ПРИЧИНЫ ВЫБЫТИЯ ГОЛШТИНИЗИРОВАННОГО ЧЕРНО-ПЕСТРОГО И ГОЛШТИНСКОГО СКОТА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ УРОВНЯ ИНБРИДИНГА

Background Culling is defined as the departure of cows from the herd because of sale, slaughter, salvage, or death. Culling is an important cost for dairy farms. At the same time, culling is a way to increase herd productivity and profitability, as keeping diseased and unproductive cows might result in lower herd milk production and deteriorated reproduction. In order to maximize profitability, the proportion of voluntary culling (selling for dairy purposes or culling due to low production) should be highest among the total culling rate. Previous studies indicate an ascending trend in the proportion of involuntary culling. This observational study used registry data of all cows from herds with ≥5 cow-years in 2016-2017. Objective This study was conducted to assess the reason for culling a dairy cow and its association with age at culling in and around Mekelle using a structured questioner format and direct observation. Visits were performed to each farm to collect data directly from owners or animal attendants and using direct observation. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted in and around Mekelle city dairy farm from November, 2016 to April, 2017. Results The most common causes of culling were disease and economic reasons. The most common causes of voluntary culling were economic reasons (17.39), low milk yield (20.29%), and aging (8.70%). The common causes of involuntary culling were diseases (34.78%), injury (7.25%), and infertility (5.80%). In this study rates of culling increased with parity. The highest rate of culling was in animals between parity 2 and 5, increased from (14.49%) to (21.74%) and slightly decreased from parity 6 to 7, i.e. (13.04)% to (8.70)%, respectively. The highest rates of culling were between 3 and 5-years, (17.39)% and (23.19)%, respectively. Conclusion This study indicated animals were culled at premature age because of involuntary culling, which is economically not feasible, diseases were the most common causes of involuntary culling and voluntary culling was the most type of culling in dairy cattle farms and animals mostly culled for decreased production and economic reasons.

Under current conditions of agricultural production, increasing milk productivity and extending the productive longevity of cows are the most important tasks. The purpose of the research was to determine the infl uence of some paratypic factors on the productive longevity of cows. The influence of the age of the first eff ective insemination and the duration of the period of open days on the productive longevity of cows of Black-and-White breed has been considered in thearticle. The studies were carried out at the training and research farm of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Northern Trans-Ural State Agrarian University”. For the research, a database of culling animals for the period from January 2019 to December 2021 was used. The object of the research were cows of Black-and-White breed that had one or more completed lactations. Groups were formed depending on the time of the first aff ective insemination and the duration of the open days period. The longevity of cows was calculated by counting the days of life in the period from the date of birth to the date of culling. The calculation of the duration of the productive period was carried out taking into account the dates of calving and the duration of each completed lactation by summing up all productive days. An analysis of the culling of animals from the herd was carried out. The main reasons for the culling of cows were limb diseases (24.7 %), mammary gland diseases (22.2 %) and gynecological diseases (21.3 %). The average age of eff ective insemination of animals was 15.5 months in the herd. It was found that the average longevity in the herd was 1815.7 days or 5.04 years, which in lactations consisted of 2.97. The longest productive longevity was observed in cows with the age of the fi rst eff ective insemination of 12–13 months. Therefore, the duration of the open days period should be kept at 90–120 days, in this case the lifetime productivity was 17277.9 kg of milk.

目的 研究乳腺癌与绝经前后体重指数、乳腺疾病、家族肿瘤史、生活方式及职业等相关因素的关系.方法搜集2001～2004年10902例霞山辖区20岁以上妇女妇科病普查及乳腺癌筛查的资料,并对相关因素进行分析.结果妇女绝经前体重指数＞24者,指数越高乳腺癌发生率越高(P＜0.01),而绝经后乳腺癌发生率则以体重指数24～25组最高(P＜0.01).家族肿瘤史组与乳腺纤维瘤组、妇科肿瘤组比较有差异性(P＜0.05),生活方式普食组与甜食组、高脂饮食组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),职业工人组、干部组发病率高于教师组(P＜0.01).结论绝经前后体重指数高、家族肿瘤史、甜食与高脂饮食、工人干部职业均是乳腺癌的高危因素.家族肿瘤史比乳腺良性疾病更易诱发乳腺癌。

