Роль международного транспортного коридора «Север-Юг» в формировании эффективного агропродовольственного комплекса России

The article discusses the political importance of transport corridors in terms of the development of integration projects in the post-Soviet space. The world is witnessing the formation of a single market and transport and communication infrastructure, which intensifies competition among regional and world leaders, both states and non-state actors, such as businesses, markets over the routes of transporting goods. In the medium and long term the value of the control over the transport routes will increase due to the dynamics of economic development in the Asia-Pacific region. Competition for the development of projects of international transport corridors (ITC) between the leading countries in the region will increase, because the ITC entail the formation of a common political space, the reduction of tariff and customs barriers, which provides easy access to the markets of countries linked by ITCs and creates the preconditions for economic integration. The growing political importance of ITC is reflected in the fact that global leaders such as China, the US, the EU, are trying to create their own versions of international land transport corridors connecting Europe and Asia. China is trying to promote their transport project "Economic Belt Silk Road" European countries develop cooperation on ITC TRACECA with other countries of Eurasia. US also embody their interests through the implementation of the project by the ITC in Afghanistan. Transport corridors in Russia are seen as a way to integrate it into the global transportation system and logistics space. To do this, Russia needs to develop Eurasian transport corridors through its territory. As a result of the implementation of transport projects Russia will be able to ensure the transit of goods from China to Europe, which has a positive impact on the economic development of the regions through which they pass. Development of international transportation through Russia will unite many of the players on the world stage: integration associations, state, transnational corporations, business entities, regional authorities.

The object of research is the processes of managing the functioning of international transport corridors and projects for the transportation of goods, taking into account the assessment of the quality of transport services. There is a problem of assessing the quality of the international transport process taking into account such factors as the time of delivery of goods, the speed of movement of vehicles across the customs border and the tariff, which are determined by customer requirements. All these factors depend on the logistical support of transportation projects.The following methods were used to solve the tasks set in the work: the method of analysis of expert evaluations for the selection of project evaluation criteria; mathematical apparatus of decision theory; methods of simulation model for the assessment of the integral indicator of quality to achieve the optimal solution.Regularities of providing conditions of continuous, safe and convenient movement of traffic flows as a basis for creation of effective system of management of processes in a network of automobile international transport corridors are defined and the methodology of definition of efficiency of their functioning is developed.A method of forming a management system for the functioning and development of the network of international road transport corridors based on socio-economic forecasting in the form of a hierarchical structure of elements and their relationships has been developed. This made it possible to develop a model for forecasting the required amount of resources for road works on the basis of a certain demand from users of international road transport corridors.The study is aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the regularities of improving the efficiency of road transport along the routes of European international transport corridors, which can be used as a basis for the theory of determining its positive impact on the development of the economies of countries through which international transport corridors pass. In the course of the research, the approbation of the developed technique on a choice of the optimum project of transportation at the project-oriented enterprises of motor transport is carried out.

The article is devoted to the development of the algorithm and the routes formation along the international transport corridor for the applied use. Data on the required volume of delivery, as well as the frequency of deliveries, are considered as the fundamental factors in the organization of the movement of material flow. These factors determine the required volume of the batch and the required delivery time. Taken together, it is also essential to take into account the cost component of each delivery (including the cost of transportation, all accompanying processes, such as loading and unloading, the cost of insurance and other overhead costs that arise during the delivery process). The article presents a systematization of the approaches of domestic and foreign authors to issues related to the logistics of international transport. The analysis of approaches to the analytical components of the processes of transportation routes formation along international transport corridors is carried out. The developed methodology for optimizing the choice of transport corridor for international transport is intended for use in the logistics structure of modern industrial enterprises.

The article is devoted to describing the main trends of Eurasian transport corridors integration in terms of assessment of the participants’ risks. It shows that the format of the transport integration peculiar to the trans-regional alliances initiates risk synergy at the level of business profiles of the amalgamating countries, but not only in the sphere of the transport communication. Besides, the inconformity in the structure of the frights, carried in various directions in Eurasia, means additional financial burden to support the infrastructure and the rolling stock to meet the integration challenges. All these problems lead to impossibility of payback of the transport investment projects both at the level of a single country and any union of countries. Thus, the financial and economic risks of integration projects in transport, with respect to the structure of the energy balances of the countries uniting the transport corridors, request higher demands for the return of capital employed, and, consequently, they are translated into all related industrial sectors on the continent. Ignoring the integration risks in substantiating the projects of international transport corridors leads to increased expectations in regard to socio-economic and geopolitical consequences for international trade agreements, holds back on the volumes of foreign economic activity of the countries, leads to isolationist tendencies at the level of economic entities. As a measure directed to obtaining an effect of the scale sufficient to compensate the business risks of the transport integration, the article offers to organize the transport communication on the continent on the principle of “Management of United Corridor”, involving various types of transport, using the transport logistic hubs. This kind of principle of international cooperation in the transport is particular profitable for the Russo-Chinese relationships, with Russia being a provider of the transport services, and China being the place of origin of the major part of freights transported through international transport corridors.

