Ландратская перепись в системе подворных описаний Петровского времени на примере Воронежского уезда 1716 г.

Background. Pedagogical education in our country has been in the ever reforming process. Being subject to current realities, the nature, goals, and state and public expectations from pedagogical education are to be reviewed. There was a similar process at the break of pedagogical education in Russia. In this regard, historical genesis of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries provides an opportunity to analyze some challenging issues facing the country over the considered period, to specify the patterns for the formation and development of pedagogical education, and to designate the peculiarities thereof. Purpose. The article aims to analyze the formation and development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis is the key research method. In addition, historical-structural, and comparative and contrastive methods were used to conduct a systemic analysis of the development of pedagogical education in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The article is based on the evidence from archival records, research material data, regulatory legal acts, and popular science fiction of the reviewed period. Results. The first extensive actions in the development of pedagogical education in Russia were taken in the 18th century. Since that time and throughout the 19th century, there was a gradual advance in pedagogical education. In addition to the main subjects, there were some disciplines specific to the pedagogical content knowledge (didactics, pedagogy, teaching methods, psychology, etc.) in the curriculum cycle for future teachers. First-ever domestic methodological guidelines for individual subjects emerged in the country. In Russia, there predominately existed male pedagogical education. According to the archival research and literature review, the country experienced an acute teacher shortage during the 19th century. To eliminate it, pedagogical departments were established at district Imperial Universities in Russia in 1804; in 1816, the Main Pedagogical Institute was founded to form the basis for other pedagogical institutions; in 1860, two-year pedagogical courses appeared at the Imperial Universities; in 1876, the issue regarding female pedagogical education was brought up, which led to the creation of the first pedagogical institute for women in 1903. In order to enhance the prestige of the teaching profession in Russia in the 19th – early 20th centuries, the state equated it to the public service, wherein each teaching position corresponded to a certain rank with all the privileges and state support; compensated for the costs of housing, lighting, heating, and educational literature; supported teachers’ families and encouraged childbirth among teachers and lecturers; provided pensions and gave the opportunity to receive awards that granted additional financial support. Having analyzed the problems of developing pedagogical education in the 19th – early 20th centuries, there are similar problems observed in modern Russia. Therefore, nowadays, it is vital to consider the methods and state initiatives for supporting and raising the prestige of the teaching profession of that time. In this regard, the relevance of the presented research is beyond doubt.

One of the main components of the football industry today is its infrastructure. Training facilities, stadiums with stands for spectators, sports bases, retail outlets, museums of various teams and clubs all play key roles in the sport. In Britain, such amenities began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, in continental Western Europe — around the mid-1800s, and in the central and eastern parts of the Old World — even later, at the turn of the 20th century. The development of football infrastructure in Sofia is an illustrative example not only in the context of one city or country, but also for the region as a whole. Since in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the capital of Bulgaria saw the formation of traditions which determined the subsequent development of the city’s sports infrastructure, through this case study we can trace from where the complex of ideas related to establishing suitable sports facilities spread to Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe, how the process of formation and accumulation of knowledge in this specialized sphere unfolded, and how such facilities were actually built. The initiative to set up sports grounds belonged to Bulgarian educational institutions and societies, and such projects were financed by club members. The social groups that played the decisive role in the transfer of knowledge to the sports industry, namely to the construction of football playing grounds, were local youth with the experience of studies abroad and foreign teachers who worked in Bulgaria. The main routes of diffusion of this type of information originated in Switzerland and the Ottoman Empire. It was from these countries that the capital of the Balkan state received knowledge about the existing norms and rules for the construction of football fields. However, unlike in other European cities during this period, the sports infrastructure in Sofia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet become a component of business projects aiming to make a profit from renting out such facilities or from selling tickets to football fans.

An unconstrained statistical matching algorithm for combining individual and household level geo-specific census and survey data