SummaryThe objective of this study was to compare accuracies of different Bayesian regression models in predicting molecular breeding values for health traits in Holstein cattle. The dataset was composed of 2505 records reporting the occurrence of retained fetal membranes (RFM), metritis (MET), mastitis (MAST), displaced abomasum (DA), lameness (LS), clinical endometritis (CE), respiratory disease (RD), dystocia (DYST) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) in Holstein cows, collected between 2012 and 2014 in 16 dairies located across the US. Cows were genotyped with the Illumina BovineHD (HD, 777K). The quality controls for SNP genotypes were HWE P‐value of at least 1 × 10−10; MAF greater than 0.01 and call rate greater than 0.95. The fimpute program was used for imputation of missing SNP markers. The effect of each SNP was estimated using the Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR), Bayes A, Bayes B and Bayes Cπ methods. The prediction quality was assessed by the area under the curve, the prediction mean square error and the correlation between genomic breeding value and the observed phenotype, using a leave‐one‐out cross‐validation technique that avoids iterative cross‐validation. The highest accuracies of predictions achieved were: RFM [Bayes B (0.34)], MET [BRR (0.36)], MAST [Bayes B (0.55), DA [Bayes Cπ (0.26)], LS [Bayes A (0.12)], CE [Bayes A (0.32)], RD [Bayes Cπ (0.23)], DYST [Bayes A (0.35)] and SCK [Bayes Cπ (0.38)] models. Except for DA, LS and RD, the predictive abilities were similar between the methods. A strong relationship between the predictive ability and the heritability of the trait was observed, where traits with higher heritability achieved higher accuracy and lower bias when compared with those with low heritability. Overall, it has been shown that a high‐density SNP panel can be used successfully to predict genomic breeding values of health traits in Holstein cattle and that the model of choice will depend mostly on the genetic architecture of the trait.

Tea polyphenols (TPs) are the main active substances in tea and they have many beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-cancer and metabolic regulation effects. The quality of milk is affected by mammary gland diseases and there are substantial economic losses resulting from reduced milk production as a consequence of inflammatory injury of the mammary gland. In this study, transcriptome analysis and molecular biology techniques were used to study the effects of TPs on inflammatory injury of the mammary gland. After intervention with TPs, a total of 2085 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 1189 up-regulated genes and 896 down-regulated genes. GO analysis showed that differentially expressed genes played an important role in proton transmembrane transport, oxidation–reduction reactions and inflammatory response. KEGG enrichment suggested that differential genes were concentrated in the TGF-β pathway and active oxygen metabolism process. Experiments were performed to confirm that TPs increased SOD, CAT, T-AOC and GSH-Px content along with a reduction in MDA. Meanwhile, TPs inhibited the expression of TGF-β1 and reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. The expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased after intervention with TPs. In summary, all the data indicated that TPs protected the mammary gland by enhancing the antioxidant capacity and down-regulating the TGF-β1/p38/JNK pathway.

Abstract: Purpose: Since 2010, physicians from Afghanistan have been uploading images of histological and cytological specimens to a telemedicine internet platform (iPath network) for expert evaluation. From this collective work, all cases with fine-needle aspirations (FNA) of mammary gland diseases were extracted and analyzed. The aim of the present retrospective feasibility study is to investigate the utility of artificial intelligence assisted diagnoses in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of breast diseases.Material and Methods: A total of 3304 microphotographic images from 438 patients of smears from FNA of the mammary gland were available for this study. Telemedical expert diagnoses from 4 experienced cytopathologists were available in all 438 cases. Their diagnosis (malignant tumor of the mammary gland or benign mammary gland disease) was set as the gold standard. AI analysis was performed using i) clinical context data and ii) two different image recognition methods to determine the probability values for the presence of malignant breast tumor. Youden index and AUC (area under the curve) were used to evaluate test performance. Results: A score for invasive breast cancer (IBC) calculated from contextual variables agreed with the expert diagnosis (accuracy) in 85.2% and with the two image recognition systems in 78.4% and 65.2%. This simplifies health healthcare management of breast diseases in low income countries as in many patients the less expensive and less time-consuming technique of FNA may replace a histological examination.Conclusion: Image classification and analysis of context variables can be used to test the validity and plausibility of cytologic diagnoses, especially when cytologic interpretation has to be performed by people who are inexperienced in cytopathology.

