بررسی واکنش های فیزیولوژیکی دو پایه مرکبات به تنش شوری درون شیشه ای

Investigations have demonstrated that ratio of sugars to organic acids affects the particular taste of citrus fruit and carotenoids are essential for prevent of the disease. It seems that some rootstocks enhance the ripening of fruits and stimulatethe biosynthesis of sugars and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on sugars, organic acids andcarotenoids of fruit. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. Total carotenoid and chlorophylls content was measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by Gas chromatograph. HPLC analysis of juice allowed to detection of 3 sugars and 2 acids. Sucrose was the dominant sugar for all rootstocks. The amount of total sugars ranged from 102.27 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon) to 118.07 (mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total acids changed from 6.62 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 8.48 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon). The amount of ascorbic acid varied from 0.44 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 0.68(mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo).The pH value ranged from 3.65 (Flying dragon) to 3.95 (Orlando tangelo), TSS content changed from11.2 (%) (Flying dragon) to11.9 (%) (Orlando tangelo), TSS/TA varied from15.13 (Flying dragon) to 20.88(Orlando tangelo). Juice content ranged from 49.29 (%) (Trifoliate orange) to 54.47 (%) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of fruit production changed from 12 (Kg /tree) (Flying dragon) to 83(Kg /tree) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total carotenoid varied from 0.12 (Murcott) to 0.15(Orlando tangelo, Sour orange, Flying dragon) (mg/gr DW). Among the six rootstocks evaluated, Orlando tangelo demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars, pH, TSS, TSS/TA, juice, ascorbic acid and carotenoids. As an outcome of our investigation, we can express that the rootstocks can affect the amount of sugars, acids andcarotenoids of fruit.

Studies have shown that oxygenated compounds and TSS/TA are important for beverage and food industries. It seems that Citrus rootstocks have a profound influence on oxygenated compounds and TSS/TA. The aim of this research is to identify rootstock that can synthesize the maximum level of oxygenated compounds and TSS/TA. Peel oil was extracted using mechanical presses and eluted using n-hexane. Finally compounds were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Total soluble solids were determined using a refractometer. Twenty-seven, twenty-five and twenty-three compounds were identified in Sour orange, Swingle citromelo and Troyer citrang rootstocks, respectively. Limonene (92.87% to 93.16) and myrcene (1.57% to 1.79%) were the main compounds. Among the three rootstocks studied, Swingle citromelo demonstrated the maximum level of oxygenated compounds and TSS/TA. As a result of our research, we can express that the rootstocks can affect the amount of oxygenated compounds and TSS/TA.

One way of the increasing saline tolerance in citrus plants is grafting of sensitive commercial cultivars on to tolerant rootstocks. Sweet lime (Citrus limetta) is one of the most sensitive species to salinity of soil and water, and under such conditions, drastic reduction of both vegetative and yield occured. This reaserch was conducted in completely randomaized design with factorial arrangement and four replications in order to study the effect of salinity and different rootstocks namely: Sour orange(C. aurantium), Sweet lime(C. limetta), Mexican lime( C. aurantifolia), Volkameriana(C. volkameriana) and Bakraii(C. reticulata  C. limetta) on concenreation of micro elements in sweet lime leaf. Four levels of salinity imposed were: 0, 20, 40 and 60 mili mole L-1 NaCl. Results showed that rootstock had significant effects on leaf concentration of micro elements and under salinity treatments different changes were occurred in concentration of micro elements among rootstocks. Generally concluded that, Volkamer lemon, and to some extent Bakraii, could induce salinity tolerance in Sweet lime scion. Key words: Rootstock, Salinity, Micro elements, Sweet lime