The aim of the article: to find out the role of representatives of different classes and ethnic groups of the population of the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces of the Russian Empire in the development of stationary trade in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, to determine the number and conditions for the functioning of various trading establishments in the region, the level of their profitability. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, retrospective. Main results: it is noted that the trade sphere of activity concentrated in the post-reform period the bulk of business, enterprising people of the southern Ukrainian provinces. At the same time, the number of trading establishments that were in sole ownership or the property of trading houses in the territory of Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces at the end of the 19th century was approximately 19.5 thousand. It was found that representatives of the business circles of the region most often created guild stores that sold manufactory, haberdashery, etc. And the stores of Kherson region had the most significant income among such establishments – 25.9 thousand rubles per year. According to social characteristics, among the merchants of the South of Ukraine in the modern period, there were representatives of the merchant class with a significant margin from others. It is noted that representatives of almost all groups of the multinational population of the South were involved in trading activities, although this primarily concerns Russians, Jews, Germans and Mennonites. At the same time, no doubt, the role of business people of Ukrainian origin was also noticeable in this. One way or another, the entrepreneurial activity of representatives of different ethnic groups of the population of the region was primarily aimed at making a profit, which means that economic interest naturally dominated among all businessmen. Concise conclusions: it is noted that the development of private entrepreneurship in the field of trade played a decisive role in the formation of the capitalist market in the region, the genesis of commodity-money relations in the post-reform period. The practical significance: is to create a proper basis for a systemic reconstruction of the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Originality: the author used a wide range of published (both act and narrative) sources and carried out their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: A regional-sectoral approach to the study of entrepreneurship in the trade sphere of Ukraine in the imperial period is proposed. For the first time, the main directions of business strategies of entrepreneurs of the South in the trade sector at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are presented comprehensively, their class, property and ethnic composition are characterized. Type of article: research article.

Studies on the late Ottoman Empire focues on the evolution of the state from imperial forms of indirect rule to more centralized modern state structures starting with the Tanzimat reforms. The earlier studies attempted to understand this transformation in state stuructures and as a result were more state centered. In the last three decades, more society-centered viewpoints have emerged in which how different social actors and groups responded to the changing state structures. This shift in the focus of scholarship also influenced the way the Rumelian provinces of the Ottoman state was studied. This paper maps different viewpoints on studying the Balkans in late Ottoman Empire and analyzes the recent trends that focus on society-centered analysis of the region and the period. There are some major questions that necessitate attention in the study of the Balkans in the 19th and early 20th century: An important issue is related to the study of the Ottoman state. Shift from state-centered to society centered approaches calls for studying how different social actors and underrepresented groups survived and responded to the centralizing reeforms of the Ottoman state. Therefore, studying different religious and ethnic groups, women and labor became popular topics of historical studies. A second issue is more specific to the Balkans: 19th century was the time of nationalist movements and the foundation of nationstates in the region. The dominant view assumed that the nationalist movements were produced in the West and imitated in Eastern Europe by elite led revolutions. However, in the recent years this Western European understanding has been challenged by studies that focused on internal social, political, cultural and economic dynamics of nationalist movements in the Balkans and questioned the replication of the Western European model. A third issue concerns with historiography. Histories of the Balkan states that have long been written from a natinoalist perpective were isolated from its Ottoman context, that is the formation of the new nation-states and socio-economic and political transformations were seen to take place as a result of elite leadership isolated from the dynamics of the Ottoman empire. The recent scholarship contextualizes the nation-state formation processes in a dialogue with Ottoman history. By providing examples from the scholarship, the paper will discuss changes in scholarship on these three issues related to the history of the Balkans under late Ottoman rule.

Varlaam Shyshatsky (1750-1821) was a prominent figure in the Russian Orthodox Church. In this article, the author’s focus is on his personal library – one of the most substantial book collections in Eastern Europe in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries, which has never been analyzed before. The article not only analyzes the composition of Varlaam Shyshatsky’s library, but also compares this collection with the personal libraries of other figures belonging to the same social group. The analysis is grounded in the broad context of the history of reading and book culture in Europe. Based on a number of criteria, it is concluded that significant changes in the culture of reading took place in the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 18th century – first and foremost the emergence of ‘extensive’ reading and development of a number of new cultural practices among the ‘enlightened elite’. The composition of the library of Varlaam Shyshatsky also attests to the cultural uniqueness of the region and argues in favor of the thesis about the existence of a ‘Ukrainian Enlightenment’ as a phenomenon with national and regional specifics of its own.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

The article is an attempt to show the key moments of the influence of French legal thought on selected legal institutions in Russia in the 19th century. The analysis was carried out based on the main thesis that quite liberal legal solutions of French origin were initially taken into account on the basis of the dynamically developing Francophone movement in the Russian Empire in the 18th and early 19th centuries. They were therefore accepted by the autocratic Russian emperors and the bureaucratic apparatus subordinate to them. However, over time, with the development of new social groups – the Russian intelligentsia – and the local culture, often based on traditional folk factors and concepts, the strength of the Francophone movement was less than before. For this reason, in the second half of the 19th century in autocratic Russia, legislation was quite often based on occidentalist French models, but clearly confronted with traditional solutions, most often affirmed by ukazs of Russian emperors.

