Учреждения «Торгсин» в бывшей Вятской губернии: органы управления, сеть распространения, результаты деятельности. 1932-1936 гг.

A scientific session of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) took place on 6 October 2010 in the Conference Hall of the Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS (FIAN) on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of founding of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center — All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC–VNIIEF). The agenda of the session announced on the website www.gpad.ac.ru of the RAS Physical Sciences Division listed the following reports: (1) Ilkaev R I (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region). Opening remarks “On the fundamental physics research programs at RFNC–VNIIEF“; (2) Mikhailov A L (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “Hydrodynamic instabilities in various media“; (3) Trunin R F (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “Study of extreme states of metals using shock waves“; (4) Ivanovskii A V (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “Explosive magnetic energy generators and their application in research“; (5) Podurets A M (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “X-ray studies of the structure of matter in shock waves“; (6) Garanin S G (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “High-power lasers in studies of the physics of hot, dense plasma and thermonuclear fusion“; (7) Selemir V D (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “Physics research in ultrahigh magnetic fields“; (8) Mkhitar'yan L S (RFNC–VNIIEF, Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region) “Gasdynamic thermonuclear fusion.“ Articles based on reports 1–7 are published below. An extended version of report 3 written as a review paper will be published in a later issue of Physics–Uspekhi. • Fundamental physics research at the All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics, R I Ilkaev Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 387–392 • Hydrodynamic instabilities, A L Mikhailov, N V Nevmerzhitskii, V A Raevskii Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 392–397 • Extreme states of metals: investigation using shock wave techniques, R F Trunin Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 397–403 • Explosive magnetic generators and their application in scientific experiments, B E Grinevich, V A Demidov, A V Ivanovsky, V D Selemir Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 403–408 • Pulsed X-ray diffraction structure study of shocked materials, A M Podurets Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 408–414 • High-power lasers and their applications in high-energy-density physics studies, S G Garanin Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 415–421 • Research in ultrahigh magnetic field physics, G V Boriskov, A I Bykov, M I Dolotenko, N I Egorov, Yu B Kudasov, V V Platonov, V D Selemir, O M Tatsenko Physics-Uspekhi, 2011, Volume 54, Number 4, Pages 421–427

Postwar changes in the modes of operation of traditional department stores (i.e., branching) have brought them organizationally closer to chains such as Wards, Sears, and Penneys. Consequently, this important segment of retail trade has ex perienced a greatly expanded need for floor management personnel. Specifically reported are department store managers' estimates of the appropriate curricular background for potential managers of store operation. Also reported are managers' evaluations of general success potential in terms of educational preparation. Thus, the aforementioned organization changes require curriculum adjustments that will benefit future managers in traditional department stores.

The study is aimed to establish the relationship between the indicator of the share of expenditures on alcoholic beverages in household final consumption expenditures and the value of the human development index. The object of research is the regions of the Russian Federation. The research is based on methods of the mathematical and statistical analysis of data of UNDP and Rosstat. Alcohol expenditures are decreasing in almost all regions against the background of the growth of the human development index. At the same time, half of the regions with a relatively low human development index have higher spending on alcoholic beverages and vice versa. In the Stavropol Territory and the Ivanovo Region, spending on alcoholic beverages is growing and there is a direct link with the human development index. The leaders in spending on alcoholic beverages are the Rostov Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Kirov Region, the Murmansk Region, Karelia, the Kostroma Region, the Kaluga Region, the Komi Republic, the Khabarovsk Territory, and the Pskov Region. In these regions, except for Komi, against the background of high spending on alcoholic beverages, a relatively low human development index. In St. Petersburg with a high index of development, high expenditures on alcoholic beverages, in Moscow and the Republic of Tatarstan, also with a high human development index, expenditures on alcoholic beverages are average. North Ossetia, Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Chechen Republic have the lowest expenditures on alcoholic beverages among all constituent entities of Russia, but also relatively low human development index indicators. The regions with low expenditures on alcoholic beverages are also the Tambov Region, Novgorod Region, Ryazan Region, Republic of Adygea, Buryatia, Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Altai, Magadan Region, Irkutsk Region, Ulyanovsk Region.

The article provides a brief overview of the history of researching of the lakes of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The research area is located in the west of the Nizhny Novgorod region, and characterized by extremely poor knowledge of the main characteristics, origin and development of lakes. The exploration of morphometric and hydrological characteristics of lakes is solved by instrumental measurements in the field. Consideration of the genesis and evolution of lakes is a more complex issue, and its solution without taking into account the landscape structure of the territory and the specifics of the geological structure, geomorphological, botanical and other characteristics of the host landscape cannot be accepted as a complete logical work. In this article, along with the morphometric and hydrological features of the researched lakes, the modern physico-geographical characteristics of the researched territory are presented, based on the results of the analysis of thematic maps, remote sensing data, statistical and literary data and field researches. Bathygraphic schemes of seven largest and most typical lakes, located on the terraces above the floodplain of the Oka River Valley within the Nizhny Novgorod Region, created, based on the results of field research, are presented. The main morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the researched lakes were calculated and analyzed using GIS. On the basis of morphometric characteristics and taking into account the features of the geological structure, topography, hydrographic network of the territory and vegetation features of the superaqual complex, judgments are made about the genesis of the considered lakes.

