Автоматизированная оценка динамики площадей растительного покрова московских ООПТ и окружающих территорий с 1940 г.

Parks and green areas in large cities are very important objects, not only for tourism and recreation, but they also perform important ecological functions, clean the air from gases and dust, create a favorable microclimate, and thus create an environmentally friendly framework in cities. The most important factor in the condition of green areas is the ecological condition of forest stands, which form the main green framework. The article considers the condition of forest stands in dependence on the landscape and intensity of recreational load on the territory of the Tsaritsyno Historical Park and its specificity as a specially protected natural area. The article presents the results of the forest stand assessment, identifies problem areas and areas with weakened stands, gives recommendations for plant care and minimizing the impact on weakened trees.

Landscape connectivity plays a key role in determining the persistence of species inhabiting fragmented habitat patches. In dynamic landscapes, most studies measure connectivity at multiple time steps, but pay less attention to explicitly quantifying its temporal dynamics to gain insights into its role in biodiversity patterns, thereby enabling more effective operational outcomes. This article aimed at making an overview of the existing methods for the assessment of the temporal dynamics of connectivity. By analysing their differences and possible applications, we aimed to highlight knowledge gap and future research directions. We conducted a systematic review of literature dealing with the assessment of the temporal dynamics of connectivity and obtained 32 studies. We presented two main approaches based on graph theory and compared them from conceptual and operational perspectives. The first widely used approach, accounting only for the spatial dispersal of organisms, quantifies temporal changes in spatial connectivity. Based on two or multiple time steps in the time series, this approach enables assessment of the sense and magnitude of the temporal changes in spatial connectivity. The second recently developed approach quantifies spatio-temporal connectivity, thus accounting for both spatial and temporal dispersal. So far, this holistic assessment of spatio-temporal connectivity only covers two time steps. Existing methods for the assessment of the temporal dynamics of connectivity provide indicators to advance our understanding of biodiversity patterns, and to be able to implement measures to conserve and restore connectivity. We propose future directions to develop these methods.

Once open-pit mining activities are abandoned and dewatering stops, pit lakes emerge. Mining activities started at Raniganj coalfield (RCF) in West Bengal in 1774 during the British East India era, containing about 1306 sq. km. For the last few decades, open-cast mine practice has become increasingly common, and as a result open pit is formed. The main objective of this study is to assess the water quality and landscape dynamics of some selected Pit lakes in RCF, West Bengal, India, with special reference to Andal C.D Block to evaluate the suitability of the pit lake resources in terms of sustainability and socioeconomic aspects. Various physico-chemical parameters (i.e. pH, conductivity, TDS, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, DO and BOD) using pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon pit lake water sample data, water quality index and geospatial technology adopted to analyse water chemical properties along with their spatial and temporal dimension. Genesis and evolution of these pit lakes are analysed using satellite imagery archive in GIS (Geographic Information System) platform. Spectral indices, land surface temperature and land use/land cover thematic map are prepared in a temporal scale through Landsat satellite imagery (Landsat 5 TM, Landsat7 ETM+ and Landsat8 OLI) using ArcGIS10.1 to gather knowledge about the landscape dynamics surroundings of pit lakes. For the evaluation, the overall hydrological status, landscape dynamics and effectiveness, quality assessments of 12 selected pit lakes in the Andal Block (RCF region) are being carried out to establish approaches for ecological regeneration, management and conservation.KeywordsPit lakeRaniganj coalfield (RCF)Water quality indexGIS

BIM-DLCA: An integrated dynamic environmental impact assessment model for buildings

Green Open Space (RTH) is one of the elements in an area that is very important to support the life and activities of the population, because basically green open space is a natural element that plays a very important role in realizing an environmentally sound Badung Regency. Green open space planning is based on considerations to achieve balance, harmony, and building safety with the surrounding environment. As part of the spatial plan, the position of green open space will determine the balance of the living environment and the built environment because green open space is the lungs of an area. Spatial planning is the basis for anticipating the rapid development of built spaces, which must be followed by a policy of providing open spaces. This limited land has resulted in the existence of green open space being reduced because of being pressured by other functions that arise along with the development of the need for buildings in Badung Regency. Green open space often experiences land conversion into buildings or hardened land that does not allow plants to grow. In addition, the Badung Regency government is also inconsistent in maintaining the existing green open space, because there are many land conversions or road widening or development that are not matched by green open space rejuvenation. Moving on from the assumption regarding the promulgation of a regulation in terms of year, the PERDA Green Line of Badung Regency which was promulgated on May 17, 1993 with the PERDA RTRW of Badung Regency which was promulgated on December 30, 2013 with a time difference of 247 months or 20 years and 7 months has greatly reduced the green line area in Badung Regency. In this case, it is also necessary to study the duties and authorities of the PPAT in maintaining land balance in the conversion of the land function.

