АНАЛІЗ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ ТА ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The purpose of the study is to identify the features and problems of diffusion of the client base of IT enterprises in Ukraine, to develop recommendations for solution of the latter. The article outlines the general situation in the IT market, in particular, draws attention to its turbulence and high instability of consumer preferences, when supply in the market dominates over demand. The components of the concept of «diffusion of client bases of enterprises» are considered. Under the concept of «diffusion» it is proposed to consider the conception that describes the patterns of distribution of cultural, social, economic and other phenomena, initially concentrated in one or more places, which imply the presence of a certain share of uncertainties, and «client base» – as the main source of business and income of the enterprise, containing information about both existing and potential clients. The main advantages of maintaining a client base of activities are presented, in particular: preservation of data; transfer of a client from one manager to another; analysis of the market situation; assessment of the target audience; formation of marketing strategy and business development. It is noted that client-oriented business management allows to increase the profit and overall efficiency of the enterprise by increasing the amount of revenue from the existing client base, as well as by optimizing operating costs. The stages of formation of the client base of activity for IT enterprises are proposed and detailed as: planning, development, implementation, and analysis. Attention is drawn to the matter that the main indicator of the diffusion of the client base of an IT enterprise is the «drawdown» of sales, which can be caused by both internal and external factors of influence. The statistics of changes in the geography of hiring on the example of the largest domestic IT enterprises, which is one of the indicators of client behavior, has been studied. It is noted that large enterprises do not experience the diffusion of the client base of activity to the same extent as it happens with small companies, so the diffusion of the client base of IT enterprises from Ukraine is not a mass phenomenon. Recommendations to encourage clients to cooperate with Ukrainian IT companies are proposed. Prospects for further research in this direction are the study of the specifics of the recovery of global demand in the IT industry after the recession.

Today, information technology in one way or another covers almost all spheres of human life. The world economy is gradually moving into the Internet space. In the context of globalization of the economy, the competitiveness of the State is increasingly determined by the degree of development and practical use of information technologies, which today are an instrument for the development of the modern economy. The article graphically presents the dependence of the level of economic development of countries on the level of spending on information technology. The classical structure of the IT sector and legislative definition of the main categories, including: information service, information product and information technology, are provided. Ukraine’s positions in international IT ratings and in some related rankings are determined. It is determined that in recent years Ukrainian IT enterprises occupy advanced or leading positions and demonstrate positive dynamics of their own activities. The reasons for this rise, despite the general economic backwardness, can be considered an impressive growth of the software development market, as evidenced by statistics of the World Bank, PwC, the Association «IT-Ukrayina» and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The structure and dynamics of exports of IT services in Ukraine is analyzed. The main consumers have been identified. The analysis of tax revenues to the State budget from the activities of IT enterprises and freelancers in this sphere is carried out. It is defined that the growth of demand for Ukrainian IT services is facilitated by: financial factor, slight sensitivity of IT in Ukraine to economic fluctuations, prestige of work in the IT sphere in Ukraine, historically strong side of technical education, reduction of bureaucracy and positive trends in the taxation system, geographical location of the country. In addition, the largest asset of the IT industry in Ukraine is a huge pool of IT professionals, which has no analogues in the quality of skills.

The article deals with the foreign and domestic experience of IT market development from the point of view of informatization of society as one of the most characteristic features of modern development of public relations, when the intellectual component becomes the basis for further improvement of scientific and technical and technological developments. The main distinctive features of the forms of appropriation and alienation of the information product in society are determined. The attention is focused on the structure of the world market of information and telecommunication services, the dynamics of their exports, the dominant demand of the world IT market for software, IT services and general IT. The main trends in the development of the Ukrainian IT industry, its problems and prospects are noted. The level of development of Ukrainian IT market in different segments is determined. It is concluded that the IT market of Ukraine is largely represented by the provision of services by domestic IT-specialists to foreign corporations in the form of outsourcing. The role of information as a sign of informatization of the economy and its impact on all sectors of productive and non-productive spheres of activity is emphasized. It is noted that the informatization of the economy has an impact on various spheres of public life, creating a material basis for the automation of management processes, which ultimately makes this process more perfect and productive. These changes in the perception of information are associated with the transformation of it into a productive resource, and thus - a factor in social production. It is emphasized that in the current conditions the essence of economic relations in society is determined not by capital, but by the process of accumulation and usage of knowledge. The world experience in the formation of the domestic model of information technology and services is analyzed. Prospects for further research of the domestic IT industry are identified.

