of 14 years, a total of 1811 deaths occurred, 674 due to CVD. Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality were 1.35 (1.18-1.55), 1.18 (1.02-1.36), and 1.37 (1.18-1.58) for poor vs. good physical, mental, and social health, respectively (all p trend < 0.001). Being physically active was associated with a 28% (15-39%), 31% (19-42%), and 19% (5-31%) lower all-cause mortality in participants with poor physical, mental, and social health, respectively. In each health dimension, physically active individuals with poor health showed a similar or lower all-cause mortality than those who had intermediate or good health but were physically inactive. Results for CVD mortality were similar to those for all-cause death. Physical activity might attenuate the excess all-cause and CVD mortality associated with poor physical, mental, and social health.

Research on neighbourhood effects shows that social and physical environments can influence individual health, yet no national-level study has explored this relationship in Italy. This study examines the association between neighbourhood characteristics and both physical and mental health across Italy, combining subjective perceptions and objective measures. This research represents an initial exploration of this phenomenon due to the lack of available evidence specific to Italy. The ITA.LI survey gathered data from 8778 participants across 4900 households residing in 278 municipalities. Individual physical and mental health, measured through the SF-12, are the outcomes considered in this study. In studying the context, reference is made to both subjective perceptions and objective measures. Multilevel analysis is implemented considering a two-level structure in which individuals are nested in neighbourhoods (census blocks). Evidence suggests the existence of neighbourhood effects, especially on mental health conditions. The subjective perception of social cohesion is associated only with mental health, while the perceived neighbourhood disorder is related to both mental and physical health. Moreover, compositional characteristics are associated with worse physical health.

Psychological and behavioral moderators of physical health among caregivers and non-caregivers

The psychological well-being of students is a critical aspect of their overall development, influencing academic performance, social relationships, and adaptability. Physical education (PE) has been identified as a key contributor to mental health, offering benefits such as stress reduction, emotional stability, and improved mood. This study aims to systematically review the literature on the impact of PE and related factors on students' psychological well-being. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant articles published between 2019 and 2024 were sourced from databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, using keywords like "physical education" and "psychological well-being." After a rigorous screening process, 13 studies were included for in-depth analysis. Data were extracted systematically, focusing on methodologies, sample characteristics, and key findings. The review highlights five main findings. First, teachers' need-supportive behaviors enhance students' motivation and well-being, while need-thwarting behaviors negatively impact psychological outcomes. Second, interventions in school environments, particularly those promoting physical activity, foster mental health and social connections. Third, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted physical activity levels, leading to a decline in mental health, especially among active students. Fourth, regular exercise, particularly light to moderate intensity, significantly improves cognitive and emotional well-being. Finally, protective factors like resilience, mindfulness, and social support mitigate stress and strengthen psychological stability. The findings emphasize the interconnected roles of teacher behavior, school environment, physical activity, and personal resilience in shaping students' mental health. Holistic approaches integrating these elements can enhance the effectiveness of PE in promoting well-being. The pandemic underscored the need for adaptive strategies to maintain physical activity during crises. Physical education, supported by need-sensitive teaching, positive school environments, and personal resilience, is pivotal in fostering students' psychological well-being. The insights from this review provide actionable recommendations for educators and policymakers to design interventions that promote holistic student development.

Mental Health as a Predictor of Preoperative Expectations for Pain and Disability Following Lumbar Fusion