The article describes the main stages of the emergence, formation and development of the occupational pathology service in one of the largest industrial regions of Russia and the USSR - the Nizhny Novgorod region. The origin of the service was due to the high industrial potential of the region and the plans of the USSR government to significantly increase it. The materials of the article indicate that the fundamental role in the origin and subsequent development of the occupational pathology service of the Nizhny Novgorod Province belongs to the Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Sofia Israilevna Skundina, who in 1925 headed the newly created professional section of the sanitary department of the Gubzdrav. Thanks to her work and organizational skills, a polyclinic for the study of occupational diseases began functioning in the city of Nizhny Novgorod, in Sormov in 1926. In 1927 the Nizhny Novgorod Vocational Dispensary was organized, which in 1929 was transformed into the Regional Institute for the Study and Control of Occupational Diseases. In 1929-1932 Sofya Izrailevna actively participated in the creation and organization of a network of medical posts at industrial enterprises of the province. In 1931 The Nizhny Novgorod Medical Institute has organized the Departments of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (headed by one of the leading occupational pathologists of the country - Professor I.N. Kavalerov) and the Department of Social Hygiene and Health Organization (founded by S.I. Skundina) and started training of occupational pathologists.

The population census is an important historical source, a statistical tool that enables to obtain objective and comprehensive data on the number and composition of the population in a country or region, which is crucial for forming the national policy, planning economic and social programs. Population censuses are conducted at regular intervals and help government agencies to assess the dynamics of demographic changes, including migration, birth rate, mortality, changes in the educational level and the earning capacity of the population. The information obtained is the basis for the strategic development of educational, health and social infrastructure and affects economic planning and the development of industry and the agricultural sector. The purpose of the undertaken research is to study the data of population censuses in 2002–2021, their statistical processing and elucidation of the dynamics in various aspects of the socio-economic development of Nizhny Novgorod region. The results of the population census make it possible to assess the socio-economic status of different population groups, their age and gender composition, educational level, language and nationality, necessary to formulate an effective state policy aimed at improving the lives of citizens and meeting their needs. Materials and methods. This article is based on studying the complex of All-Russian censuses for the period 2002–2021. When writing this article, data on the state of the population in Nizhny Novgorod region were of particular importance. When preparing the article, first of all, concrete-historical and statistical methods of research were used, mathematical processing of quantitative data was carried out. In the historiographical aspect, the article is notable for its novelty and has practically no predecessors. Research results. The analysis of the data from the population censuses of Nizhny Novgorod region for 2002, 2010 and 2021 revealed a steady decline in the population size, which decreased from 3.524 million to 3.119 million people. The main factors were negative natural increase due to high mortality and low birth rate, as well as intensive migration outflow, especially among young people. At the same time, demographic aging was recorded, expressed in an increase in the proportion of the elderly population. Changes in the educational structure show an increase in the number of people with higher and secondary specialized education, which does not compensate for the loss of the able-bodied population. Conclusions. The study demonstrates that Nizhny Novgorod region is facing serious demographic problems, deepening due to natural decline and migration outflow. Aging of the population and disproportions in its age structure are increasing, despite the increase in the educational level. To stabilize the demographic situation and ensure the economic development of the region, comprehensive measures are needed for labour power intake, for improving the quality of life and supporting socio-economic activity.

BACKGROUND: Domestic and foreign studies have shown the presence of correlations between the prevalence of urolithiasis, anthropogenic factors, and composition of the water consumed by the population. In the Nizhny Novgorod Region, there is a high incidence of urolithiasis; thus, the identification of its causes appears to be an urgent task.
 AIM: To assess the prevalence and identify predictors of the incidence of urolithiasis in the rural population of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Annual reports of patients seeking medical care for urolithiasis for 3 years in 49 central district hospitals and two large regional hospitals were analyzed. The incidence rate of urolithiasis was calculated according to the treatment of patients with urolithiasis also for 3 years in relation to the population of each district. Information about drinking sources was obtained by questioning 800 patients with urolithiasis who were treated at the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital. The chemical composition of drinking water was assessed in accordance with the requirements for drinking water SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. The mineralogical composition of 1000 urinary stones of patients from rural areas of the Nizhny Novgorod Rregion was retrospectively analyzed using a Nicolet iS5 IR-Fourier spectrometer.
 RESULTS: In this study, 38 (77.5%) districts of the Nizhny Novgorod Region have unfavorable conditions for urolithiasis. Moreover, 59.5% of the rural population are using water from underground sources (wells). Significant correlations were found between the incidence of urolithiasis and the chemical composition of the water consumed, particularly water hardness. The analysis of the mineralogical composition of urinary stones showed their polycomponent composition in 89.5% of the cases. Differences in the chemical composition of stones are associated with the environmental factors of the region, one of which is drinking water.
 CONCLUSIONS: Most of the rural population of the Nizhny Novgorod Region is at risk for urolithiasis. Significant differences in the incidence of urolithiasis were dependent on the degree of hardness of the groundwater used for drinking. Increased water hardness is a significant risk factor for the development of urolithiasis.

