«КРАЙ ИЗГНАНИЯ НЕПРИВЕТНЫЙ»: НЕКОТОРЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ЖЕНЩИН В ТЮРЬМАХ ТАВРИЧЕСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ СЕРЕДИНЫ XIX – НАЧАЛА ХХ ВЕКА

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation, to attribute modern compositions of the academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, to study their genesis. The research methodology consists in the complex application of historical and cultural analysis, art study, diachronic ones, as well as empirical observation. The scientific novelty of the study. The materials of the survey and proposals for restoration (1998) the compositions of academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra of the late 19th – early 20th centuries have been introduced into scientific circulation. The academic mural painting in the Dormition Cathedral, the 21st century, has been introduced into scientific circulation. Its attribution has been performed. The names of the artists have been introduced into scientific circulation and it has been detailed who among them is the author of the project, who painted the holy images and who painted the ornaments. The dating of the compositions in different compartments of the Cathedral and the technique of their performance have been determined. The main thematic and plot lines have been revealed. The thematic, plot, iconographic, decorative, coloristic connections of the modern academic mural painting with the murals of the late 19th – early 20th centuries and with visual records have been studied. The similarities and differences of the academic compositions of 1897–1901 and 2018–2022 have been analysed. The principle of forming the colouring of modern academic murals has been revealed. Conclusions. In the modern decoration of the Dormition Cathedral of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, the Academicism painting (1897–1901) is presented in the apse of the southern nave (diaconicon). In this compartment, authentic fragments of academic compositions have been restored, the painting system has been revived based on archival photos, and some new academic compositions have been introduced to it. Mural paintings have been performed by artists under the supervision of Oleksandr Pashkovskyi in 2018–2019. They also performed new murals in the academic tradition in the altar part of side-altar of the Saint Apostle Andrew the First Called in the southern part of choirs in 2020–2021. In the northern part of the choirs, paintings have been started and then suspended in 2022. In the new murals complex the artists cite in extenso or in part the compositions of the late 19th – early 20th centuries using archival photos. The murals have been performed in mixed techniques: holy images in oil, ornaments in acrylic paints. The composition ‘Glorification of Theotokos’ differs in the techniques; it is painted with oil on canvas. In the modern interpretation, the cited compositions can keep or change the primary location. The colouring of the new murals is formed on the basis of fragments of authentic compositions. A considerable part of the decoration is occupied by stylised ornaments as well as in murals of 1897–1901. The new and primary mural painting combine same academic principles of visual language, iconographic and colour principles, thematic and plot lines. Same general thematic lines are such as Theotokos theme, the theme of the Last Judgment, the Christianization of Ancient Rus, images of the saints of Ancient Rus and saints associated with the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra.
 Keywords: sacral culture, Orthodoxy, academic painting, mural painting, sacral painting, Ukrainian painting, Dormition Cathedral.

Scientific studies related to The Russian Empire financial institutions history being functioned at Ukrainian lands advanced significantly during the independence of Ukraine.Modern domestic studies of the Empire financial institutions located at Ukrainian territory at 19th - early 20th centuries are extensively using archival sources. Despite this fact, general characteristic of these archival funds at Ukraine state archives is an urgent problem. The purpose of this publication is general characteristics of Ukraine state archives funds by types and kinds of stored fundsthat belonged to financial institutions located at Ukrainian territory within former Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries. There were used Ukraine state archives Guidebooks and Annotated Inventory Registers to compile list of Financial Institutions Documents funds. The article is considering Ukraine state archives funds keeping documents of the following financial institutions: banks, government chambers, treasuries, tax inspectors, tax offices, appraisal commissions, excise offices, customs offices, credit institutions, savings and loan partnerships, insurance companies, and cash offices. Ukraine state archives funds are holding almost all types of Financial Institutions documents peculiar to Russian Empire 19th – early 20th centuries. Archive funds most massive in terms of volume are documents of tax inspectors, credit institutions, savings and loan partnerships, and cash offices, which are stored in almost all Ukraine state archives. Further perspective research areas based on the general characteristics of The Russian Empire Financial institutions' documents 19th – early 20th cc. at Ukraine state archives would be determination of financial documents archives accumulation consistent patterns, functioning peculiarities of financial institutions at Ukrainian lands in the 19th - early 20th century, definition of archive funds attributes specific to Ukraine located financial institutions, as well as discovery of unique historic financial documents