Preliminary studies in the northern part of the “Bitsevsky forest” natural and historical park resulted in the collection of 79 specimens of nivicolous myxomycetes belonging to 6 species from 3 genera. This is the first record of nivicolous myxomycetes in urban parks in lowlands. Photographs of sporocarps and micromorphological structures are given for each species. Lamproderma ovoideoechinulatum var. microspora, L. zonatopulchellum, and Meriderma carestiae var. carestiae were found for the first time in Moscow Region. The data indicate that high level of anthropogenic pressure, namely trampling and moderate improvement does not restrict sporulation of nivicolous species.

Understanding the changing environmental setting of our parks–including vital signs such as land cover, human ecosystem drivers, climate, hydrology, and conservation context–was identified as mission critical by more than 200 of the original 270 I&M natural resource park units. All 32 Inventory & Monitoring Networks identified landscape dynamics and climate as priority vital signs in their long-term monitoring plans, with 31 networks committed to developing one or more monitoring protocols specific to their networks. These vital signs reflected the importance of changing landscape dynamics as drivers of park resource conditions, processes, or the conservation context in which park resources and processes are managed. For example, linkages between landscape dynamics and water resources (water quality, hydrology, and geomorphology), changing species distributions (aquatic and terrestrial, with a focus on exotics), and changes in landscape pattern (habitat fragmentation) and type (land cover, use, and conversion) were the most-cited issues of concern among networks. The goal of this protocol is to meet two primary needs. The first is to provide information about parks and surrounding areas that is relevant and useful to management and planning. Results are reported at multiple scales of management relevance—from watersheds, to parks to many parks. The protocol also provides consistent landscape-level information to a variety of National Park Service (NPS) programs, such as Natural Resource Condition Assessments, State of the Park Reports, as well as planned Wilderness Character Assessments, and Resource Stewardship Strategies. The second is to provide summary and raw data (and tools for accessing those data) to NPS staff who need to use environmental settings data to understand the context for status and trends observed in other vital signs being monitored in parks. For each NPS unit, we have identified a core suite of Areas of Analysis (AOAs) within and surrounding parks, as well as climate monitoring stations, and stream gaging stations. The AOAs used are based on official park or management-area boundaries (and buffers around them), as well as watersheds. For each AOA, or monitoring station, a series of metrics related to land use & cover, climate, and hydrology is generated (a complete list of metrics and descriptions is provided in Appendix C): •791 landscape dynamics metrics, where spatial data are used to calculate summary statistics, such as the total or percent area of a parameter. •26 climate metrics for stations within, near, or relevant to park units. •211 hydrologic measures for stream gaging stations within, near, or in systems that drain into parks. Implementation of this protocol is designed to evolve over time, with a continual evaluation and addition of new AOAs, new sources of relevant data, and new metrics as resource management needs, source data, and methods for using those data change over time.

A multi-proxy investigation of sediment cores has enabled us to reconstruct the coastal environmental evolution of East-Central Corsica (the sites of Saint Florent, Piantarella-Bonifacio and Palo-Solenzara) for the last 8000 years. The analytical methods comprise pollen (five original pollen diagrams), weight loss-on-ignition measurements, laser granulometry, and ostracod identification. In addition, 26 radiocarbon dates are used to provide a robust chronostratigraphy for the sedimentary sequences. The assessment of coastal landscape dynamics enables us to define the major morphological changes and to evaluate the complex interplay between climatic forcing and anthropogenic activity on the vegetation history of Corsica, within an archaeological context, since the early Neolithic period (∼7.4 cal kyr BP). The major findings are that the first farmers reached Corsica by sea, and they encountered a coastal environment mainly composed of freshwater ponds located close to the shoreline. This specific paleoenvironmental feature offered a favourable location for agriculture and for the development of permanent settlements where a subsistence economy was developed. Since the Middle Holocene, postglacial sea-level rise has caused major changes in local coastal environments, often characterized by salt intrusion into freshwater bodies. At the transition between the Mid and Late Holocene (∼4.0 cal kyr BP), an increase in both salinity and aridity caused substantial landscape changes, mainly characterized by a further expansion of saline marshland, mainly occupied by Chenopodiaceae. The results also provide new insights into the role of Erica in the original Holocene vegetation of Corsica. Our data clearly indicate that an Erica arborea - Quercus ilex forest transition occurred before 6.3 cal kyr BP, significantly earlier than previously proposed. Finally, the earliest evidence of cereal cultivation is at ∼7350 cal kyr BP, and in addition we are better able to constrain the role of humans in the landscape dynamics of Corsica since the early Neolithic.