The global labor division, the production planetary division and consumption markets are increasingly actualizing the issues of a reliable and sustainable organization of trade supply on the basis of the developing international transport corridors (ITCs), which are becoming points of growth not only for national economies, but also for large regions. The dynamics of the global market contribute to the increase in the number and potential of the transport corridors. The North-South transport corridor considered in the research is one of the strategic in ensuring the goods supply in the direction of the India-Iran-Azerbaijan-Russia-European Union. A predictive analysis of the development dynamics of the transport corridor freight turnover is carried out, the drivers and barriers to its development in the context of changes in the geopolitical and economic environment of the markets are determined. Attention is paid to the issues of balanced development of the potential transport corridors according to the formation of nodal transport and logistics centers at the intersections of the meridional and latitudinal corridors. It is shown that the railway transport in the ITC “North-South” in its Russian segment is becoming a key factor in the development and transportation competitiveness in comparison with alternative routes. The issues of the container transportations competitiveness of the ITC “North-South” in the context of the multimodality growth and the containerized cargo growth are considered. Prospects for the development of ITC “North-South” in the future depends on active organizational solutions in ensuring the planning and regulation supply, excluding international barriers to its development as well as the introduction of digital technologies for monitoring and managing flows.

Транспортно-инфраструктурный потенциал страны в настоящее время претерпевает разительные перемены, и цифровизация значительно этому способствует. Стремительная трансформация оказывает воздействие и на перспективы развития, т.к. нарастающая неопределенность и нестабильность мирового хозяйства является основным экзогенным фактором, влияющим на национальную экономику и транспортный потенциал. Одним из перспективных международных транспортных коридоров широтного простирания является Транссибирская магистраль. Возможность Транссиба можно рассматривать для обеспечения международных транзитных контейнерных перевозок как альтернативу традиционному морскому пути. Перспективы сопряжения проектов международных транспортных коридоров с участием Транссибирской магистрали, в связи с этим, наиболее актуально. В статье рассмотрены как экономические, так и технологические, политические факторы, оказывающие влияние на потенциальную эффективность данного проекта. Перспектива развития и интеграции Транссибирской магистрали с Транскорейской обусловливает создание эффективного транспортного коридора внешней торговли стран Юго-Восточной Азии и Европы, в первую очередь, Республики Корея со странами ЕС, а также с Россией. Анализ внешнеторгового оборота данных участников экономического сотрудничества показывает перспективу динамики и огромный потенциал внешней торговли. Акцентируется внимание, с одной стороны, на конкурентных преимуществах Транссиба, в том числе и на увеличении пропускной способности, что во многом обуславливается применением полигонной модели управления. The transport and infrastructure potential of the country is currently changing a lot, and digitalization contributes significantly to this. Rapid transformation also has an impact on development prospects, since the increasing uncertainty and instability of the world economy is the main exogenous factor affecting the national economy and transport potential. One of the promising international transport corridors is the Trans-Siberian Railway. The possibility of the Trans-Siberian Railway can be considered to provide international transit container traffic as an alternative to the traditional sea route. The prospects of interfacing international transport corridor projects with the participation of the Trans-Siberian Railway, in this regard, are most relevant. The article considers economic, technological, and political factors that influence the potential effectiveness of this project. The prospect of development and integration of the Trans-Siberian Railway with the Trans-Korean one determines the creation of an effective transport corridor for foreign trade of the countries of Southeast Asia and Europe, first of all, the Republic of Korea with the EU countries, as well as with Russia. The analysis of the foreign trade turnover of these participants in economic cooperation shows the prospect of dynamics and the huge potential of foreign trade. Attention is focused, on the one hand, on the competitive advantages of the Trans-Siberian railway, including an increase in throughput, which is largely due to the use of a polygon management model.