Arctic Russia is home to more than 90 % of all Long-tailed Ducks in the Clangula hyemalis species from the Western Siberia/Northern Europe population. The main wintering grounds of Long-tailed Ducks are situated in the Baltic Sea. The principal migratory routes of the Long-tailed Duck between the breeding and wintering grounds are relatively well-studied and follow the so-called Norwegian route along the Barents Sea coastline via the Pomorskij Strait, over the Kolguyev Island, the Kaninskij Peninsula and the White Sea. The secondary migration routes are still understudied. It has been determined that a portion of the population regularly migrates through the eastern part of Ukraine and European Russia, including the Komi Republic, the Kirov Region, the Nizhny Novgorod and Perm Regions, and the Republics of Udmurtia, Mari El, and Bashkortostan. Thus, a portion of the population utilises the «Volga-Caspian» migration route. This migration route is not as massive and covers a broad area. Long-tailed Ducks migrate in flocks of 4 to 56 individuals. Sometimes, there may be a higher intensity of migration. It is highly likely that the wintering grounds of these birds are located in the Caspian and Black Seas, where 4-5 thousand Long-tailed Ducks were counted within a relatively small area. A detailed study of all relevant ecological aspects is needed to contribute to the conservation of the Long-tailed Duck.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibilities of evaluating the dielectric parameters of the mammary gland of cows in the diagnosis of mastitis. The study was performed on animals from a number of farms in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions. A total of 269 mature cows were examined, 185 of which were healthy, 53 individuals had subclinical mastitis, and 31 had a clinically manifested form of the disease. The animals were examined once, by instrumental analysis of the dielectric parameters of the tissues of each lobe of the udder of the animal. The study was carried out using a software and hardware complex, which makes it possible to evaluate the dielectric permittivity of a biological object by the method of near-field resonant microwave sensing. As a result of our research, we have for the first time formed a physiological “pattern” of the dielectric permeability of the skin and breast tissues of actively lactating cows, taking into account the features of the morphological structure of the udder at a significant depth of subsurface sounding (20 mm). It was found that the presence of a focus of inflammation (both in the form of subclinical and manifesting mastitis) leads to a significant increase in dielectric constant (by 12.4 and 26.9%, respectively). At the same time, in healthy cows, the hydration level of tissues of various udder lobes is almost uniform, as evidenced by the values of the dielectric gain coefficient close to one. In the case of the formation of a mastitis focus in one or some parts of the udder, uniformity is violated, and the dielectric constant gradient can be up to 31% with a corresponding increase in the developed coefficient.

This study aims to clarify the asset evaluation attributes of imported brands exclusively by department stores based on qualitative study. For the qualitative research, hands-on staff of the branch office who had at least 5 years experience in PB-related positions at one of the four domestic department stores(Lotte, Shinsegae, Hyundai, Galleria), and at least 20 years old adults who had purchased imported brand items exclusively by a certain department store(Shinsegae, Lotte) were included. The asset evaluation attributes of department store-exclusively imported brands were drawn up through the one-to-one in-depth interview method. As a result of qualitative study on the asset evaluation attributes of department store-exclusive importation brands, it turned out that there were 4 factors in view of business entity - stability, profitability, growth potential, and relationship, and that there were 6 factors in view of consumers - product quality, recognition, country of origin, image, preference, and reliability. In comparison with the existing preliminary study, it was notable that relationship in view of business entity, and country of origin in view of consumers were added to the asset elements.