The article, based on documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, reveals the plans of the Russian Empire for economic penetration into the markets of Serbia and other Balkan countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A decisive factor in the economic strategy of the St. Petersburg ruling circles in relation to the Balkan region were the activities of the Russian Danube shipping company, which was assigned not only a commercial, but also a political role, as this strengthened Russian influence in the Balkan countries, primarily in Serbia. In addition, the development of navigation along the Danube in the late 19th and early 20th centuries allowed the Russian Empire to gain a foothold in the oil markets of both the Balkan countries and Austria-Hungary and Germany. From 1914–1915, during a special-purpose expedition headed by M.M. Veselkin, military cargo was transported to Serbia, namely on the ships and barges of the Russian Danube Shipping Company, which was an important factor of Russian-Serbian military cooperation during the First World War

The article, based on the documents of the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, files for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, reveals the plans of the Russian Empire for economic penetration into the markets of Serbia and other Balkan countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A special place in the economic strategy of the St. Petersburg ruling circles in relation to the Balkan region was played by the activities of the Russian Danube shipping company, which was assigned not only a commercial, but also a political role, as one of the important factors in strengthening Russian influence in the Balkan countries, primarily in Serbia. In addition, the development of navigation along the Danube in the late 19th and early 20th centuries allowed the Russian Empire to gain a foothold in the oil markets of both the Balkan countries and Austria-Hungary and Germany. In 1914– 1915, military cargo was transported to Serbia in a Special Purpose Expedition headed by M. M. Veselkin, using the ships and barges of the Russian Danube Shipping Company. That was an important factor in Russian–Serbian military cooperation during the First World War

Purpose of the research: to reveal the specifics of the subordination of Ukrainian museography to the legislation of the Russian Empire with reference to information policy and the press. Object of research: typographic designations, illustrations, texts of Ukrainian museographic works published in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The subject of the research: the process of passing the censorship of museum publications of the specified geographical segment and historical period. Scientific novelty. The work for the first time comprehensively demonstrates the subordination of museographic publications of Ukrainian origin to the requirements of censorship legislation, which was in force in the Russian Empire during the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Research methodology. Procedural aspects of the passage of censorship have been established based on the analysis of the official apparatus of the books. The release of Ukrainian museographic works is presented in three chronological blocks against the background of the legislative process on freedom of the press. Taking into account that additional restrictive censorship rules were in force in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire (the so-called «Valuevsky circular» of 1863 and «Emsky decree» of 1876), the textual and illustrative components of the editions were analyzed. Relevance. The study of the process of overcoming legislative prohibitions on freedom of speech by Ukrainian museographers will make it possible in a qualitatively new way, through the prism of publishing, to assess the state and development of museums in Ukraine over the specified period.