Results of a study of macroeconomic effects from foreign economic activities of IT business in Ukraine and its revealed development patterns are presented in the article. It was found that the domestic IT business gained the increasingly more features of the international business, which is very important in addressing the issues related with securing the advantages of doing IT business in Ukraine and building up the institutional framework required for it.
 The study revealed that the increased scopes of services in creating software design, data processing and databases, techniques, provided by the IT sector in Ukraine, had a considerable positive effect for the exports of external services and the overall trade balance of services in Ukraine. It could be achieved due to the adaptation of the Ukrainian IT sector, in particular its organizational forms, to the specifics of foreign economic activities. 
 The analysis laid the basis for elaborating recommendations for securing the advantages of doing IT business in Ukraine and building up the relevant institutional framework that would allow for effective utilization of the potentials available with the domestic IT business.

In the article the importance of the sphere of information technologies for the economy of Ukraine in the context of world integration processes was grounded. The author examined the problems and the trends observed on the domestic IT- market in recent years and identified the factors that cause them; proved rapid dynamic development of the studied industry in the context of the global all-encompassing digitalization of national economies, and analyzed basic economic indicators and international ratings of Ukraine in the modern IT-segment. In the article analyzes the features of functioning, the level and state of development of the information technology industry in Ukraine compared to other countries – the IT market players were analyzed. The author has identified important directions in the IT-segment, whose popularity has grown due to the pandemic, namely: IT-Security, cloud systems, intellectual work to develop with ownership, which in the near future will bring significant profits their developers; main obstacles by the state were established on the path of modernization of the Ukrainian IT-sphere and its integration into the European information space. The author suggested measures to solve them, including: identify IT industry as a priority sector and develop a system of incentives and support for its development; optimize the legislation and improve the regulation of IT sector; create a favorable and transparent fiscal system; increase IT companies access to investment; promote the development of an internal competitive IT market, and improve the quality of national education in the field of information technology; organize promotion of Ukrainian products on foreign markets; create a positive IT image of Ukraine as the largest producer and supplier of information and communication products in Europe, making our country a great European center for the implementation of research and development and research and development work. In the article identifies a number of characteristics that are attractive to the modern Ukrainian IT industry, namely: awareness of the need for automation of the information management process and data preservation for gaining competitive advantages; desire to increase the productivity of business and gaining competitive advantages; growing interest of companies and organizations in business solutions to improve efficiency; growing professionalism among contracting companies and IT professionals, which contributes to a more competent choice of technologies for business tasks taking into account the future development.

The article deals with the current state of the information technology market in Ukraine, the role of human capital and peculiarities of its influence on the country's foreign economic activity. The basic processes and tendencies of Ukrainian IT market functioning, the main prospects of IT sector development were analyzed as well as the main problems of the information technology market and directions of their solution. At present, the internal IT service market in Ukraine meets the following characteristics: minimization of IT service costs; infringement of intellectual property law; satisfactory demand for IT services; shortage supply of qualified IT specialists due to imbalances in the training of technical specialists in higher education institutions; imperfection of IT management in companies leads to the inability to implement the growth strategy. There are two main factors that stimulate the development of the internal IT sector: first, is a human capital situation; second, is a public policy and its priorities in supporting competitive industries. The key success factor of a rapid development of foreign economic activity in Ukraine is to establish balance between the external and internal IT service markets. In order to improve the foreign economic activity of Ukraine, it is necessary for the state and the owners of IT companies to force on the development of the internal IT service market as the low level of the internal market hinders the development of the external IT relationships. The internal sector is not attractive to IT companies usually because of low pay and poor management quality. Therefore, in our work we considered in details the problems related to human capital in the search of any opportunities for the development of foreign economic activity of our country. It was concluded that IT market will remain one of the most prospective sectors of Ukraine that develops its foreign economic activity.

The Ukrainian IT sector remains the most dynamic sector of the economy, despite the geopolitical challenges of the ongoing full-scale war, and continues to develop rapidly. At this, the demand for qualified IT specialists is only growing, creating both opportunities for young professionals and competition in the market. This requires IT companies to significantly increase the efficiency of talent management. Accordingly, the development and implementation of new career planning strategies is an important task for Ukrainian IT enterprises, since the extant generally accepted approaches to personnel management do not always take into account the specifics of this industry. Effective career planning is an important aspect for organizational development and business stability, as it helps to increase the level of employee engagement and motivation, as well as reduce staff turnover. The main purpose of this article is to focus and prioritize the career planning system as an effective tool for personnel management. At this, the main task is to reveal the practical aspect of building the system on the example of companies in the IT sector. The article uses the methodology of generalization and systematization through methods of comparing differences and common features in the interpretation of the concepts of «career» and «career growth», analyzing the types of career movements on the example of companies in the IT sector, synthesizing the formation of career maps for employees of different departments and developing common approaches to building career plans, concretizing the key stages of career planning, inductive and deductive description of career transitions within the department and cross-team movements. The article analyzes scientific and practical approaches to understanding career planning, reveals the understanding of vertical and horizontal career movements. The key elements of the career planning system are disclosed. The methods of creating career maps are characterized and steps for building a career growth system on the example of IT companies are developed. The importance of creating job profiles in establishing a career planning system is indicated. Approaches to building career plans through the establishment of development goals are proposed.