Coffee Culture in Dublin: A Brief History

The near-disappearance of vitamin D-deficient rickets from much of the world’s population is a story of sequential victories for keen powers of observation, and for major initiatives in science and public health. In the early 20th century, rickets was one of the most disabling disorders of childhood, causing severe skeletal deformities of the spine and extremities, and growth failure. Pelvic involvement could cause dystocia, leading to neonatal and infant mortality. The conquest of rickets resulted from a remarkable sequence of lessons learned. In 1890, Palm (1) observed that the geographical incidence of rickets was inversely related to the amount of exposure to sunshine. Almost 20 years later, Huldschinsky (2) recognized that the protective effect of sunlight was attributable to its ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and that rickets could be cured by exposure to the UV radiation of a mercury vapour quartz lamp. (I still remember being placed under such a lamp for that purpose as a very young boy – my eyes protected by heavily smoked goggles!). During the same era, Mellanby (3) in the United Kingdom showed that cod liver oil contained an antirachitic factor, which McCollum (4) at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, found to be a fat-soluble substance that he called vitamin D. The accepted prophylactic dose of vitamin D was 400 IU/day, the amount contained in one teaspoon of cod liver oil. Following these discoveries, the widespread supplementation of cow’s milk and infant formulas with vitamin D, legally mandated in many jurisdictions, resulted in the virtual disappearance of rickets from the clinical experience of most paediatricians. Despite this extraordinary triumph of preventive health care, rickets has resurfaced in two contexts – in exclusively breastfed infants and in infants and children who, for geographical or other reasons, have received inadequate exposure to UV light, or whose mothers lacked such exposure. In the latter part of the 20th century, rickets reappeared among infants in population groups where women wore heavy robes, and often veils, virtually precluding exposure to sunshine. In northern Canada, where UV exposure is limited for much of the year, rickets continues to occur in aboriginal populations, as documented by Innes et al (pages 455–458). Finally, Rucker and associates (5) recently documented marked seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a community-dwelling sample of healthy Canadians living in Calgary, with some values falling below the accepted lower limits of normal. The clinical significance of these observations is not yet clear. It is clear that while rickets is no longer endemic, certain populations and individuals are vulnerable to vitamin D insufficiency, regardless of whether the insufficiency progresses to clinical rickets. Whether the current wave of heliophobia to prevent skin cancer may deprive some individuals of sufficient UV exposure to maintain vitamin D sufficiency is an interesting matter for speculation.

Introduction to<i>Visual Arts Research</i>Special Issue, Body Cam: The Visual Regimes of Policing

Finance and Technology Transfer

Statement of the problem. Etienne Ozi stands out as a bassoonist due to his significant creative achievements in various spheres of his multifaceted activities. As a bassoonist soloist, he successfully debuted in the “Concerts Spirituels” and for more than two decades was actively performed in front of Parisians in the best halls of the capital. An equally significant achievement of Ozі as a teacher was the preparation of the first instructional manual for the specialists “Nouvelle m&amp;#233;thode de basson adoptue par le Conservatoire” (1803), which remained the main official publication of the Paris Conservatory for many years. The composer’s work also became an important part of the bassoon repertoire, which was actively used by him and his students in performing and teaching activities. Despite the importance of E. Ozi’s contribution to all spheres of bassoon art, the artist’s multifaceted creative activity still has not been properly assessed by modern researchers and requires a more detailed study. Recent research and publications. Among the works of domestic scientists, there are hardly any publications dedicated to E. Ozi’s creative activity. An outstanding Ukrainian musician, teacher and scientist V. M. Apatsky (2017) in his fundamental reference publication «Bassoon from A to Z» covers only individual episodes of the musician’s biography. The figure of the French artist is considered more deeply by foreign researchers, among which it is necessary to single out the dissertation and monograph of H. E. Griswold «Etienne Ozi (1754–1813): Bassoonist, Teacher, and Composer» (1979), in which E. Ozi’s work is revealed in sufficient detail. However, over the forty-year period of its existence, a certain updating of historical materials took place, which requires clarification and correction of some facts. Among the latest publications, which in one way or another highlight E. Ozi’s work, it is worth mentioning O. Tiffou’s monograph «The French Bassoon in the 19th Century. Theory and Repertoire» (2022) and &amp;#193;. D. Moreno’s thesis «Bassoon Playing in Perspective. Character and Performance Practice from 1800 to 1850» (2013). In each of the studies, the authors partly consider individual aspects of the musician’s creative work according to the chosen research direction. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the study is to identify the main directions of Etienne Ozi’s performance and his role in the process of formation of the French bassoon school of the late 18th – early 19th centuries. The scientific novelty of the paper is determined by disclosing little-known facts of E. Ozi’s performance and his contribution to the formation of the French bassoon school. The study of E. Ozi’s performance required the use of a number of methods, such as historical to reveal the ideological and socio-economic factors of influence of the French Revolution on the development of musical art; historiography analyses to study and interpret musical and critical sources of the 18th century, chronological one to determine the time sequence of E. Ozi’s main concert performances; contextual and biographical approaches to highlight important stages of the artist’s creative work. Research results. The process of becoming Ozi as a performer is related to military brass bands, which, due to the lack of special musical educational institutions in France in the 18th century, remained the only place, where it was possible to learn to play wind instruments. Then, successful bassoon lessons under the leadership of the outstanding German bassoonist G. V. Ritter opened him the door to the concert stage. From 1779, he became an active performer-soloist of the prestigious “Concerts Spirituels” in the royal palaces. After the French Revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy, E. Ozi continued a successful performing and teaching career in the Paris Conservatory, the orchestras of the Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre Italien, Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre Feydeau and Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre de la R&amp;#233;publique et des Arts. An important achievement of the talented musician was a convincing victory in the competition of nominees for the post of soloist of the Grand Op&amp;#233;ra Th&amp;#233;&amp;#226;tre, which allowed him to take the most prestigious place for a bassoonist in France. Conclusion. E. Ozi is one of the first French musicians who presented the bassoon as a solo instrument and created a multi-genre concert repertoire for it. Regular performances at the most prestigious halls of Paris allowed him to confidently occupy a leading positions not only among the French, but also European bassoonists. Active performing activity of E. Ozi and his fruitful teaching practice at the Paris Conservatory had a crucial influence on the development of European bassoon art of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