The paper analyzes the formation and development of cultural relations between Russia and China in the 19th – early 20th centuries in the Far Eastern territories. The issues of the origin of Russian-Chinese cultural interaction, the contact between Russian and Chinese cultures, as well as the peculiarities of contacts between the two ethnic groups are covered. The work uses a historical-chronological research method, which made it possible to trace the formation and development of contacts in the field of culture between the two countries in the Far Eastern border region in the mid-19th – early 20th centuries (from the signing of the Aigun and Beijing treaties to the October Revolution of 1917), as well as a systematic approach, the use of which led to the consideration of cultural ties as a component of the overall system of Russian-Chinese relations at the interstate and interregional levels. Materials in Chinese in the author's translation were introduced into scientific circulation. When studying cultural contacts between the two countries, the concept of sociocultural interaction developed by N.A. Samoilov was applied, which made it possible to analyze the features of relations between the two countries in the field of culture and highlight the forms of interaction. According to the authors, the development of mutual contacts in the field of culture was determined by foreign policy and socio-economic conditions, significant transformations in the political, economic and cultural spheres that took place in the mid-19th – early 20th centuries in the Russian state and the Qing Empire, as well as the meeting of Chinese migration and Russian colonization flows in the Russian Far Eastern borderland. In general, Russian-Chinese sociocultural interaction during the period under study went through several stages, during which the Russian and Chinese peoples mutually recognized each other and learned to interact. At the same time, in the Far Eastern territories at the turn of the century, a contact zone of relations between two ethnic groups was formed, a special environment of Russian-Chinese interaction was formed, and at the same time, the difference between the two cultures and the impossibility of their mixing and mutual assimilation became increasingly obvious.

Background. In the last quarter of the 19th – early 20th century. in the Russian Empire, there was an intensification of the revolutionary and strike movement, as well as the growth of state opposition. To restore order and ensure control, the governors of the regions, including the Vladimir province, were given broader powers in the field of interaction with law enforcement agencies. New structures were created to fight the opposition: the factory police, a network of agents, and others. The article analyzes the effectiveness of interaction between governors and law enforcement agencies, reveals the personnel policy of the provincial government. The purpose of the article is to study the effectiveness of interaction between the Vladimir governors and law enforcement agencies in the last quarter of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were official documents of the State Archives of the Vladimir Region, the State Archives of the Ivanovo Region and the State Archives of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of this study is the principles of historicism and consistency, implemented thanks to the problem-chronological, historical-genetic and analytical methods. Results. The article discusses the interaction of the governors of the Vladimir province with law enforcement agencies in problem situations. During the period of growing opposition sentiments, the governors comprehensively resorted to the functions of law enforcement agencies. At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century it was planned to soften the course of the governors in relation to the opposition, they avoided direct intervention. The governors were interested in the protection of law and order in the region. The peculiarity of the work of the provincial government with the personnel of law enforcement agencies is given. Conclusion. The results of the study can be applied in a regional study of similar “internal” provinces of the Russian Empire on this issue, also for the preparation of manuals and lectures on the relationship of governors and law enforcement agencies.

This article, through archival materials, develops the understudied theme of clergy recruitment and motivation for service in the North American diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. It explains why the recruitment of the clergy for the diocese was a serious problem: the church did not have enough resources to train priests in America, while candidates from Russia were deterred by such factors as the language barrier, the lower social status of Orthodox priests in the United States, the meagre salary compared to in Russia, and the fact that American culture was so alien to them. On the other hand, many of those who expressed the desire to serve in the United States were unsuitable as candidates. Various categories of people are identified in this paper who entered the ministry in the diocese both from Russia and from among local residents. The best clergymen, who made up the cream of the Orthodox clergy in America, turned out to be church people from the Russian Empire, selected by the heads of the North American diocese themselves, especially during their visits to Russia. The motives of the candidates for the remote diocese are analysed on the basis of their applications addressed to the head of the diocese, compared with data from other primary sources, such as analytical conclusions of St. Tikhon (Bellavin), head of the diocese in 1898–1907; messages from the Ober-Procurator of the Holy Synod Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who collected information about applicants; and the memoirs of Archbishop Plato (Rozhdestvensky), who headed the diocese from 1907 to 1914. The study revealed a great variety of motives: from sincere desire to serve the Church and save people’s souls, to aspirations unrelated to church service, such as the desire to see an interesting and rapidly developing country and to supplement one’s education. In addition, the American periods of the lives of two Russian clergymen, reconstructed from archival materials and summarized in this article, shed light on the realities of the lives of talented young Russian people in America at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Finally, the life path of the best clergymen of the diocese is outlined in the article. English translation from the Russian text: Pechatnov V. O., Pechatnov V. V. 2023. Russian Clergy in the United States (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries): Problems of Recruitment and Motivation. C oncept: P hilosophy , Religion, Culture. 8(2). P. 50–68. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2024-2-30-50-68