The purpose of this study is to study the factors of competitiveness in the formation of an educational hub, to identify priority measures to stimulate the integration of international educational programs and expand the international activities of universities in Uzbekistan. As an empirical base, we used the results of studies of foreign countries that have successfully achieved their goals for the formation of a regional educational hub, as well as open data on leading universities in Central Asia and Uzbekistan's positions in international rankings on certain factors of attractiveness for foreign students

Surgical research in Germany occupies a lower position in international ranking than expected. According to the size of the population, the economic impact, the gross domestic product and the research funding capacity, the impact of German surgical research should be much higher. Reasons are a more intensive commitment to patient care, structural differences and a changing lifestyle in younger doctors in comparison to many leading countries. If the situation is to be improved all factors have to be evaluated and, if possible, changed. Overall, German surgeons are underrepresented as readers and authors in the scientific market, which is mostly in the English language.

Celem tekstu jest ukazanie kształtowania się chińskiego szkolnictwa wyższego, jako
\nformy soft power. Chińskie szkolnictwo wyższe traktowane jest jako element soft power polityki międzynarodowej
\nChińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Wykorzystanie instrumentu, jakim jest polityka szkolnictwa
\nwyższego w postaci soft power możliwe jest dzięki dynamicznemu rozwojowi chińskich uczelni
\nw ostatnich dwóch dekadach. Władze ChRL stawiają przed swoimi uczelniami ambitne cele, m.in.
\nwprowadzenie kilkunastu uczelni do ligi najlepszych uniwersytetów świata. Chińskie uczelnie odchodzą
\nod wzorca kultury organizacyjnej „copycat”, rozwijając własną dynamikę innowacyjności uczelni,
\npoprzez konsekwentne podnoszenie swoich pozycji w międzynarodowych rankingach. Jednocześnie
\njednak cele rozwojowe stawiane chińskim uczelniom powiązane są z globalną ekspansją gospodarczą
\nChRL. Dyplomacja naukowa Państwa Środka działa przede wszystkim poprzez Instytuty Konfucjusza.
\nUczelnie Unii Europejskiej stanowią cel strategiczny w tej polityce, gdyż posiadają one zasoby i praktyki
\nkonieczne do wzmocnienia uczelni chińskich. Artykuł analizuje wybrane aspekty użycia polityki
\nuczelnianej jako soft power chińskiej dyplomacji.

The majority of countries use several well-known integral indicators for economic forecasting purposes, on which basis these countries’ ranks in the global economic community are computed. Apart from allowing investors to make investment decisions, such indicators and ranks help in forecasting economic development in forthcoming periods. The best known of them is Ease of Doing Business Index and Global Competitiveness Index.
 The less known ones are indicators of Business Tendency Surveys (BTS), computed on the basis of data obtained from questionings of enterprise managers in various economic sectors and from studies of consumer sentiments. Yet, specialists tend to use the data from these conjuncture surveys to analyze the current economic situation in a country (total or by industry) and build short-term forecasts.
 Apart from the survey indicators depicting quite clearly a situation in the economy, the most popular ones in Europe are Confidence Indicators for enterprises by economic activity, and Economic Sentiment Indicator incorporating the indicators from BTS of enterprises and consumer sentiments. These indicators are computed by the European Commission for EU member countries on monthly basis.
 The article shows changes in Doing Business ranks for selected EU member countries and Ukraine. BTS indicators for industrial enterprises (estimate of production capacities; estimate of change in the production orders; estimate of the competitive position of enterprises at the internal market) are analyzed for some of these countries. A comparison of the dynamics of production capacities utilization, business confidence indicators and Doing Business rank is made for Ukraine and Bulgaria. The prognosticating capacities of BTS indicators compared with Doing Business indicator are analyzed.