IntroductionExternal natural events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can contribute to increased stress, depression and anxiety in pregnant persons. Thus far, studies on the impact of maternal mental health during the pandemic on perinatal outcomes have been conflicting.ObjectivesAssess the impact of prenatal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic on preterm birth (PTB) and low birthweight (LBW).MethodsPregnant individuals, >18 years were recruited in Canada, their data were collected through a web-based questionnaire. Our analysis includes data on individuals recruited between 06/2020 and 08/2021, who completed questionnaires at baseline and 2-month post-partum. Data on maternal sociodemographic, comorbidities, medication, mental health measures (Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale, General Anxiety Disorder-7, stress), hardship (CONCEPTION study Assessment of Stress from COVID-19 –150 points), gestational age at delivery and birth weight were self-reported. PTB defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. LBW defined as birth weight less than 2,500 grams.ResultsA total of 1,265 and 1,233 participants were included in the analyses of PTB and LBW, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found no differences between prenatal mental health and PTB ([depression [adjusted RR [aRR] 1.01, CI 95% 0.91 to 1.11], anxiety [aRR 1.04, CI 95% 0.93 to 1.17], stress [aRR 0.88, CI 95% 0.71 to 1.10], hardship [aRR 1.00, CI 95% 0.96 to 1.04]). However, we found that the risk of PTB was increased with ethnicity/race (aRR 3.85, CI 95% 1.35 to 11.00), obstetrician/gynecologist follow-up (aRR 2.77, CI 95% 1.12 to 6.83). We didn’t find any significant association between prenatal mental health and LBW. However, annual household income, previous delivery were associated with a decreased risk of LBW (aRR 0.15, CI 95% 0.05 to 0.49; aRR 0.39, CI 95% 0.20 to 0.77, respectively).ConclusionsConclusion: No association was found between prenatal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of PTB or LBW. However, it is imperative to continue the follow-up of mothers and their offspring in order to detect early any long-term health problems.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Background: The connections between poverty, disability, and mental health are deeply intertwined and mutually reinforcing, potentially leading to poverty traps. Forced displacement can have enduring impacts on both mental health and poverty. Adults with disabilities experience mental distress more frequently than those without disabilities. However, the interplay between poverty, disability, mental health, and forced displacement remains not fully understood due to limited comparable data between displaced and non-displaced populations in the same context. This paper examines the mental health status, disability burden, cognitive bias of pessimism, subjective feeling of loneliness and self-esteem, and socio-economic factors including financial security, of both refugees and host communities in a low-income setting in Northern Mozambique. Methods: Poor adult refugees (n=134) and Mozambican nationals living in the vicinity (n=314) were identified based on a poverty score card employed by the World Bank for the targeting of Government social protection programs. They were administered a survey capturing symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), disability (Washington Group on Disability Statistics- Short Set), and socioeconomic characteristics. Results: Both refugees and hosts report high symptom levels of depression (34% and 29% respectively) and anxiety (25%) without significant differences between the groups. Women in both groups report more symptoms. Both refugees and Mozambicans face a high disability burden (25% and 22%). Individuals with disabilities are twice as likely to experience depression and three times as likely to suffer from anxiety. Financial security is inversely related to mental health issues: a one-unit increase in financial security corresponds to a 0.069 unit decrease in anxiety (p&amp;lt; 5%) and a 0.069 unit decrease in depression (p&amp;lt; 1%). Pessimism is positively associated with poor mental health for both refugees and hosts, increasing the prevalence of anxiety and depression more than 2.5 times compared to those who are not pessimistic. Loneliness is not a good predictor of depression or anxiety among the population studied while self-esteem is a good predictor of depression and anxiety with low self-esteem more than doubling the likelihood of the prevalence of GAD and depression. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the link between poverty and mental health, introducing disability as another contributing factor. This underscores the need for enhanced mental health and public health services for both refugees and hosts, with a particular focus on women. Policy actions to improve employment access and social inclusion for persons with disabilities are crucial for better mental health outcomes. Mental health interventions should be integrated into antipoverty measures alongside traditional economic interventions. Additionally, high levels of mental health issues can hinder the economic and social integration of refugees, which is essential for the economic growth and stability needed for long-term solutions.