Graham, J . H. 1995. Root regeneration and tolerance of citrus rootstocks to root rot caused by Phy1opl11hora nicotianae. Phytopathology 85: 111117. Citrus rootstock cultivars varying in tolerance to fibrous root rot were evaluated for their ability to regenerate roots in the presence of potentially damaging populations of Phytophthora nicotianae. In chlamydospore­ infested soils in the greenhouse, tolerance to root rot generally was exhibited as more rapid growth of undisturbed and pruned roots of the rootstocks trifoliate orange and Swingle citrumelo compared with Carrizo citrange, sour orange, Ridge Pineapple sweet orange, and Cleopatra man­ darin. The capacity for regeneration of Volkamer lemon roots in the presence of P. nicotianae varied with experiments and was associated with differences in greenhouse temperature conditions. In a field trial with damaging populations of P. nicotianae, growth rates of regenerating Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (syn. P. parasitica Dastur.) infects the root cortex and causes a decay of fibrous roots of all commercial citrus rootstocks in Florida (2, I0 , 11). Root rot can be especially severe in infested soils of citrus nurseries (2 1). In orchards, damage of fibrous roots causes tree decljne and yield losses (14,15, 17). With mature trees, the production of new fibrous roots apparently does not keep pace with root death, and the tree is unable to maintain adequate water and mineral uptake to sustain maximum fruit production (14). Rootstocks are referred to as tolerant rather than resistant because fibrous roots become infected under artificial inoculations (5,6,10) and in infested nursery and orchard soils (2). Tolerance was previously defined as the condition in which plants are infected but show little or no net root loss either because infected roots do not rot or because root mass density is maintained by root regeneration ( 10). Recent greenhouse evaluations with chlamydo­ spore inoculum in soil revealed that most commercial rootstocks in Florida were intolerant to root rot caused by P. nicotianae ( 10). In contrast, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) and its hybrid, Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. X P. trifoliata), were considered tolerant. Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Pasq.) was judged as intermediate in tolerance. In greenhouse inoculations, tolerance of trifoliate orange and Swingle citrurnelo appeared to be related to the capabiUty of these rootstocks to regenerate roots in the presence of P. nicotianae (10). In Florida rootstock trials, trifoliate orange and Swingle citru­ melo supported lower soil populations of P. nicotianae, whereas intolerant rootstocks had higher population densities in the soil of the root zone (2), here defined as rhizosphere populations.

The objective of this study was to scrutinize the possible relation of the applied N form with the alleviation of salt stress effects on two citrus rootstocks, C. aurantium and P. trifoliata. One-year-old trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) plants were irrigated with nutrient solutions containing three forms of nitrogen (NO3 --N, NH4 +-N, and their combination). At the end of the experiment (57 days), it was ascertained that sour orange exhibits higher dry matter weight of leaves and roots compared to trifoliate orange. The dry matter weight of the roots and stems of sour orange is not greatly affected by the addition of NaCl, while the concentration of N in its leaves increases due to the increasing NaCl rate. The application of NaCl led to an increase in the absorbed quantity of N and a reduction in the quantity of K and P, which was taken in by both genotypes. At the same time, an increase in the K use efficiency was noted. As far as photosynthetic parameters are concerned, these exhibited their highest values when administering NO3 --N to trifoliate orange and NH4 +-N to sour orange without NaCl. On the whole, the combination of NO3 --N and NH4 +-N favored the plant tissue weight and N content of the leaves in both genotypes when NaCl was added.

G. PANGGABEAN & A. TRI SUNARTO. 1985.The effect of fruit maturity of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and lime (C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swing, on vitamin C content. Berita Biologi 3(3):101 - 103. - The effect of fruit maturity on vitamin content were studied on sour orange (C. aurantium) and lime (C. aurantifolia}.In sour orange,vitamin C content of 13-16 weeks were 24-25 mg/100 ml. However, the content of vitamin C decreased according to the maturity of the fruits which at the stage of 26 weeks reached 11.68 mg/100 ml.The vitamin C of lime at the age of 16 - 19 weeks were 8.50 - 9.14, mg/100 ml. The fruits of 25 weeks old contained 26.50 mg/100 ml of the vitamin C. The fruits became over ripe and rotted after 25 weeks.

Chloride and sodium excluding capacities of citrus rootstock germplasm introduced to Australia from the People's Republic of China

The research was conducted during two seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, at the Scientific Research Center in Lattakia-Syria, where the cross between Sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and Trifoliate orange. The first season was (Sour orange ♂ × Cleopatra mandarin ♀) and (Cleopatra mandarin ♂ × sour orange ♀) and (sour orange ♂ × trifoliate orange ♀), and the crossing in the second season was (Trifoliate orange ♂ × Sour orange ♀), and (Trifoliate orange ♂ × Cleopatra mandarin ♀). The plants of the first generation F1 were exposed to calcareous stress according to two methods. The first one for a long term (two years) method was grown in plots containing 15% and 35% Calcium Carbonate and the control free of Calcium Carbonate for the first cross, and the second one short term (two months) by watering method was with a solution of 1 mol and 2 mol of Calcium Carbonate for the second cross. The indicators of proline and chlorophyll A, B and T were measured in the first-generation individuals, once at the beginning of the experiment and a second time at the end of study. Seven SSR primers were used to identify sexual individuals, five primers were able to identify sexual F1 individuals are CSM13, CSM17, CSM147, CSM18 and TAA27, F1 individuals in the first season (mixture experiment) gave high values of chlorophyll and were tolerant to calcareous stress from crossing Cleopatra mandarin and Sour orange, where they did not show a deterioration in chlorophyll, but rather increased chlorophyll values, and the Trifoliate orange hybrids were sensitive to this stress, and in the watering experiment the F1 showed significant deterioration in Chlorophyll in all seedlings, and symptoms of Lime-induced chlorosis appeared on the more sensitive seedlings.