The article discusses the key challenges for the development of Russia's foreign trade in the modern conditions, analyzes the influence of the most important external factors on the dynamics of domestic exports and imports. Currently, the global merchandise trade is influenced by a complex of negative trends, the most important of which are increased protectionism and the spread of the epidemic of the new coronavirus. The projected slowdown in the global economy and in world trade poses a serious threat to the development of Russia's foreign trade, which is critically dependent on the influence of external factors, primarily the situation on energy markets. The paper presents the results of a quantitative assessment of the impact of change in the pricing environment on the value indicators of export, import and foreign trade balance of Russia in 2014-2018. The calculated total decrease in export value associated with a change in prices in 2014-2018 amounted to more than 40% of the actual value of exports for this period. Relatively high growth rates of physical volumes of export could not compensate for the losses from the deterioration of the terms of trade, given their scale. Based on the analysis, the article formulates proposals for improving Russia's foreign trade policy.

Introduction. The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the legal regulation of international mixed (multimodal) transportation of goods, passengers and luggage in a special period. In the conditions of war, the country's transport and logistics system plays the role of ensuring Ukraine's humanitarian, food, and energy security. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the problematic aspects of the legal regulation of international mixed (multimodal) transportation of goods, passengers and luggage, and to determine directions for improving the legislation in this area in the modern conditions of the development of transport corridors. Results. The author pays attention to the expansion of international multimodal transport corridors TEN-T on the territory of Ukraine and their influence on the intensification of international mixed transportation. It has been established that a successfully integrated transport system involves not only the combination and interaction of all participants in mixed transportation, but also the creation of a single legal and informational field, coordination of technical and operational characteristics of vehicles, infrastructure facilities, coordination and optimization of work schedules of various types of transport and all it is within different legal systems. Conclusions. The author concludes that due to the fact that international mixed transportation has become the only possible option for the delivery of cargo, passengers and luggage both from Ukraine to the countries of other continents and to Ukraine, the issue of unification of international legal regulation of multimodal transportation and the introduction of digital transport corridors is becoming urgent more and more acute.

The aim of this work is to identify key aspects of the impact of customs and logistics infrastructure on patterns of change in trade between the countries participating in the East-West International Transport Corridor. Author identifies factors that have the greatest impact on the volume of freight traffic and highlights the prospects for the development of foreign trade cooperation. The article describes the main problems hindering the full use of the transit potential of the transport corridor, and indicates areas for improving its transport and customs and logistics infrastructure. The relevance of the studied problem is due to the increased interest of the participating countries of the East-West International Transport Corridor to its further development and increase in mutual trade. The scientific significance of this problem is due to the need for an integrated approach to forming the framework of the international transport corridor, combining terminal-warehouse infrastructure, a customs administration system and a range of services arranged by logistics providers and customs intermediaries. Currently, there is no comprehensive understanding of the processes of organizing the movement of international goods flows. This combined understanding should unite issues of customs escort, development of terminal handling of goods, embedding the existing logistics infrastructure in the international transport corridor and ensuring the attractiveness of this route both for foreign companies using it as a transit route and for enterprises aimed at exporting their products.

Russia's Foreign Trade in 2012

В статье рассматривается развитие транспортной логистики как стратегической составляющей внешнеэкономической деятельности. Международная торговля является одним из факторов развития экономики стран, поскольку способствует повышению производительности труда, росту производства, обеспечению высоких доходов населения, снижению безработицы, а также обмену технологиями и эффективности использования данных технологий. Интеграция стран-участниц международных транспортных коридоров оптимизирует транзитный потенциал, содействует локализации промышленности вдоль их маршрутов, развивает экспорт и усиливает связанность внутриконтинентальных государств и регионов. Международный транспортно-логистический коридор «Один пояс – один путь» является стратегическим направлением развития международной торговли между Китаем, Азией, Ближним Востоком и Европой. The article considers the development of transport logistics as a strategic component of foreign economic activity. International trade is one of the factors of economic development of countries, as it contributes to increasing labor productivity, production growth, ensuring high incomes of the population, reducing unemployment, as well as technology exchange and the efficiency of using these technologies. The integration of countries participating in international transport corridors optimizes transit potential, promotes the localization of industry along their routes, develops exports and strengthens the connectivity of intercontinental states and regions. The international transport and Logistics corridor “One Belt, One Road” is a strategic direction for the development of international trade between China, Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of Russia's foreign economic relations with Mongolia. Foreign economic relations between Russia and Mongolia are evaluated from the point of view of compliance with the provisions of the concept of sustainable development. The dynamics of Russia's foreign trade with Mongolia is traced, its place among Russian foreign trade partners is revealed. The commodity structure of mutual trade is analyzed, its raw material nature and significant impact on environmental pollution are noted. The regional geography of the Russian-Mongolian commodity exchange is considered. High concentration of Russia's foreign trade with Mongolia in certain territories is revealed. Prospects for the development of Russia's foreign economic relations with Mongolia are connected with the change of the Russian foreign economic policy, the increase in the export of products of some industries and the realization of joint investment projects that comply with ESG principles. It is concluded that Russia will not be able to take the place of China as the main foreign trade counterpart of Mongolia in the near future. The results of the study confirm the thesis that an effective foreign economic policy is necessary for the countries' foreign economic relations to become a factor contributing to the sustainable development of mankind.