The article analyzes the history of the creation and operation of Sevastopol customs during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Based on archival documents, some of which have been introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as previously published statistical materials and collections of the Customs Department and other official publications from various departments of the Russian Empire, the main directions of export and import operations conducted through this customs bodies were identified. The volume and content of trade were determined, customs regulations were studied, resulting in compliance with established legal norms and conditions for importing goods into the Russian empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, exporting goods from the country and paying customs duties. The work of the Sevastopol customs is analyzed at various stages, as well as the specifics of organizing the specific work in this instance. It is concluded that Sevastopol was one of the main customs points on the Crimean peninsula, through which brisk trade took place in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the 1870s and 1890s, grain crops (especially wheat) were the main export products carried through Sevastopol, which were sent to ports in Europe and the Middle East.

The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in the state policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries regarding the so-called "non-tolerated" denominations, using the example of Western and Northwestern Kazakhstan.Based on diverse sources, including legislation, archival evidence, and academic works of Russian and international researchers, the study traces how the state approached religious movements that, in the pre-revolutionary period, were considered "sects" and exposed to different forms of administrative and police control.It is shown that in the imperial period, confessional policy combined legal restrictions with measures of surveillance and control aimed at curbing their spread, while still allowing opportunities for legalization and missionary activity.Special attention is given to the missionary activity of Protestant groups, their interaction with co-religionists from neighboring regions, and the impact of resettlement policy on the confessional situation in the empire's peripheral areas.The dynamics of the development of local religious communities and the mechanisms of their adaptation to legal and administrative conditions are traced.The methodological basis of the study includes the problem-chronological, comparative-historical, and historical-typological methods, as well as the analysis of archival documents, which made it possible to identify the stages of policy evolution, classify forms of state influence, and reconstruct the specifics of implementing legislative norms at the regional level.The study demonstrates how state policy shaped religious life in the borderlands of the Russian Empire and contributes to a better understanding of the local particularities of confessional policy with regard to religious minorities.

The problem of attracting qualified labor to Russia has still not been resolved, despite the efforts of the legislator and the scientific community. At the same time, our country has significant historical experience in using the labor of foreign craftsmen. An analysis of the labor legal status of foreigners in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries makes it possible to identify how the state allowed this category of people to work and how well the rights of the workers themselves were protected. It is advisable to use positive historical experience to improve current legislation in this area. Attention to the legal framework of the late 19th – early 20th centuries is due to the fact that in connection with the growth of industrial production in the period under review, there was also a quantitative and qualitative increase in legislation regulating the labor of hired workers. Based on the results of the study, it was established that the concept of “foreigner” was enshrined in legislation; they were protected by Russian laws and enjoyed the same labor rights as Russian citizens. In some cases, the legislation of the Russian Empire provided foreigners with more opportunities than modern ones, for example, in the field of public service. The procedure for admitting foreigners to work was of a permissive nature. It is substantiated that foreign citizenship should be recognized as one of the grounds for differentiation of the legal regulation of labor of that time.

