Проектирование сбалансированных кормов для индустриальной аквакультуры с применением протеиновых гидролизатов побочного рыбного сырья

The article is devoted to the study of the state and prospects for the development of the feed industry market in Ukraine. The main reasons for the unstable activity of subjects of compound feed production, such as the high sensitivity of the market to changes in the grain industry, the limitation of the available raw material base, the lack of high-tech production in the necessary volumes, the constant increase in costs for the production of compound feed products, the insufficient development of the market infrastructure, the lack of sufficient solvent demand. The war in Ukraine affected the demand for compound feed products, production, sales, and logistics. The article provides statistical data of the Ukrainian market in 2022–2023 on the volume of compound feed production and the prices of compound feed components, namely grain and oil crops. Considering the export problems in Ukraine, raw materials are competitive in price policy. This situation is favorable for the Ukrainian production of compound feed, which, in turn, allows to increase the production of animal husbandry products . State influence in the direction of vertical integration makes it possible to control the beginning of the production chain, primarily grain producers to ensure the sale of agricultural products, protection from price fluctuations in raw materials markets, and flexible response to consumer requests. State stimulation of research and innovation , such as providing financial support and incentives for research in the field of compound fodder production, will contribute to the development of new technologies , improvement of feed quality, and increased competitiveness . To date, compound feed producers have overcome infrastructure challenges associated with the loss of logistics chains, damaged businesses, and demonstrated positive development trends and sustainable economic performance.

The article presents the results of a systematic approach to optimizing poultry feed formulations using amaranth—a highprotein, nutritious, and promising crop. In the face of challenges brought about by military actions affecting Ukraine’s agricultural sector, the efficient use of resources and reduction of livestock production costs have become particularly relevant. One possible way to improve the feed base is to incorporate alternative protein components into compound feeds, particularly amaranth press cake, which possesses antimicrobial properties and high digestibility. The aim of the study was to develop balanced starter compound feeds for different types of poultry (broilers, ducks, and laying hens) using amaranth press cake. To achieve this goal, the physicochemical properties of the main ingredients (amaranth, soybean, sunflower, and amaranth press cakes) were determined, optimized feed formulations were developed using specialized software, and laboratory samples of the compound feeds were produced. Their physical properties (moisture content, bulk density, flowability, angle of repose) and chemical composition (protein, fat, fiber, macroelements, and amino acid content) were assessed. The results indicate that amaranth press cake has suitable physicochemical properties for use in compound feed production and contains a significant amount of lysine, arginine, threonine, and other essential amino acids. Compared to soybean and sunflower press cakes, amaranth has a lower protein content but offers advantages in terms of cost, availability, and environmental sustainability of cultivation. The developed formulations comply with feeding standards for the respective poultry groups, ensure balanced nutrition, and can serve as an effective alternative to traditional protein sources. Thus, the use of amaranth press cake as a component of poultry feed not only enhances the economic efficiency of production but also contributes to the greening of livestock farming and the improvement of product quality under conditions of reduced or complete elimination of antibiotics in feeding.

The paper raises problems of production of domestic compound feed for valuable fish species. The following representatives of valuable fish species are reared in the Republic of Belarus: rainbow trout, sterlet sturgeon, sturgeon, European and African catfish. All these types need high-quality and inexpensive compound feeds. Production of such feed is developing in our country. All the feeds for valuable fish species are extruded in the modern world. A range of raw materials has been studied that can be used as part of compound feeds for valuable fish species, such as Belarusian made fish meal, dry hemoglobin, soy concentrate, and whey fat concentrate. It has been determined that Belarusian fishmeal is of high quality and not inferior in balance to the amino acid composition of imported fishmeal made in Mauritania, and in terms of leucine and isoleucine level, over 2 times exceeds the imported one. Amino acid composition of dry hemoglobin was studied. It was determined that this feed additive can be used only for balancing feed for crude protein level and practically does not contain such an important essential amino acid as methionine. Valuable fish species are predators, for this reason compound feed contain high amount of protein (up to 50 %) and fat (up to 30 %) depending on the type and age of the fish. Therefore, soy protein concentrate can be used in terms of protein content and absence of anti-nutritional substances in compound feed, and whey-fat concentrate can be used for balancing the formulation for fat content. At the same time, the need for development of such deep processing industry in our republic is noted.