The article is devoted to the study of changes in the structure of Russia's foreign trade in the context of transformation processes. The article analyzes the dynamics of Russia's exports and imports in 2012–2024, as well as changes in the geographical structure of foreign trade, the structure of currency settlements in the context of sanctions restrictions. The results show that despite the initial decline in foreign trade, the Russian economy has shown a high degree of adaptability. In recent years there has been a reorientation of exports to Asian and African countries, an increase in the share of ruble settlements and an acceleration of import substitution processes. The article pays special attention to the role of China as Russia's main trading partner at the current stage of development. The results of the study show that despite the fact that sanctions create short-term imbalances, in the long run they stimulate structural changes that contribute to the strengthening of Russia's economic sovereignty. The transformation processes taking place in the world require further diversification of Russia's foreign economic relations for the development of high-tech industries and to reduce dependence on foreign supplies.

Foreign trade in goods is one of the most important tools for the development of the Russian economy. On the one hand, foreign trade meets the country’s needs for various goods, the production of which is absent or does not fully satisfy domestic demand. On the other hand, foreign trade allows Russian goods to gain access to international markets, diversifying sales channels. It is important to note that foreign trade activities are impossible without a developed international settlement mechanism, which provides buyers of goods with the opportunity to pay sellers, and sellers with the opportunity to receive foreign exchange earnings for goods supplied. According to established practice in world trade, most international payments are carried out using two reserve currencies: the US dollar and the euro. At the same time, in relation to Russian foreign trade, the use of the US dollar and euro in international payments has become extremely difficult due to the introduction by Western countries of a large number of anti-Russian sanctions, which also affected the sphere of international fi nance. The article analyzes the problems of implementing international payments, based on the results of which specifi c proposals were developed that will contribute to the development of Russian foreign trade. The problems of international payments caused by the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions by Western countries in the fi eld of international fi nance can be solved through an active transition to the national currencies of counterparty countries when concluding international purchase and sale transactions. When trading with countries with which Russia applies a free trade regime, it is advisable to use the Russian ruble as the currency of international settlements. In addition, in order to speed up international payments, it is proposed to switch to electronic document management, which implies the signing of international sales and purchase agreements and the exchange of transaction documents in electronic form using an electronic signature.

Amid geopolitical tensions and the disruption to established supply chains, traditional transport links are undergoing significant transformation. In this context, the importance of certain international transport corridors (ITCs) in Eurasia is growing, although they sometimes compete with each other on certain routes. This paper aims to identify and comprehensively examine the challenges and prospects of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) member states’ participation in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). The research reveals that key obstacles to the intensified involvement of EAEU countries in the corridor include infrastructure bottlenecks, the elimination of which requires significant capital investment, the lack of direct access to the route (as in the case of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan), and the high cost of transportation via the corridor. At the same time, the route holds considerable potential in terms of diversifying transport links of the EAEU member states; increasing trade volumes with partner countries along the corridor (both those directly located on the route and those ‘gravitating’ towards it); unlocking transit potential (mainly for Russia and Kazakhstan) and strengthening the transport sovereignty of the EAEU countries (particularly for Russia and Belarus). Moreover, the development of the corridor can significantly enhance regional transport connectivity. It is assumed that if the corridor is successfully developed and the quality of transport and logistics services along its routes improves, it will be possible to reduce the logistics costs for foreign trade participants, boost exports of goods and transport-logistics services from EAEU countries to countries along the corridor (and eventually ‘gravitating’ towards it), and, consequently, accelerate their economic growth. In its turn, this motion might imply mutual political concessions.