Carrizo citrange was the most tolerant citrus rootstock to B-deficiency and some physiological performance could be attributed to the decreased mineral nutrient concentrations caused by B-deficiency. Boron (B) is an essential microelement for normal growth and development in vascular plants, and adequate B nutrition is crucial for agricultural production. Although citrus plants are not classified as the most sensitive species to B-deficiency, the occurrence of B-deficiency has been reported in the major citrus producing countries of the world, including the east and south of China. In this study, in order to evaluate the effects of B-deficiency on plant growth, root-morphological traits, B and other nutritional responses of citrus rootstock and to investigate the relationship between this physiological performance and mineral nutrients seven common rootstock seedlings, including Trifoliate orange (TO), Carrizo citrange (CC), Chongyi tangerine (CT), Red tangerine (RT), Cleopatra mandarin (CM), Fragrant citrus (FC), and Sour orange (SO), were treated by B-deficiency (0 mg L−1) or moderate B (0.25 mg L−1). All the seedlings were grown in hydroponics situation with modified 1/2-strength Hoagland’s solution under greenhouse conditions for 10 weeks. The results showed that B-deficiency inhibited the growth and development of all tested citrus rootstocks, but substantial differences were observed among these rootstocks. Different visible symptoms were observed both in the leaf and root. Corking of the leaf veins and leaf yellowing symptoms were observed on all rootstock genotypes except on CC, which exhibited a little discoloration at the end of the experiment. In addition, root growth of the citrus seedlings were also decreased by B-deficiency, but the decreases were more obvious in TO and FC. It was worth noting that B-deficiency inhibited lateral root growth and development more significantly than tap root, but not in lateral root initiation. The different performance of these rootstock genotypes indicated that CC was the most tolerant while TO was the most sensitive to B-deficiency. In addition, under B-deficiency conditions, not only the B concentration, but also the other mineral nutrient concentrations were influenced, especially in Mg, Fe and Mn. This change in nutrient concentrations might partly contribute to the seedlings’ physiological performances under B-deficiency.

The rootstock plays a crucial role in the fruit tree. For several decades, sour orange (<i>Citrus aurantium</i> L.) has been the most widely used rootstock in citrus cultivation. However, the spread of the <i>Tristez</i>a virus (CTV) has prevented the use of sour orange rootstock in new plantings in many areas because it is sensitive to CTV. The objective of this experiment was to study the vegetative, productive, and fruit qualitative performance of six graft combinations obtained from grafting Brasiliano N.L. 92 onto <i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> (L.) Raf. (PT); Flying dragon [<i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> (L.) Raf. cv. Monstrosa] (FD); Citrange Carrizo [<i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck × <i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> (L.) Raf.] (CC); Citrange C35 [<i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck, cv. Ruby's <i>poncirus trifoliata</i> (L.) Raf., cv. Webber Fawcett] (C35); Citrange Troyer [<i>Citrus sinensis</i> (L.) Osbeck × <i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> (L.) Raf.] (CT); and Swingle Citrumelo [<i>Citrus paradisi</i> Macf. <i>Poncirus trifoliata</i> (L.) Raf.] (SC). Sampled fruits were assessed for biometric measures, maturation index, and nutraceutical parameters. At 225 days after full bloom (DAFB), the oranges were harvested and the number and weight of fruit per tree were determined. The differences were recorded, and statistical analysis showed that each of the six combinations had specific characteristics. Particular attention must be given to the combination B92/FD; despite the fruit being smaller, it showed better organoleptic and nutraceutical results. For the lower yield per tree higher density of planting is required compared to the other rootstocks. The cost of planting a higher number of trees using the B92/FD graft combination at planting time can be justified for an orange cultivar that guarantees high income, such as the Brasiliano 92 cultivars.