As the population increases, the problem of meat production will grow. An alternative method of solving this problem is growing broiler chickens; however, with this technology, the question of protein content and available amino acids in poultry feed remains open. Vermiculture biomass can be an inexhaustible source of protein for broiler chickens feeding. Under the vivarium of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, worms were grown on a substrate containing poultry droppings with litter fermented by an accelerated method with the participation of a destructor. Therefore, the work aims to establish the effect of such vermiculture biomass on productivity and protein metabolism in the body of broiler chickens. For this purpose, the broiler chickens of the research groups were fed with compound feed with a content of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 % of vermiculture biomass. Poultry compound feed from the control group did not contain worm biomass. At the end of the experiment, the bird's body weight was recorded, the absolute and average daily gains were determined, and the indicators of protein accounting in the liver of broiler chickens were determined. It has been established that the body weight of broiler chickens varies depending on the content of vermiculture biomass in compound feed. Using a low dose of worms in the feed did not make it possible to obtain a statistically significant increase in the body weight of broiler chickens. By adding 3.0 and 4.5 % vermiculture biomass to the compound feed, the body weight of broilers increases by 3.5 and 3.7 % compared to the index of birds that were not fed worms. It was found that the absolute and average daily growth of broiler chickens that consumed compound feed containing 3.0 and 4.5 % vermiculture biomass increased by a statistically significant amount. It has been proven that using vermiculture biomass affects the protein metabolism indicators in broiler chickens' livers. In the liver of broiler chickens, which were fed with compound feed with a content of 3.0 and 4.5 % of vermiculture biomass, a tendency to an increase in the total protein content and a statistically significant increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was established. In the liver of broilers, which were fed with compound feed with a content of 3.0 and 4.5 % of worm biomass, a tendency to increase the content of total and protein total groups was revealed.

The cost of compound feed is a constraint in intensive fish and poultry farming, contributing 60-80% of the total production costs, 70% of which is due to fish and soy meal used as protein source. This review presents the extent to which insects have been utilised as an alternative protein source in feed in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A key word search of agricultural, biological and multi-disciplinary databases and academic search engines was conducted for literature on the extent of research and utilisation of insects in poultry and fish feed in SSA. There is limited published information on the practice as well as technical and economic feasibility of the use of insects as alternative protein ingredients in compound feed. This is likely because research on the subject is fairly recently initiated and yet to be published. Excluding South Africa, rearing, processing and use of insects is still at experimentation level at laboratory scale. Insects (grasshoppers, house fly maggots, Westwood larvae, termites and garden snail) meal replaced conventional protein sources by 10-100% without affecting the growth performance of fish and poultry. In some cases, insect based feed performed better than conventional feed. Nutritional composition data of insects published for SSA majorly focused on proximate composition and not characterisation of the nutritional quality. Several research and development projects on the technical and economic feasibility, social acceptability and potential social-economic impact are ongoing and expected to increase available data when completed. Published research confirms the potential of insects for use in poultry and fish production systems and mass production and processing of target insects is the next necessary step. Based on available and ongoing research, piloting and up-scaling the use of insects as alternative protein sources in animal feed in partnership with private sector in SSA is necessary. This will confirm and enhance the technical and economic feasibility of using of insects as an alternative protein source on a commercial scale.

Based on marketing research, it has been proven that aquaculture is one of the fastest growing branches of food production in the world. The main method of increasing fish productivity in ponds is fish feeding, which is an objective reality with high intensification of fish farming. With the intensification of production processes, the role of feeding is constantly increasing, and the cost of feeding in the cost price of fish is about 40% and has an upward trend. In this connection, the problem of rational feed use becomes extremely important. It is justified that the use of high-quality feed and feed additives in the diet of fattening animals significantly increases the productivity and profitability of the operation of livestock, poultry, and fish farms. 160 factories are engaged in the compound feeds production in Ukraine, the production capacity of which is 7.5 million tons per year. The specified indicator should be realistically increased to 15 million tons of finished products per year. It is established that we will need to produce 60 percent more food by 2050 to feed the world's 9.3 billion people according to estimates compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Therefore, animal protein production is expected to increase with this increase. According to IFIF estimates, the world production of compound feeds has reached more than 1 billion tons per year. Top 10 countries in world compound feed production in 2021–2022 are presented (according to Alltech Agri-Food Outlook 2023). The structure of compound feeds production by types of agricultural animals and poultry in the world in 2022 is summarized. It is proved that the production of fish compound feeds continues to grow in all the world regions. In the world (as well as in Ukraine), fishing and aquaculture play and will play a significant role in the coming centuries in ensuring the food security of the global population. It is necessary to make changes in policy, management, stimulate innovation and investment to the industry to ensure the food security of the planet through fisheries and aquaculture. It is established that the world volume of aquatic bioresources production is constantly growing and in 2022 reached the value of 176 million t/year. More than 150 million tons of aquatic biological resources were used for human consumption. In the conditions of the formation of market relations, against the background of significant costs for feed, feeding fish should be based on careful calculations, the logical conclusion of which should be economic expediency. On the basis of the marketing research of the situation on the market of feed supplements, a shortage of protein vitamin supplements and complete feeds for domestically produced fish was revealed. The restraining factors for the use of foreign supplements are their cost and interruptions in supply.