Quantifying cooling benefits of cool roofs and walls applied in building clusters by scaled outdoor experiments

Urban parks and green spaces are managed by local authorities, and 8 local authorities are utilizing the park and green space management system in Korea. However, in each local government, park and green space data, system components, main function, and tasks were established in different forms and their utilization was also very low. In this context, this study suggests a general-purpose model of the park and green space management system that can be used commonly by local governments for park and green space management. Based on the requirements that the GIS (geographic information system) should be used for continuous management in the “park and green space master plan guideline”, and the creation of an urban park inventory in the “act on urban parks, green areas, etc.”, we proposed a general-purpose model that builds GIS—based spatial information. We expect that local governments can reduce time and cost of introducing the park and green space management system, and the central government will be able to collect data and statistics on national park and green space, and establish data-based policies.

The Northern Apennines are characterized by a long history of local land management, adapted to limited environmental conditions without causing ecological degradation. These agro-silvo-pastoral land use systems resulted in land covers such as meadows, chestnuts, vineyards and woodland interspersed with mercantile trails. Since 1950s, its local actors started emigrating the Apennine valleys causing an abandonment and marginalization of the land and an extensification of the landscape.The research is focusing on two cases in the valley ‘Val Borbera’ (NE of Italy). For both cases, an historical analytical approach was executed based on the combination of interdisciplinary sources like historical maps, land register maps, aerial photographs, topographic maps and field survey. Through the regressive cartographic analysis, the landscape changes and dynamics since the 19th century and the relationships between the land cover and land use are being mapped. These insights can benefit to a better understanding of the spatial character of the cultural rural mountain landscape.KeywordsSpatial landscape characterRegressive cartographic analysisLand use & land cover

Preface. SAMPA Declaration. Seven Sacred Prayer. Workshop Reports. Addresses of Conference Attendees. Holistic Perspectives. Strengthening Protected Areas Through Philosophy, Science and Management: A Global Perspective (H.K. Eidsvik). A Land Manager's Perspective on Science and Parks Management (D.M. Lohnes). Why Protect Areas Within our Dynamic Cultural Landscape? (C. Maser). Chapter 1. Management Strategies in Terrestrial and Marine Environments. Towards a Biological Survey of the U.S. National Park System (M. Ruggiero, T. Stohlgren and G. Waggoner). Great Barrier Reef Marine Park - research for Better Management (P. Ottesen and S. Woodley). The Struggle over Ecosystem Management at Yellowstone (B. Goldstein). Dynamic Interactions Between Regional Development and Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia (R. Dahuri). Management Planning in the British Reserve Context (T. Reed and M. Alexander). Management of Natural Resources in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia (C. Drysdale, R. Farrier and N. Wentzell). Elk Island National Park Alberta, Canada - a Historical Perspective of Protected Area Management (C.B. Blyth and R.J. Hudson). Critical Marine Mammal Habitat in Offshore Waters: the Need for Protection (A. Faucher and L.S. Weilgart). A Right Whale Conservation Plan for the Waters of Atlantic Canada (S.D. Kraus and M.W. Brown). Chapter 2. Land-use Planning and the Selection and Design of Reserves. Land-use Planning of Protected Areas: an Approach Based on the Ecological Value (J.-L. Bourdages, G. Domon, P. Drapeau and A. Bouchard). Canadian Ecosystems: a Systems Approach to their Conservation (A.M. Turner, C.D.A. Rubec and E.B. Wiken). Protecting Ontario's Natural Diversity Through Provincial Parks and Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (K.G. McCleary, R.J. Davidson and T.J. Beechey). A Park Selection Model: a Tool for Selecting New National Parks (C.A. Mondor). The Planning of a Protected Area in the Chihuahuan Desert (Mexico) (J.A. Carrera and E. Canales). Socio-economic and Biological Analysis for Buffer Zone Establishment (J. Schelhas). Chapter 3. Putting Protected Area Policy into Action and the Role of Partnerships. Guidelines for Managing Research in Protected Areas (J. Thorsell). Bridging the Gap between Biologists and Managers - Resource Management Audits (P.A. Maclaren). Removing Bottlenecks in the Transfer of Park Research Information (N. Shelton). A New Direction for Science in the Canadian Parks Service, Western Region (B.C. Lieff). Information Needs for Resource Management in Australian Marine Protected Areas, 1989-90 (D.M. Welch). Is Scientific Expertise Enough to be Effective in Parks Management? (A.A. Einsiedel and L.P. Brown). The Cooperative Management of Natural Resources in Natal, South Africa (D. Cook). Chapter 4. Management of Fauna and Flora. The Roles of Legal Protection Versus Intervention in Conserving the New Zealand Tuatara, Sphenodon (C.H. Daugherty, D.R. Towns, A. Cree and J.M. Hay).