The mammary gland is a paired organ of the reproductive system, belonging to the type of apocrine glands of the skin. The main function of the mammary gland is the synthesis and secretion of milk. The structure and function of the mammary glands change significantly at different stages of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. In the structure of mammary gland diseases there are benign, accounting for 95—97% and representing a heterogeneous group of pathologies and malignant neoplasms, which account for 3—5%. Benign mammary dysplasia (BMD) is a group of diseases characterised by a wide range of proliferative and regressive changes in the gland tissue with disordered ratios of epithelial and connective tissue components. Patients diagnosed with AMD often have gynaecological diseases (menstrual disorders, uterine leiomyoma, endometrial hyperplasia, endometriosis, STD). Such women should form a special group of dispensary observation by a gynaecologist, and their examination and treatment should be aimed at reducing proliferative processes, prevention of progression and recurrence of diseases of the breast and female genital organs. Any patient who comes to a gynaecologist with breast pathology should be fully examined in order to exclude gynaecological diseases. The main principles of prevention of benign breast dysplasia in the practice of obstetrician-gynaecologist should be the earliest possible detection, etiopathogenetic treatment, prevention of abortion, proper management of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period and, of course, rational individualised contraception.

We investigated changes in oxidative stress markers during the transition period in healthy Holstein cows and those with postpartum diseases. Transition control (TC) Holstein cows (n=9) were evaluated for longitudinal changes during the transition period and postpartum diseased (PD) cows with ketosis (n=10), abomasal displacement (n=9), and acute mastitis (n=10) were evaluated in comparison to control cows (n=10). In the TC group, blood samples were collected at 2 weeks prepartum and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks postpartum. Milk yield and composition were measured at 2 and 4 weeks postpartum. In the PD group, blood samples were collected at the first day of examination during the 60 days postpartum. Peripheral oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde, MDA; potential antioxidant capacity, PAO; and glutathione peroxidase) were measured, and biochemical analyses were performed. In the TC group, MDA increased significantly postpartum and was correlated with milk yield, blood glucose (Glu), free fatty acid (FFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB), and aspartate aminotransferase. Compared to the control cows, PD cows with ketosis had significantly higher MDA and significantly lower PAO. Moreover, MDA was significantly correlated with Glu, FFA, and BHB. Postpartum increase in MDA might interact with milk yield and Glu, FFA, and BHB in the TC cows, and postpartum diseases, especially ketosis, might signify its increase and interaction with Glu, FFA, and BHB.

In livestock, inbreeding coefficient based on pedigree information is usually used to evaluate the level of inbreeding. Recently, with cost reduction of high-density SNP genotyping, it's possible to analyze real genomic inbreeding degree using genomic information. In this study, utilizing high-density SNP chip data, we analyzed the frequency and distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in 2107 Chinese Holstein cattle in Beijing area, and calculated 2 genomic inbreeding coefficients, i.e., 1) the proportion of ROH length in the total length of autosomal genome (Froh), and 2) the percentage of homozygous SNPs (Fhom). Then we analyzed the correlation between 2 genomic inbreeding coefficients and the correlation between genomic and pedigree inbreeding coefficients. We totally detected 44 676 ROHs that mainly ranged from 1 to 10 Mb. Various lengths of ROHs existed in the genome. There were more short ROHs than long ROHs. ROHs aren't evenly distributed in chromosomes. The area with most ROHs is in the middle part of chromosome 10. Strong correlation (r > 0.90) existed between 2 kinds of genomic inbreeding coefficients, but the correlation between pedigree and genomic inbreeding coefficients were much lower (r < 0.50). Our finding suggests that pedigree completeness influences the correlation between genomic and pedigree inbreeding. Genomic inbreeding measures may reflect individuals' real inbreeding, which could be a useful tool to evaluate population inbreeding.

The objective of the present study was to quantify the relationships between prepartum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and the development of subsequent diseases or culling and to identify the optimal thresholds allowing identification of animals at high risk of developing postpartum diseases or being culled. A total of 1,299 Holstein cows from 50 commercial herds located around Saint-Hyacinthe (QC, Canada) were enrolled in this observational study. Blood samples were collected from enrolled cows between 1 and 14 d before calving for serum NEFA quantification. Data concerning postpartum diseases and culling were collected from computerized record systems. The association between prepartum NEFA concentrations and postpartum diseases and culling was quantified using generalized linear mixed models, accounting for parity, season, week of sampling, and herd. Optimal NEFA thresholds were evaluated with receiver operator characteristic curves analysis for all diseases and then confirmed with generalized linear mixed models, considering NEFA as a categorical variable (high or low). Prepartum serum NEFA concentrations were associated with diseases diagnosed during the first 30 d in milk (DIM) and culling within the first 50 DIM. The optimal NEFA threshold associated with diseases was ≥290 µmol/L for retained placenta, ≥300 µmol/L for metritis and abomasal displacement, and ≥280 µmol/L for clinical mastitis and hyperketonemia. The level associated with the occurrence of at least one of these diseases in the first 30 DIM was ≥280 µmol/L, but it was ≥260 µmol/L for culling in the first 50 DIM. No relationship was found between NEFA concentrations and reproductive tract diseases (purulent vaginal discharge or cytological endometritis) or subclinical intramammary infection. Despite the strong relationship between prepartum NEFA concentrations and many diseases, the NEFA optimal threshold accuracy found in our study was low. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a relationship between NEFA concentrations in the 14-d period before calving and the subsequent development of diseases and culling. Prepartum NEFA concentrations thresholds between ≥260 and 300 µmol/L appear to be a strategic choice. However, considering the low accuracy, their use at the cow level should be performed with caution.