The production of compound feed meets the needs of industrial livestock and poultry farming (one of the main sectors of the agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan) for all age groups and species. The most important strategic task of the industry is to ensure the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products. This can be achieved by mastering highly effective technological and technical innovations in the production of compound feed, which make up a significant part of the costs in the cost of production due, for example, to the use of a large number of mechanisms, devices and equipment. A serious expense item is the acquisition of modern models of high-performance technological equipment to meet the needs of the largest agroindustrial companies with an expanded range of products, with existing capacities for the production of feed for livestock.

The importance of energy efficiency has increased significantly in recent years. By rising commodity prices and energy costs for electric and thermal energy the compound feed plants are forced to improve their processes. Significant savings are expected in the material changing refining stages. This paper, at first, gives an overview about the characteristics in the compound feed production, followed by the analysis of high energy consumption. There after followed a description of the uncertainties in the compound feed production. The next chapter demonstrates the efficient control of the compound feed production process.

ABSTRACTBiostimulant use is a promising agricultural strategy to maintain yield while decreasing mineral fertilisers and pesticides. Whereas the positive effect of protein hydrolysates (PH) on growth and yield has already been described, the underlying processes are not well understood. To better identify and characterise the physiological and molecular targets of PH, we first carried out in vitro experiments using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. PH stimulated Arabidopsis root growth in a dose‐dependent manner, with high concentrations inhibiting growth. After having determined a stimulating PH concentration, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. We observed that PH application increased amino acid levels in the plants, including a high level of glutamine, although it was only present in trace amounts in PH. These results suggest that amino acids are taken up and metabolized in the plant. PH also had a profound impact on the Arabidopsis transcriptome, with genes involved in nitrate and amino acid transport and assimilation showing a clear up‐ and down‐regulation, respectively. For example, the expression of the high‐affinity nitrate transporter NRT2.1 (NITRATE TRANSPORTER 2) was decreased, and consistently high‐affinity nitrate uptake and the development of lateral roots were diminished. The PH contained high levels of branched amino acids, which are known to induce the TOR kinase activity, a major driver of growth. Finally, high‐throughput phenotyping also showed that PH supply increased shoot growth. In conclusion, our findings show that PH has a clear and robust effect on Arabidopsis growth, but also on the transcriptome, metabolite levels, and physiological processes like nitrogen metabolism.

ObjectiveThis research determined the chemical composition and the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in whole yeast and autolyzed yeast derived from sugarcane ethanol production fed to growing pigs.MethodsSix growing pigs were randomly allocated in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods of 7 days each, resulting in a total of 6 experimental replications. Three assay diets were formulated using whole yeast, autolyzed yeast, or soybean meal as the sole sources of dietary CP and AA. Pigs were allowed to adapt to the assay diets for 5 days. Thereafter, ileal digesta samples were collected continuously for 8 hours on days 6 and 7.ResultsThere was no difference in the chemical composition between whole yeast and autolyzed yeast, but whole yeast had low digestibility of CP and AA due to the presence of a rigid cell wall. As conducting autolysis can induce cell wall damage, the AID and SID of CP and AA were greater in autolyzed yeast than in whole yeast.ConclusionThe information obtained on the SID of CP and AA in both yeast products can be used for the accurate estimation of the bioavailability of CP and AA in feed formulations. The yeast products derived from sugarcane ethanol production are an alternative protein source in pig diets.

Edible insects as an alternative protein source have gained consumers' attention, leading to new market possibilities. Several investigations have generated and characterized ingredients from insects and assessed their potential application in food, feed, and their biological potential. Insects are a rich source of protein, ranging from 30% to 65%. Insect derived ingredients show great potential to be added to food products. Protein isolates or concentrates, protein hydrolysates and peptides are obtained from edible insects using different methods. Insect protein techno-functional properties include water and oil-holding capacity, emulsifying, solubility and gelling properties. Depending on protein techno-functional properties, food applications can be designed to improve their development in the formulated food. Nowadays, several commercially available food and feed products are formulated including insect ingredients. However, research related to insect-derived peptides biological potential is limited. In-depth biological assays are needed to understand the potential health benefits of insects bioactive components. Potential future research could focus on the technological properties of insect proteins, oriented to the physicochemical interactions with food matrices, including sensory quality, texture and rheological properties of new food products.

