Перспективные направления экономического развития России и ЕАЭС в формирующейся новой Мир-Системе

The priority direction of tax policy is the formation of tax potential, which includes the creation of conditions for the intensification of entrepreneurial activity, the formation of active development actors, the expansion of sources of tax revenue, the stimulation of innovation and investment activity. At the same time, in Ukraine, the lack of systemic directions of tax incentives for innovation in the legislation and practice of tax instruments significantly hinders the development of innovation potential of the economy and reduces its competitiveness. The basis for improving tax policy in the context of innovative development is the institutional component. The purpose of the study is to identify promising institutional aspects of the formation of tax potential in industry. The methodological basis of the study were analytical reviews, regulations, modern scientific and applied research in the field of innovation. The research uses methods of dialectics, methods and principles of scientific knowledge, tools of economic analysis to substantiate proposals for the formation of institutional foundations for the formation of tax potential. The main hypothesis of the study was the assumption that tax policy, which is aimed at developing innovation, largely determines the economic interest of industrial enterprises in the introduction of new technologies, as financial resources released from the tax potential of the enterprise can be directed to its innovation and investment activity. Presenting main material. The strategic task of tax potential management is to increase and strengthen the tax base by stimulating investment and innovation activity; support of enterprises in order to develop production and increase production. The tax potential is considered in the context of institutional innovation projects and smart specialization. An assessment of the prospects for the use of various tax instruments in accordance with the current situation and the need for the transition to adaptive management of tax potential of industry. The originality and practical significance is confirmed by the proposed scientific and methodological approaches to the management of tax potential in the context of innovative development. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Measures to increase the tax potential should include expanding the tax base not only through existing reserves, but also creating a new base through the development of innovation potential. The implementation of the relevant institutional strategy should be aimed not at simple maximization of tax revenues, but at the development of investment and innovation potential with the establishment of favorable conditions for the development of priority projects. Further research will focus on the analysis of the peculiarities of the use of tax tools in the framework of specific institutional and innovative projects of economic development.

The object of research is investment and innovation activity as a component of modern medical management. One of the problematic points is that the transformational transition from outdated management methods has caused the need to form a new management system, which should be implemented in all spheres of society's functioning. Even in those that were regulated only by government agencies. In particular, it is possible to talk about the health sector. But today, far from all medical institutions can show an effective management system of an institution. Therefore, there is a need to introduce a «new management» of health care institutions based on the use of investment and innovation tools. In the course of the study, the following scientific methods were used, as a method of theoretical analysis when studying the foundations of the functioning of health care institutions and the approaches of neoinstitutional theory and the theory of transaction costs when studying the activities of institutions of medical infrastructure. As well as methods of theoretical analysis, comparison and generalization for a general analysis of the issue and for determining the properties of the management system of medical institutions. The proposed work examines the development of the market for medical services on the example of Ukraine, along with state-guaranteed free medical care, in a correct and fair balance. Conclusions are drawn about the need to move from a system of exclusively budgetary financing of health care to a new budgetary and insurance model based on compulsory insurance. The importance of the search and development of investment funds, which will become the basis for the creation of a high-tech modern base of medical equipment and medical technologies, has been investigated. Thanks to the research results, modern healthcare institutions will be able to more reasonably approach the issue of organizing their own innovative and investment activities; if implemented correctly, it will allow them to get additional profit and improve the institution's management system.

The relevance of the scientific research of the monograph lies in the fact that that in conditions of variability of factors of the external environment, instability of the internal environment, intensifying competition, there is a deterioration of indicators of financial and economic activity. In addition, in the conditions of martial law, many industrial enterprises faced the problem of loss of sales markets, suppliers of raw materials and materials, the issue of logistics became more complicated. However, industrial enterprises are gradually resuming their activities, starting to work, and an important aspect is financing and attraction of investment capital, which will allow to intensify work, to solve problems with the search for raw materials, supplies. It is determined that investment activity will allow to intensify the innovative development of enterprises, since in the current conditions there is a transition to the use of non-cash forms of payments, improvement of websites, automation of many production processes and transition to work in a remote format. The use of the improved mechanism will make it possible to develop a plan for the activation of investment and innovation activities, to form measures for the restoration of these types of activities, as well as directions for the improvement of investment and innovation activities in the long term, which will contribute to the increase, change in the level of financial and economic security, and their restorati