This article is part of a dissertation study on the daily life of the county town of Akmolinsk. The article examines the process of formation and development of the public health system in Akmolinsk in the post-reform period as part of urban daily life. The author determines the level of provision of the population of Akmolinsk with doctors and midwives, analyzes the diseases of citizens, and considers measures to combat smallpox. Through these categories, medical care is presented as an element of the space of everyday life. As a result of the conducted research, it was possible to present the healthcare system in Akmolinsk as an important part of the daily life space in the county town. The article introduces the data of the protocols of the Akmola City Duma (the State Archive of the Akmola region (GAAO), fund 430) into scientific circulation, analyzes the layer of statistical data presented in the Reviews of the Akmola region of the late 19th - early 20th century. The article is devoted to the formation of the healthcare system in Akmolinsk in the post-reform period. Akmolinsk noticeably lagged behind other cities of the Akmola region in terms of the provision of doctors. There were only three hospitals in the city, in 1915 they had 13 beds. There were not enough doctors, the city authorities took measures to improve the situation, but due to the relocation from the central provinces of Russia, the number of citizens grew faster than the number of medical personnel. From 1892 to 1916, there was only one pharmacy in Akmolinsk. Midwives provided assistance to women in labor, in Akmolinsk there were 1,799 women of reproductive age per one midwife. In Omsk, this figure was higher, but in Omsk there were more private practitioners. The epidemics that swept Akmolinsk were typical for the entire region - typhoid fever, smallpox, scurvy. The low standard of living, the sharply continental climate and the lack of doctors complicated the course of the disease. During outbreaks of scurvy, the state took care of the sick. To combat smallpox, vaccination against smallpox was carried out, and explanatory work was carried out among the population who preferred to be treated by healers. Syphilis accounted for 75% of infectious diseases. Syphilis affected both Kazakhs and Russians. Due to minimal contacts between Kazakhs and Russians, the disease existed autonomously. The spread of syphilis among the Kazakh population occurred mainly outside the genital tract, through the use of the same food and utensils. More than half of Kazakhs with syphilis are children. Syphilis spread among the Cossacks due to “secret prostitution”. Unfortunately, those who contracted syphilis did not seek medical help due to misunderstanding, shame and fear, they were treated by healers. The example of Akmolinsk confirms the position of I. Tarasova that “the system of medical institutions created in Russia was far from perfect, especially on the national outskirts”.

Стаття містить систематизовану інформацію з київських газет «Заря» та «Киевлянин» про стан медичного обслуговування населення одного з найбільших повітів Київської губернії – Уманського. На основі виявлених 25-ти публікацій зроблено висновок про те, що рівень охорони здоров’я населення наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. був низьким. Тільки з утворенням земств і передачі з 1904 р. в їх підпорядкування лікарень, стан медичного обслуговування почав поліпшуватися. Уманське виборне повітове земство, яке було створене у 1911 р., зуміло налагодити співпрацю з міською управою Умані у площині спільної діяльності щодо будівництва міської лікарні, лікарні для хронічно хворих, поліклініки, що значно підвищило рівень надання лікарської допомоги населенню.