This paper is aimed to generalize and analyze information about endangered wildlife species in the disturbed fen site (comparing the state of surrounding wetlands) to predict their condition during rehabilitation and restoration of the site and subsequent monitoring during successional processes in the wetland ecosystems. The research was carried out on the territory of the Biosphere Reserve of UNESCO “Nizhegorodskoe Zavolzhye” on the example of the Kamskoe–Osinovye Kotly mire, which is a part of the Ramsar wetlands “Kama-Bakaldino Mires” (Nizhny Novgorod region). The area of the mire is about 15,000 hectares. A part of the mire with a total area of 2,770 hectares was drained and disturbed as a result of peat extraction since the 1970s to 1990s. We carried out surveys of flora and vegetation counts of small mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles, butterflies and moths in 2021. Also for the analysis we used research data obtained in 1981-2019. A total of 58 endangered wildlife species listed in the Red Data Book of the Nizhny Novgorod region were registered in the studied territory, 14 species of which were discovered here for the first time. The location of the site which are planned to be restored, in the central part of the mire, surrounded by undisturbed communities is a condition for its successful restoration with the full biota after watering. Secondary watering of the site of former peat mining will not cause damage to endangered wildlife species. To maintain biodiversity and conserve the complex of meadow and semi-forest species we recommend carrying out the haymaking in the open spaces adjacent to the mire on the territory of the projected national park. Also we believe the succession processes in the mire and the endangered wildlife species conditions to have to be controlled.

The article considers the influence of social and economic factors on the level of development of rural areas. These factors can help to assess patterns and dependencies to obtain directions that serve as the basis for further strategic planning in relation to the sustainable development of social infrastructure of rural areas. Methods of factor analysis, monographic method, observation, generalizations were used as the main methods of research. The information base is statistics on Nizhny Novgorod region, regulatory legal acts. The results of analytical assessment of enlarged indicators of rural development in Nizhny Novgorod region are given. The role of national strategy and targeted programs in financing rural development is noted. The article presents the results of parameters’ research of social and economic development, according to residents of municipal districts on the example of Nizhny Novgorod region. The main purpose of the monitoring is to analyze conditions and factors of development requiring the attention of authorities on the first place. The author’s research methodology was based on statistical and economic tools and methods of data analysis. As the result of research, problems of development of municipal districts were identified; key development factors were revealed as the main directions for management decisions.

The article is devoted to the study of the inclusion of citizens in the process of obtaining public services in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to identify the most successful examples of citizen-state interactions in the digital environment. The object is digital platforms. The subject is services developed for such Russian regions as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory, Primorsky Territory. The portals "Active Citizen" (Moscow), "Unified Map of St. Petersburg (ECP)", "Smart Sarov" (Nizhny Novgorod region) were selected as the most illustrative examples. The article also analyzes the materials of a series of non-standardized interviews on the topic "The problem of trust in the digital environment" with representatives of the scientific sphere, public authorities and services, entrepreneurs and practitioners in the field of information technology and expert focus groups on the topic "Features of interaction between the state and the citizen in the digital environment", conducted in 2023-2024. The main difficulties faced by citizens in the process of obtaining electronic public services are identified, as well as the transfer of a number of service functions from platforms to official public and chatbots of regional and municipal authorities.

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the relationship between the body shape of the imago of ground beetles and the structure of vegetation layers in the mixed boreal forest located in the State Natural Biological Sanctuary Pustynsky, Nizhny Novgorod Region. The materials were collected in the July 2019. 23 sampling sites were established. Vegetation was described at each site and ground beetles were sampled. Representatives of 8 carabid genera were found (Amara, Calathus, Carabus, Cymindis, Harpalus, Notiophilus, Pterostichus, Synuchus). Ground beetles shape analysis was carried out with methods of geometric morphometry. As a result of the analysis, a morphospace was formed. The analysis of shape variability was carried out, which showed that interspecific variability prevailed over intraspecific variability. The relationship between ground beetles shape and species structure of vegetation layers was carried out with a multivariate redundancy analysis. We did not find statistically significant influence of the structure of tree and shrub layers on ground beetles shape, but found the impact of the herb layer. A more heterogeneous herbaceous layer is preferred by species with a body shape characteristic of zoophages, and simplification of the structure of herbaceous vegetation leads to the prevailing of mixophytophages shape.

Recently, in the Nizhny Novgorod Region, the number of people with respiratory diseases has increased. This is due to the escalating anthropogenic load and the degradation of the environmental situation. There are a lot of different mechanisms by which air pollutants affect the state of the respiratory system, provoke the development of diseases or their exacerbation, induce disturbances of respiratory function, contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease, aggravate its course and worsen the symptoms. The aim of the work was to identify the correlation between the anthropogenic load index and the incidence of respiratory diseases in the districts of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Using data about environmental zonation and information about the number of cases of diseases, a statistical analysis was carried out using the Pearsons criterion. We have determined that there is a correlation between the number of people with respiratory diseases and the place of residence (cluster according to the anthropogenic load index). The obtained parameters of the Pearsons criterion allowed us to conclude that there is a direct correlation between the features and a high degree of its statistical significance. The results confirm the role of anthropogenic impact as an unfavorable risk factor for the formation of respiratory diseases. This makes it necessary to review approaches to the prevention of respiratory diseases.