The research was carried out in a lath-house at Karbala certified citrus nursery/Department of Horticulture/Kerbala Agriculture Directotae, Hindiyah District, for the season 2022, starting from 1/3 to 1/11, to study the effect of spraying with Nano-selenium and water types for irrigation water on some anatomical and chemical characteristics of three citrus rootstocks. The experiment was three factors Split- Split Plot Design in R.C.B.D. The main plot was two types of water: river water and well water, sub-plot was three Citrus rootstocks, Sour orange, Volcamariana and Lime seedlings, while the sub-sub-plot included Spraying Nano selenium at a concentration of 0, 1, and 2 mg L-1. The result showed that the spraying with Nano-selenium at 2ml L-1 resulted in higher cuticle thickness, CHO%, proline acid, ABA hormone and Glutathione GSH. However, Nano-selenium and water quality did not show much effect on the average number of stomata in the leaves. For the water types, it showed that the irrigation with well water resulted in higher cuticle thickness, plant content of proline acid, ABA hormone and Glutathione GSH). Among the rootstocks, the Sour orange had the highest in plant content of proline acid, ABA hormone and Glutathione GSH, while Lime rootstock was the best in number of leaf stomata and CHO%, as the rootstocks didn’t differ in leaf cuticle thickness. The best results for the most indicators under study were obtained in the presence of Nano-selenium 2 mg L-1 where interacted with well water and Sour orange. Lime rootstock seedlings performed better with river water. This study showed that applying Nano- selenium 2 mg L-1 can be the best choice to improve seedlings growth and to enhance seedling tolerance to well water salinity.

Ten-year tests in 8 locations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley showed that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock grew very poorly on heavy clay soil; trees on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) were much less affected. Trees propagated from a single mother tree of an old-line red grapefruit selection on Swingle citrumelo were stunted and had severe bud union crease, whereas trees propagated from a nucellar California Experiment Station (CES) #3 ‘Redblush’ source were large and productive. Old-clone trees on sour orange also were smaller than CES #3 ‘Redblush’ trees, but showed no bud union crease.

In this study, the response of selected almond cultivars on different rootstocks under drought stress base on Morpho-physiological traits using a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was investigated. The experimental was carried out at the Temperate Fruit Research Center of Horticultural Sciences Research Institute (HSRI) in 2016. The factors included cultivars in five levels (Supernova, Texas, Marcona, Shokoufeh and K13-40), rootstocks in three levels: GF-677, GN-22) (Peach × almond hybrids) and seedlings of bitter almond No.32 (Somewhat resistant to drought stress) and drought stress in four levels: irrigation intervals of 3 (control), 5, 10 and 15 days. The factors such as leaf abscission, leaf area (LA), cell membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) and chlorophyll content index (CCI), minimal fluorescence (<em>F₀</em>), maximal fluorescence (<em>F_m</em>), variable fluorescence (<em>F_v</em>) and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (<em>F_v</em>/<em>F_m</em>) were measured. The results showed that the interaction between the cultivar and the rootstock for <em>F0 </em>and for CCI was significant at 1% level. Interactions of cultivar and drought stress were significant for <em>F_m</em> and <em>F_v</em> at the 5% level and for CCI, <em>F₀</em>, <em>F_v</em>/<em>F_m</em> at the 1% level. Interactions of rootstock × drought were significant for CCI, <em>F₀</em>, <em>F_v</em>/<em>F_m</em> at the 1% level. Drought decreased <em>F_v</em> with increasing <em>F₀</em> and decreasing <em>F_m</em>, in the evaluated cultivars and reduced the <em>F_v</em>/<em>F_m</em> in sensitive cultivars on seedling rootstock and GN-22 from 0.82 to 0.66 but in resistance cultivar Shokoufeh on GF-677 was from 0.818 to 0.789. As a general result, all of the cultivars on the GF-677 rootstock showed greater resistance to drought stress, and Shokoufeh and Marcona cultivars, especially on the GF-677 rootstock, tolerated drought stress better, and these combinations of rootstock - scion were superior to present experiment.

Seven citrus rootstocks of commercial importance in Florida were evaluated for their tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Six-month-old seedlings were planted in soil artificially infested with chlamydospores at 0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 propagules of Phytophthora parasitica per cm 3 of soil. For all rootstocks, at 6 wk after inoculation there was little increase in disease rating with an increase in inoculum density above 1 propagule/cm 3 . Disease severity at the higher inoculum densities was significantly greater for the susceptible rootstocks (sour orange, Ridge Pineapple sweet orange, Cleopatra mandarin, and Carizzo citrange) than for the tolerant rootstocks (trifoliate orange and Swingle citrumelo) (...)

Because of the everyday use of power generators in Iraq, which exist in residential neighborhoods, it is necessary to study the impact on soils and plants surrounding areas of those generators. Lead is one the most heavy metals released especially, as a result of the combustion of diesel fuel during operation of the powered generators. However, a study was conducted to investigate the lead concentration in soils and Bitter orange leaves affected by powered generators. Forty-eight soil s and sixteen plant samples were collected nearby and around the powered generators. It was found that soil and plant samples that fall under the influence of more than one generator exhibit higher concentration of lead than the soil and plant samples collected from the sites affected by one generator only, also the geographical location of the area in terms of the proximity of other pollutants, such as roads and factories in addition to the movement of wind are all factors that affect the concentration of lead in the soil and thus in the plant located there.