The full-scale war gave impetus to significant migration trends that caused dramatic changes in Ukraine’s economy. Such trends have spread not only to people from the temporarily occupied territories, territories where active hostilities are taking place and there is a threat of shelling, but also intensified the relocation of various enterprises. There was a need to quickly move the assets of enterprises, employees and their families. The nature of such relocation and approaches to its implementation were different, supported by the authorities of Ukraine and other host countries, and depended mainly on the financial capacity of entrepreneurs, readiness to change location and a set of subjective factors, including the type of economic activity. Thus, the article is devoted to the study of the processes of relocation of Ukrainian high-tech companies, most of which are traditionally concentrated in the IT sector. The aim of the article is to study the strategies of relocation of Ukrainian high-tech enterprises during the wartime, to determine the factors influencing the adoption and implementation of decisions on relocation in critical conditions and conditions of uncertainty. The positive trends in the development of the domestic IT sphere before the full-scale invasion are analyzed, including entering the international arena as an outsourcer for Western countries. New challenges, and therefore new opportunities for the development of technologies and the high-tech industry caused by the war, are considered. The concept of relocation, its types and levels are identified. The main difficulties and efficiency of relocation of IT firms are defined, which depend on taking into account localization, the amount of costs, involvement of personnel, customers and partners, time and effort for a relocation, as well as on the reputation of firms and opportunities for their development. Each relocation is a unique economic and social phenomenon, and the impact on an IT firm may vary depending on the specific circumstances. It is quite important to plan and coordinate relocation processes to maximize benefits and reduce possible negative consequences. There is a difference in planning, coordinating, and financing the relocation process between large and small IT companies. The factors influencing the decision-making on relocation are classified. The development and implementation of relocation strategies took various forms. IT companies have demonstrated high adaptability and independence of action in the face of uncertainty and threats. The article conducts a SWOT analysis of Ukrainian high-tech enterprises, proposes typical scenarios for the development of events during relocation in the conditions of wartime in the form of a matrix of strategies. The relocation of Ukrainian IT companies took place on a significant scale, in some cases these processes began to be planned and even implemented even before the full-scale invasion for security reasons. The regional model of relocation was marked by the presence of powerful regional IT ecosystems, a focus on previous business contacts and family ties, relocation mainly to large cities, and the activities of organizations to support Ukrainian businesses during relocation within the borders of Ukraine and abroad.

The article analyzes challenges and management strategies of Ukrainian IT companies in Russo-Ukrainian War period, using YouControl Market service data to investigate regional business relocation patterns, new enterprise registration dynamics, and organizational responses to security threats. Research shows that regions close to frontline experiencing IT professional outflow and business disruption, while western areas become new centers, attracting the relocated companies. The capital and central regions have reserved human resources potential despite slowed growth due to increased risks. The study compares organizational forms of IT enterprises, examining their crisis management approaches (as employee’s relocation) and administrative solutions for maintaining competitive advantages. The main analysis focuses on agile planning, human capital development, and business model diversification based on the company count metrics. The research demonstrates how effective management decisions help decrease losses, retain personnel, and establish an after-war recovery process. The research emphasizes adaptive strategies for operational continuity, including remote workflow optimization, enhanced cybersecurity, and organizational resilience development. Data analysis reveals regional disproportions in IT sector growth resilience, influenced by infrastructure quality, security conditions, and local policies. These factors enable businesses to maintain essential operations under unpredictable circumstances. The investigation explores business relocation impacts on labor markets, expertise transfer, and technological advancement. Despite wartime challenges, Ukraine's IT sector shows remarkable adaptability, particularly among smaller firms. However, due to infrastructure damage and population displacement, uneven resource distribution significantly affects frontline regions. The study provides recommendations for stakeholders, including relocation support programs, tax incentives for high-tech industries in safer regions, and public-private partnerships for infrastructure reconstruction. Findings highlight effective management's role in navigating wartime adversity while building a resilient IT sector prepared for post-conflict recovery.

The work examines the regulatory and legal field of human capital management and defines the conceptual principles and methods of forming effective teams. As a result of the classification of methods and tools according to the stages of identification, development and retention of talents, their respective features, application advantages and disadvantages were determined. A number of universal provisions regarding the adaptation of personnel management tools in the conditions of martial law are proposed. Eight principles of leadership development program formation and talent management practices that contribute to the attraction, development and retention of key talents are substantiated. In order to take into account the development of cultural and value characteristics of employees, the existing methods of talent management were improved and we substantiate the essence and possibilities of applying new methods. Methods of taking into account the interaction of different generations of employees in teams have been developed and ways of forming organizational culture, values and ethics have been determined in order to attract and retain talents.

The article deals with the problem of increasing the risk for modern national projects, actuated in the field of information technologies. The purpose of the article is to deepen and expand the theoretical and practical knowledge of complex enterprise management in conditions of increased risk for companies working in the field of information technologies. The main problems that arise during the operation of the project, the peculiarities of the information sphere and additional risks for the companies that continue to work under martial law are analyzed. It is concluded that the main reason for the deviation from the planned goals of the project is the lack of comprehensive qualified project management and the low level of audit in companies at all stages of project implementation. In order to improve the current situation, a general increase in the informational education of Ukrainians, an increase in the number of training programs for project participants, and an increase in wages to maintain a qualified staff of employees who would promptly respond to existing risks and contribute to the optimization of all processes in the project are proposed. The main areas of efficiency improvement for the Ukrainian IT enterprise were analyzed and recommendations for its improvement were provided, the basis of which is the use of modern ERP systems, artificial intelligence, Gartner's magic quadrant and the constant creation of tables of possible risk factors for the enterprise with calculations of the strength of their influence and prompt creation of alternative scenarios.