There has been a quest for novel and alternative protein sources in pet nutrition due to product diversification, need for novel and single protein diets, and concerns with sustainability. However, limited information on chemical composition and amino acid (AA) digestibility of these ingredients are available. The novel protein sources tested are of aquatic and reptile species, and include fish slurry, white fish, spirulina, eel, salmon, and rattlesnake. We determined the chemical composition and applied the cecectomized rooster model to estimate standardized AA digestibility of these protein sources. The ingredients were further assessed by calculation of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like). Dry matter values were similar across all proteins and ranged from 91.3% to 99.4%. Crude protein was least in salmon (43.5%) and greatest in fish slurry and spirulina (72.5% and 72.8%, respectively). Rattlesnake produced the least amount of total fat at 1.8% and eel produced the most at 32.3%. Standardized AA values were >80% for both dispensable and indispensable AA in all protein sources. For DIAAS-like calculations, reference proteins were based on nutrient profiles of the Association of American Feed Control officials (AAFCO) nutrient profile and the National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances for adult dogs and cats at maintenance. Using these references, rattlesnake was low quality for both dogs and cats. Fish slurry and spirulina were observed to be high quality for dogs and cats using AAFCO references and high quality in only cats using NRC references. Using the NRC reference for dogs, fish slurry and spirulina were determined to be moderate quality because the first-limiting AA in fish slurry (tryptophan) was 78% and first-limiting AA in spirulina (methionine) was 63%. Scores < 100% but >50% are considered moderate quality according to the DIAAS method.

In order to evaluate the high-value application of squid by-products yielded hydrolysate, the process of preparation and purification technology, chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate were investigated. The optimal conditions of papain hydrolysis were obtained by single-factor experiments and orthogonal test with the DPPH• scavenging ratio as index, amino acid composition was analysed by automatic amino acid analyzer, the hydrolysate was isolated with a Sephadex G-25 column. Based on single-factor experiments, the hydrolysate with the DPPH• scavenging ratio being 53.96 % was gained under the optimal condition of enzymolysis temperature of 45 °C, enzymolysis time of 3 h, total enzyme dose of 1.2 %, and the pH value of 7. The protein content of the hydrolysate reached up to 17.53 %, and the essential amino acids were accounted for 51.06 % of total amino acids. The largest content amino acid was glutamic acid, which accounted for 10.74 % of total amino acids. Compared with the amino acid profiles recommended by FAO/WHO, the quality of the protein hydrolysate was high, as it was rich in essential amino acids, including isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine and cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine, which covered 88 %-100 % of the FAO/WHO recommended. The hydrolysate was divided into three fractions (F1-F3) using a Sephadex G-25 column, the F1 possessed the highest antioxidation activity with the reducing power, •OH and DPPH• scavenging ratio being 0.236, 18.13 % and 63.85 % at the concentration of 5 mg/mL. Compared with the retention time of the reduced glutathione chromatomap, the relative molecular mass of F1 was higher than 307, F2 and F3 was lower than 307. The result revealed that the protein hydrolysate from squid by-products by papain had strongly antioxidant capacity in vitro and high nutrition, and this finding provided a new way of advanced exploitation of squid scrap resources.

It is known that fodder production is one of the main branches of agriculture, the growth rate of which determines the development of livestock breeding and contributes to increasing the competitiveness of its products and solving the problem of livestock food, since the share of fodder accounts for more than half of all costs of livestock production. It is known that the market is experiencing a deficit of feed raw materials with high energy potential for farm animals. This limitation helps to reduce the deficit associated with rising prices for fodder. Therefore, the use of waste oilseeds is reasonable. Utilization of waste oilseeds requires the solution of a number of environmental, economic and technological problems, the most important of which is the creation of energy-efficient environmentally safe integrated technologies of waste processing. Utilization of field wastes of non-traditional oilseed crops to increase the production of mixed fodder for farm animals contributing to the growth of average daily milk yield and reducing feed costs. In this article physical and mechanical parameters, chemical, amino acid composition and microbiological parameters of feed flour from field wastes of sunflower were determined. According to the results, it was found that the feed meal obtained from sunflower field wastes by chemical composition is not inferior to feed grain.

Protein hydrolysates provide a rich source of protein which is useful in situations where excess protein is needed, such as during repair of tissue damage. The consumption of protein hydrolysates has been shown to result in more rapid uptake of amino acids compared with whole proteins or free-form amino acid mixtures and some peptides in hydrolysates exhibit biological activity. Early studies showed that protein hydrolysates are more effectively utilised than intact proteins or amino acids. In addition, they promote a strong insulinotropic effect, which reduces protein breakdown and enhances muscle and tissue uptake of branched-chain amino acids. These effects contribute to benefits of protein hydrolysates for enhancing repair of tissue damage caused by surgery, ulcers, burns and muscle-damaging exercise. While there is evidence that protein hydrolysates may be useful for facilitating tissue repair, additional research is needed to further examine various roles of protein hydrolysates in this process.