&lt;p&gt;El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las características morfológicas de tipo que contribuyen a explicar la variación de la producción en vacas Holstein. Se calificaron morfométricamente 1.290 vacas de la raza Holstein de cuatro tambos comerciales de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Los 15 caracteres morfológicos calificados fueron: inserción anterior de ubre (FU); altura de ubre posterior (RUH); ancho ubre posterior (RUW); ligamento suspensorio medio (UC); profundidad de la ubre (UD); colocación de pezones posterior (TP); longitud de los pezones (TL); estatura (ST); angulosidad (ANG); fortaleza (SG); ancho de grupa (RW); ángulo de grupa (RA); patas posteriores, vista posterior (RLRV); patas posteriores, vista lateral (RLS) y ángulo de pezuña (FA). El sistema de clasificación utilizado fue el propuesto por ACHA. Se aplicó el algoritmo de partición correspondiente a un árbol de clasificación sobre las dos categorías de producción de leche extremas (alta y baja producción) previamente definidas según los percentiles 33 y 66 de la variable 305 días equivalente maduro (305EM). Esta técnica multivariada constituye una alternativa a los modelos clásicos de regresión ya que sus resultados no se ven afectados por correlaciones entre las variables explicativas. Los resultados sugieren que valoraciones altas del ancho de ubre combinado con valoraciones altas de la fortaleza, son las métricas de tipo que más contribuyen a explicar mayores promedios de producción de leche en esta raza&lt;/p&gt;

Various infectious and invasive diseases, as well as individual metabolic disorders caused by poisoning and non-infectious diseases lead to multiple organ pathologies. The pathogenesis of combined lesions in parenchymal organs is due to their anatomical and functional relationship. The aim of the research was to study the nosological forms of non-infectious diseases of liver, kidneys and pancreas in domestic cats, to establish the proportion of multiple organ pathologies and to compare their clinical indicators. The article presents the results of multiple organ pathologies spreading in domestic cats, describes the main nosological forms of diseases, their clinical picture, biochemical and ultrasound indicators. 234 animals of different sexes and different ages were studied in the experiment. Diseased animals were diagnosed based on the results of clinical, biochemical and ultrasound studies. Liver diseases were diagnosed in 18.3 % of cats, kidney - 16.3 %, pancreas - 11.5 % of cats. Multiple organ pathologies were established in 28.7 % of animals, including hepatonephritis in 16.7 %, hepatopancreatitis - 9.0 %, hepatopancreonephritis - 3.0 %. Among nosological forms of diseases in sick cats, hepatonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic hepatitis, and fatty degeneration of liver were more common, and only in one case - cirrhosis.

The analyzed sample included data on milk yield, BV of milk yield and inbreeding of 672 cows with different reasons for culling with an average milk yield for the 1st lactation of 8601 kg of milk, which is –124 kg less than their peers, and quality indicators of 3,97 % fat and 3,32 % protein. All cows are divided into 13 classes due to retirement. On average, the inbreeding coefficient for the sample is 3,50 % with a variation in groups from 2,16 to 4,59 %. The most inferior in terms of milk yield for the 1st lactation were cows with the cause of retirement low productivity and culling (–415 kg), diseases of the udder (–222 kg) and legs (–144 kg), gynecological diseases and barrenness (–134 kg). The relationship of inbreeding with absolute indicators and BV of productive traits is low, but negative with milk yield (–0,022 and –0,014, respectively) and positive with fat content (+0,053 and +0,036, respectively) and milk protein content (+0,048 and +0,027, respectively). Using a one-way ANOVA, a high and significant effect of the breeding method and the degree of inbreeding on the milk yield and the reasons for the disposal of the analyzed animals was revealed (35,1 and 24,8 %, respectively). The distribution of cows culled for various reasons, depending on the method of breeding and the degree of inbreeding, showed that among them there are more cows crossed (59,7 %) compared to intraline (40,3 %) and the proportion of culling in the first group is higher due to gynecology and barrenness (19,1 vs. 18,5 %), diseases of the limbs (14,8 vs. 12,9 %), metabolic diseases (15,6 vs. 12,2 %). When considering the degree of inbreeding, regardless of the method of breeding, it was revealed that most of the sample are cows with a moderate degree of inbreeding (63,2 %), and 28,3 % with closely related, and in the group of moderately inbred cows for the main reasons for disposal, the proportion of animals is greater by 1,4–6,6 %. Thus, the conducted studies confirm that when selecting pairs, it is necessary to take into account not only the method, but also the degree of inbreeding in the proband.