In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in early 2020, a public health order was enacted in March 2020 that required all people arriving in New South Wales from overseas to quarantine for fourteen days.1 To manage the process and minimise the risk of community transmission, all people who arrived from 16 March 2020 were accommodated in 30 temporarily re-purposed hotels in inner Sydney and the central business district. People with identified acute or ongoing health care needs were referred to the Royal Prince Alfred (RPA) Virtual Hospital, including those who tested positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), and were housed in three Special Health Accommodation hotels to facilitate remote monitoring of their symptoms and signs according to the RPA Virtual Hospital model of care.2 Analysis of the characteristics of these patients will inform the public health and hospital response to COVID-19 and ensure a patient-centred approach to health services for quarantined people. We undertook a retrospective study of emergency department (ED) presentations by patients referred from Special Health Accommodation hotels in Sydney during 1 June – 30 September 2020. We analysed clinical characteristics and outcomes recorded in electronic medical records, including diagnosis categories, comorbid conditions, and ED length of stay. Our study was approved by the Sydney Local Health District Research Ethics Committee (references, X20-0365; 2020/ETH02007). During June – September 2020, 2774 people were registered for accommodation in Special Health Accommodation hotels, of whom 461 (16.6%) presented at least once to the RPA ED (542 ED presentations in total). Thirteen patients (2.8%) were diagnosed with COVID-19, none of whom required intensive care. The most frequent ED diagnosis categories were mental health (102 presentations, 19%) and cardiovascular conditions (84, 15%) (Box 1). The most frequent reasons for mental health presentations were anxiety (43 presentations), suicidal ideation (24), and acute psychosis (11) (Box 2). The median length of stay for presentations with mental health conditions (543 min; interquartile range [IQR], 372–788 min) was longer than for non-mental health presentations (433 min; IQR, 302–598 min). Mental health-related presentations were also associated with higher triage acuity: 86 presentations (84%) were deemed urgent or potentially life-threatening, compared with 316 of the 440 ED presentations not related to mental health (72%). A larger proportion of mental health presentations were by patients with pre-existing mental health conditions (65, 64% v 49 non-mental health presentations, 11%). Characteristic Number Age (years), mean (SD) 43.5 (22.0) Sex (men) 284 (52.4%) Triage category 1 (life threatening) 0 2 (potentially life threatening) 87 (16%) 3 (urgent) 315 (58%) 4 (semi-urgent) 121 (22%) 5 (non-urgent) 19 (4%) Diagnosis category Mental health 102 (19%) Cardiovascular 84 (15%) Abdominal/gastrointestinal 68 (13%) Musculoskeletal 35 (6%) Injury 32 (6%) Neurological 28 (5%) Urological 27 (5%) Fever/infection 26 (5%) Social 23 (4%) Obstetrics/gynaecology 23 (4%) Allergy/skin rash 19 (4%) Respiratory 12 (2%) Ear, nose, throat, and eye 12 (2%) Administrative/pathology tests/prescriptions 11 (2%) General complaints 10 (2%) Drug health/toxicology 10 (2%) Haematology/oncology 7 (1%) Other 13 (2%) Length of stay: less than 4 hours, by disposition All presentations 86/542 (16%) Discharged from emergency department 58/416 (14%) Admitted to inpatient ward 28/126 (22%) Pre-existing conditions (461 patients) None 154 (33%) Mental health 89 (19%) Hypertension 83 (18%) Ischaemic heart disease 25 (5%) Diabetes mellitus 34 (7%) Respiratory disorder 28 (6%) Renal disorder 5 (1%) Cancer 15 (4%) Neurological disorder 13 (3%) Pregnancy 24/220 (11%) Disposition at discharge Treatment complete 409 (75%) Admitted to critical care ward 14 (3%) Admitted to ward 112 (21%) Discharged 7 (1%) The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have significant direct and indirect health care consequences, including effects on mental health.3 Mental health presentations to the RPA ED comprised 19% of presentations by people from Special Health Accommodation hotels, five times the proportion for all ED presentations in Australia (3.6%).4, 5 Further, lengthy ED stays (the median stay was longer than nine hours) probably compounded psychological stress in patients who presented with mental health problems; only 16% of patients were admitted or discharged within the recommended four hours (Box 1). Our study, the first to assess the impact of mental health during hotel quarantine in Australia, highlights the need for increased psychological support and other services for people in quarantine.6 While quarantine was a vital public health measure for curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, isolation can cause direct and indirect physical and psychological harm.7 All patients who presented to the RPA ED with mental health problems were routinely followed up by RPA Virtual Hospital psychologists. A prospective study is currently underway to better understand the psychological impact of hotel quarantine as the COVID-19 pandemic response evolves in 2021. We thank all the staff who provided care for patients in the Special Health Accommodation hotels and COVID-19 hot zones in the Royal Prince Alfred emergency department. No relevant disclosures.

Mental health and smoking behavior

The COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions, mainly social distancing, had an impact on the mental health of various groups, including adolescents. The main goal of our study was to explore the impact of gender, age, resilience (measured using the Brief Resilience Scale), attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance (both measured using the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised Scale for adolescents), and mental and general health (measured using items of SF-8 Health Survey) on COVID anxiety (measured using the COVID Anxiety Scale) among a sample of Slovak adolescents (N = 1,786, age 15 to 19, mean age = 16.8, SD = 1.2). The data were collected online between 13 April and 24 May 2021. Four nested linear regression models were fitted to the data and evaluated. The significant predictors that had a greater effect than our smallest effect size of interest (β = 0.10) were gender (β = -0.26, p < 0.001, where boys had lower scores in COVID anxiety), general and mental health (β = -0.13 and β = -0.14, respectively, both with p < 0.001), resilience (β = -0.12, p < 0.001), and attachment avoidance (β = -0.11, p < 0.001). Similarly, age and attachment anxiety were significant predictors with a lower effect size (β = 0.06, p = 0.003, and β = 0.09, p < 0.001, respectively). Our results are in line with previous research findings highlighting the importance of prevention and interventions programs focused mainly on preventing loneliness and social disconnection, fostering secure attachment with parents and peers, and increasing the resilience of adolescents, especially in the stressful time of a pandemic, to promote their mental health.