Imperial Russia’s Civil Society, 1750–1917 Mary Schaeffer Conroy A. S. Tumanova, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–fevraĺ 1917 g.). ( Public/Civic Organizations in Russia during World War I [1914–February 1917]). 327 pp., illus. Moscow: R osspen, 2014. ISBN-13 978-5824319002. A. S. Tumanova, ed., Samoorganizatsiia rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti v poslednei treti XVIII–nachale XX v. ( Self-Organization of the Russian Public from the Last Third of the 18th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century). 883 pp. Moscow: Rosspen, 2011. ISBN-13 978-5824315288. The two works under review—a compilation describing self-organization of society in imperial Russia from the 18th century through the beginning of the 20th century, which Anastasiia Tumanova has edited and to which she contributes four chapters, and Tumanova’s monograph on Russian society during World War I—determine the strength and liveliness of civil society in imperial Russia. These works leave no doubt that the still influential view of pre-Soviet Russia as an agrarian backwater, whose populace was devoid of initiative and cowed by a capricious, authoritarian government, and the correlative theory that political repression precipitated the revolutions of 1917 must both be relegated to the dustbin. The publications under review document that the Russian government was paternalistic, intrusive, and often moved at a glacial pace. Still, sometimes the government moved with lightning speed, implementing the Great Reforms in the 1860s and 1870s and establishing the State Duma, the reformed State Council, and a modicum of civil rights in 1905–6. Moreover, and this is important, the imperial Russian government did allow Russian citizens space in which to manage their own affairs. Tumanova’s two works, under review here, emphasize that Russian citizens had plenty of capacity for self-organization. The 1991 American compilation [End Page 193] Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russiaprovided introductory information on diverse voluntary and civic groups. 1Tumanova’s edited volume and her monograph are more detailed and, additionally, focus on the laws and legal aspects of establishing civic societies and maintaining them in imperial Russia. The compilation is an encyclopedic tome, synthesizing secondary sources and newly available archival evidence. Its 14 packed chapters analyze a myriad of voluntary societies and contain more than 20 pages listing voluntary societies. V. Ia. Grosul’s chapter 1, Tumanova’s chapter 2, and I. S. Rozental´’s chapter 6 recount that educated wealthy nobles, following familiarity with organizations in Western Europe, began to organize themselves into clubs in the 18th and early 19th centuries. These chapters and Tumanova’s chapters 3 and 4 (proffering precise statistics), as well as her chapter 7, co-authored with Rozental´, affirm that even though in Russia, as in Germany and Austria, societies had to be approved by the government, from the mid-19th-century clubs and societies of all kinds—philanthropic, literary and artistic, educational, leisure, nature, sports-related, devoted to gambling and to politics—proliferated astronomically among merchants and broad swaths of the rest of the population, including religious organizations and members of the imperial family. Tumanova’s forte is legal analysis, and she reviews in detail how legislation affected the organization of societies and clubs (193–216). In particular, she emphasizes that the Temporary Regulation on Societies, issued by the tsar in March 1906, speeded up this process (209–16). The volume also vividly illustrates peasant involvement in voluntary societies. The Russian Empire was predominantly agrarian, and more than 80 percent of the population was listed under the rubric of “peasant.” However, the peasantry was very diverse and not inert. Although, until 1861, half the peasants were serfs, nonpersons who had no right to own property or sue in a court of law, peasants did so anyway. As early as the 1960s, Jerome Blum detailed that both serfs and so-called state peasants established businesses—some small but others large—which indicated initiative and gave considerable autonomy. 2Ben Eklof documented that some peasant communes hired teachers in the 19th century. 3Charles A. Ruud illustrated peasant social [End Page 194]mobility in his biography of Ivan Sytin, illiterate peasant turned publishing magnate. 4...

The article is devoted to the specifics of the forms and methods of trade on the Far Eastern frontier in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. At the initial stage of colonization of the region, trade was distinguished by a number of features characteristic of frontier zones: the predominance of import trade, distribution trade carried out along the rivers from barges, fairs and mixed stationary trade. One of the main features of trade on the Far Eastern frontier was significant foreign influence. The competitive advantages of entrepreneurs from the USA and European countries were formed at the first stage of colonization from the delivery of goods by sea, the presence of established connections with suppliers of goods in the homeland, the possibility of obtaining a loan or the availability of working capital, the attraction of qualified compatriot employees, high quality of service and a comfortable environment in stores, and at the beginning of the 20th century – due to the export of technical innovations, further improvement of the quality of service, and the introduction of new standards of retail premises. We can speak of the perception of some of these practices by Russian merchants and positive changes in the organization of their trade business only in relation to the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. It is difficult to judge, given the lack of memoirs of regional entrepreneurs, whether this occurred under the influence of European entrepreneurs or it was a consequence of business development and the increased level of education of local merchants. The main reasons for the success of the Chinese traders were solidarity, the ability to please the customer, mutual lending, minimizing expenses on advertising, insurance, furnishings of retail premises, heating, lighting and wages of employees, as well as the use of illegal and legal, but morally dubious methods of enrichment - the sale of low-quality or spoiled goods, non-payment of taxes, smuggling, fraud. Russian and European entrepreneurs estimated the methods and practices of Chinese entrepreneurs negatively, and perceived them as dangerous competitors. The Asian influence on Russian entrepreneurial culture was complicated not only by the existence of a religious and cultural boundary between the Chinese and Russians, but also by the European idea of civilizational superiority and the civilizing mission of Europe, which was accepted by the educated society of the Russian Empire and formed the basis for the attitude not only towards aborigine, but also towards Chinese migrants.