Aging is characterized by a loss of bone marrow hematopoietic tissue, systemic chronic inflammation, and higher susceptibility to infectious and noninfectious diseases. We previously reported the tightly regulated kinetics and massive daily production of neutrophils during homeostasis in adult rhesus macaques aged 3 to 19 yr (equivalent to approximately 10 to 70 yr of age in humans). In the current study, we observed an earlier release of recently dividing neutrophils from bone marrow and greater in-group variability of neutrophil kinetics based on in vivo BrdU labeling in a group of older rhesus macaques of 20-26 yr of age. Comparing neutrophil numbers and circulating cytokine levels in rhesus macaques spanning 2 to 26 yr of age, we found a negative correlation between age and blood neutrophil counts and a positive correlation between age and plasma G-CSF levels. Hierarchic clustering analysis also identified strong associations between G-CSF with the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and MIP-1α. Furthermore, neutrophils from older macaques expressed less myeloperoxidase and comprised higher frequencies of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) compared to the young adult macaques. In summary, we observed an earlier release from bone marrow and a reduced production of neutrophils despite the increased levels of plasma G-CSF, especially in the elderly rhesus macaques. This lower neutrophil production capacity associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an earlier release of less mature neutrophils and PMN-MDSCs may contribute to the chronic inflammation and greater susceptibility to infectious and noninfectious diseases during aging.

Our objectives were to describe the effects of full cow-calf contact for 3, 5, or 7 d after calving compared with immediate separation on milk yield and components, cow metabolic indicators, milking characteristics, and IMI status, as well as on calf outcomes transfer of passive immunity (TPI), milk intake, and health scores. Holstein cows with a singleton calf were eligible for enrollment, and 23 Holstein cows (8 primiparous, 15 multiparous) and their calves were included in a randomized block design. Cows were housed in identical box stalls regardless of treatment assignment and milked twice daily from parturition to d 8. In pairs assigned to the 0D group, calves were separated immediately after birth, whereas in the 3D, 5D, and 7D treatment groups, calves were separated 3, 5, or 7 d after birth, respectively. All calves were fed colostrum at 8.5% of birth body weight (BBW). Contact calves had access to the cow's box stall except during milking, when they were confined to a connected calf creep area. Separated calves were fed whole milk twice daily, up to a total of 25% of BBW per day, and housed in identical pens in a different section of the same barn. Milk yield was measured at each milking, and milk components were determined on d 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. Quarter-level milk was taken for microbial cultures on d 0 and 8. Vacuum dynamics were measured daily using a portable vacuum recorder to detect bimodal milk flow curves. Serum samples of cows and calves were analyzed for metabolic markers and IgG concentration, respectively. Calf health was scored daily, and hip and withers heights were measured. The most common reason for exclusion was low colostrum production of the dam. Milk production was lower during the respective contact periods in the 3D, 5D, and 7D groups, but rebounded to the level of the 0D group after separation, respectively. Lactose concentration was lower in the 5D group compared with 0D. Bimodality was only found in milking observations of the contact groups but not in the 0D group. Quarter-level new IMI or risk of cure, as well as metabolic indicators did not differ between groups. Successful TPI was shown in all groups, and calf health and growth indicators did not differ between groups. Median milk intake in the separated calves ranged from 9 to 9.8 kg on d 7. In summary, Holstein cows with delayed separation of their calves showed a transient reduction in milk yield, occurrence of bimodality, and lower milk lactose concentration, whereas metabolic indicators and IMI risk did not differ. Calves showed no difference in health scores or growth, and separated calves voluntarily consumed a median daily amount of milk equal to 18% to 20% of BBW. Delayed separation of calves from their dams was associated with differences in milk production, bimodality and milk components, whereas under controlled colostrum feeding conditions, calves showed no difference in TPI, health outcomes, or injury risk. Long-term effects on milk production, bimodality, calf growth, and health merit further investigation.