The results of research of green areas in localities Malorechenskoye and Rybachye (South-Eastern Crimea) are presented. Large-scale landscaping of the studied territory was carried out in the 60-80-ies of the XX century. Modern structure of green spaces is typical for coastal settlements – basically, these are parks of recreational complexes, with high concentration of diversity of trees and shrubs species. A historical park (the oldest one) in the South-Eastern Crimea (late 50s – early 60s of the XIXth century) is also located in Malorechenskoye. The researches made taxonomic, botanical-geographical and biomorphological analysis of dendroflora. The frequency of occurrence of species, the condition of plants, as well as the degree of their drought and frost were assessed. The studied dendroflora includes 106 species belonging to 75 genera from 43 families. The species diversity of trees and shrubs in Rybachye is higher than in Malorechenskoye (89 and 67, respectively). At the same time, 13 species are widely distributed in both settlements, the most numerous of which is Cupressus sempervirens. It was revealed that species of the Mediterranean floristic region predominate (31.1 %), and representatives of native Crimean flora take a significant place (34.9 %). The leading position in the biomorphological structure of the dendroflora belongs to deciduous trees (25.5 %), followed by deciduous and evergreen deciduous shrubs (19.8 % each), and coniferous trees (17.0 %). The species diversity of deciduous shrubs and coniferous trees is significantly higher in Rybachye than in Malorechenskoye. Most plants are adapted to local climatic conditions: 57.5 % of species are not damaged by drought, the rest suffer from it in different degrees; 78.3% of species are frost-resistant, others are periodically damaged by low temperatures and need better protected from frost and cold winds planting sites. The absolute majority of species (95.3 %) are in good condition. Plants Aesculus hippocastanum, Buxus balearica, B. sempervirens, Euonimus japonica are more or less affected by pests and diseases. Special attention should be paid to the preserve the historical park in Malorechenskoye and to give it a protected status.

Hydrogeomorphologically, the study of river meandering provides information on the tendency of rivers to reach and form a state of equilibrium. The process of meander changes is important in order to identify the environment-related causes that occur naturally or vice versa. Sedimentation, erosion, flood, and water quality problems usually are being specifically studied, but in a broad view, changes in the platform of the river affect all the problems that occur. This article discusses the effects of the meanders evolution changes from land use and climate change in the upstream of Sungai Pahang in over 61 years from 1932 to 1993. Based on Geographical Information System (GIS), the topographic maps, scaled to 1:50,000 in geo-reference, were overlaid and digitalized. The main alignments of the upstream reach from those years were superimposed, and the changes were identified based on sinuosity index. In this task, the study areas were divided into two major plots for river plan classification. The results indicated that the average of alignment on the sinuosity index is 1.24 to 1.48 in plot A, while in plot B, the results are not stable. Based on historical results, a very significant change of meander was identified in the subplot Ua3 in plot A, where 21.2 % segments were recorded with high changes. This could be associated with significant exploration at hilly areas in the Cameron Highlands. Large-scale changes in land use pattern are coupled with global climate change where total rainfall recorded was at 2,760 mm in plot A on the year 1993. While for the plot B segment, the percentage of meander changes is 41.5 % versus plot A which is 86.7 %. This is due to the fact that plot B is the forest reserve and national park, areas with natural environment, possessing lithosols characteristic soils in the upper plot B area, and the trend of land use change (forested areas) is substantially lower than in plot A, with a 10 % difference. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of the land use changes due to climatic conditions on the meander evolution changes at the upstream reach of the Pahang River and suggest a number of solutions to mitigate or adaptation strategies to cope with those changes in the future.

Anthropogenic pressure in Czech protected areas over the last 60 years: A concerning increase