I Science Around 1800: Cognitive and Social Change.- Some Patterns of Change in the Baconian Sciences of the Early 19th Century Germany.- From Celestial Mechanics to Social Physics: Discontinuity in the Development of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century.- 1802 - "Biologie" et Medecine.- Ontologic Foundation of Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Rationalism.- Hermann von Helmholtz: A Physiological Approach to the Theory of Knowledge.- On "Science as a Language".- The Historical Conditions and Features of the Development of Natural Science in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century.- The Prussian Professoriate and the Research Imperative, 1790 - 1840.- European Natural Science. (The Beginning of the 19th Century).- Science, Knowledge, and the Reproduction of the Social Capacity For Labour.- II Science and Education.- Teaching Method and Justification of Knowledge: C. Ritter - J.H. Pestalozzi.- Possibilities and Limits of the Prussian School Reform at the Beginning of the 19th Century.- Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Curricula in Prussian Grammar Schools During the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries and Their Relation to the Development of the Sciences.- Some Aspects of the Development of Mathematics at the University of Halle-Wittenberg in the Early 19th Century.- Justus Grassmann's School Programs as Mathematical Antecedents of Hermann Grassmann's 1844 'Ausdehnungslehre'.- On Education as a Mediating Element Between Development and Application: The Plans For the Berlin Polytechnical Institute (1817 - 1850).- III Mathematics in the Early 19th Century.- Mathematics and the Moral Sciences: The Rise and Fall of the Probability of Judgments, 1785 - 1840.- Changing Attitudes Toward Mathematical Rigor: Lagrange and Analysis in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.- The Origins of Pure Mathematics.- Mathematical Physics in France, 1800 - 1835.- Mathematics in Germany and France in the Early 19th Century: Transmission and Transformation.- Mathematicians in Germany Circa 1800.- Name Index.- List of Participants.

Introduction. This article presents the results of a study of the collections of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region on the history of the Buddhist tradition of the Kalmyk people in the 19th – early 20th centuries. It also lists the most significant files related to the history of the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyk steppe and analyzes their contents. Materials and Methods. The study utilizes historical-typological, historical-systematic, and statistical research methods. The object of study was a set of archival documents from the 19th – early 20th centuries, including documents related to the history of the Buddhist monastic community of the Kalmyk steppe and its interaction with the Russian state. Results. A significant set of archival documents from the collections of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region, related to the history of the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyk people in the 19th – early 20th centuries, was examined and grouped. The identified files will serve as the source material for the monograph “Lamas of the Kalmyk Steppe in the 19th – early 20th Centuries in the Sociopolitical Life of Southern Russia.” Conclusions. The State Archives of the Astrakhan Region contain a significant volume of records on the history of the Buddhist tradition of the Kalmyk people in the 19th and early 20th centuries, which were identified, attributed, and systematized during the author’s research. The introduction of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region archival materials related to the history of the Buddhist monastic community of the Kalmyk steppe into scholarly circulation will allow for the intensification of Kalmyk studies research based on previously unpublished historical materials.