The modern factors of development of the country’s economy require interdetermination and interdependence of the study of issues of planning of balance of innovative and investment activities, which has a very important meaning for economic systems and determines the scientific interest in this topic. The purpose of this article is the study of theoretical and methodological aspects of planning of well-balanced development of innovative and investment activities and development of practical recommendations, aimed at the increase of efficiency of economic systems. In order to achieve this purpose, the authors used economic and statistical methods of research and methods of economic & comparative analysis. Methodological and practical development was based on the following approaches: process, program-oriented, complex and structural & logical, and methods of comparison and modeling. The authors distinguish the determinants of planning of well-balanced development of innovative and investment activities of economic systems, which, unlike the existing approaches, allowed forming the system of targeted landmarks and limitations which guaranteed the optimal conditions for effective functioning and development of economy of macro-, meso- and micro-levels; the authors offer a program-oriented approach to the well-balanced development of innovative and investment activities of economic systems, the novelty of which consists in the fact that it is used as a modern technology of planning which facilitates solving tasks of limited and creative type, which, in its turn, creates possibilities for creation and support for balance between the volume of investments and development of investment activity. Besides, these recommendations as to formation of balance of investments for the purpose of increase of efficiency of innovative activity contain methods and means for solving problems of well-balanced development and allow implementing analytical, synthetic, and practical interests of all economic subjects in the process of systemic adaptation to the changes of external conditions. The recommendations, formulated in the research, may be used in the work of federal and regional authorities; in the process of improvement of innovative and investment activities of economic subjects of micro-level.

On a global scale, Russia’s competitive advantages remain linked with extractive and low value-added industries despite numerous attempts of the government to make the national economy more innovative. The paper focuses on the problem of the Russian economy’s transi tion to innovative development and overcoming its resource dependency. Methodologically, the paper relies on the concepts of an enclave dual economy and fragmented (dual) innovation sys tems. The object of the study is coal mining regions, which are clustered based on the analysis of investment and innovation activity. Statistical methods of data analysis (calculation of descrip tive statistics) as well as cluster analysis methods (hierarchical method and k-means method) are used for processing the initial information. The researchers form the indicators characteris ing investment and innovative activity in the selected regions. Investment indicators include the ones reflecting the total share of investment in fixed capital by economic activities related to extractive and manufacturing industries. To assess innovation activity the authors calculated the total share of expenses of the organisations of extractive and manufacturing industries on technological innovations. The results of hierarchical analysis in a group of investment activity indicators allow identifying four clusters of regions. Based on the innovation activity indica tors, regions form three clusters. The research findings demonstrate that most of coal mining regions feature low or medium level of investment activity in the extractive and manufacturing industries; medium level of innovation activity in extractive industries and medium or low level of innovation activity in manufacturing industries. The results of the study can be one of the foundations for the regional policy targeting the transition to innovation economy.

The article focuses on the need to create/implement investment and innovation models of business entities in the context of post-conflict transformations. The world and domestic experience of modelling the activities of business entities is analysed. The improved model of innovation and investment activity of enterprise is proposed, which, unlike the existing ones, consists of four consecutive blocks (prerequisites for intensification of innovation and investment activity; substantiation of expediency of intensification of innovation and investment activity; assessment of innovation and investment potential of enterprise; integration of organisational decisions into activity) and provides for implementation of new organisational structures of management, business processes, approaches to assessment of innovation and investment potential of enterprise. The expediency of applying the proposed model in the activities of domestic enterprises is substantiated. Implementation of this model in practice allows: to take into account all peculiarities of innovation and investment activity; to implement new organisational management structures in the practice of management; to introduce new business procedures, approaches, methods and mechanisms that meet the requirements of the post-conflict transformation period; to use all resources that the company can raise; to incorporate opportunities and risks that actually and potentially exist. The application of this model allows enterprises to implement systemic transformations in order to intensify innovation and investment activities and increase the level of competitiveness in various fields. Such a comprehensive implementation of structural changes ensures its economically secure comprehensive development due to the coherence of actions of all departments of the enterprise.

Active development of the region's economy is impossible without attracting investment. Investment activity is the most important determinant of effective social and economic development of the regional economy. It is important for potential investors to correctly assess the investment attractiveness of the region and determine the level of investment risk. The article examines the main factors of investment attractiveness of the regions of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the main methods of assessing the investment attractiveness of regions used in Russian practice is carried out. The article draws attention to the tendency of refusal from simple calculation of financial indicators towards in-depth economic analysis when assessing the investment attractiveness of regions. The conclusion is drawn about the relationship between the level of investment attractiveness and the presence of a strong regional management team capable of creating a favorable investment climate. On the example of the Kaluga region, which implements the cluster approach in the development strategy, an analysis of investment attractiveness is carried out using the rating methods of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives and the Rating Agency “Expert”. The role of the automotive, pharmaceutical and transport and logistics clusters in attracting direct investment to the region in 2017-2019 has been determined. The volume of investments in the regional economy and the change in the gross regional product of the Kaluga region for the analyzed period are analyzed. The study used a comparative method, analytical, method of economic and statistical analysis (use of statistical data). The main result of the study was to identify the reasons for the dynamics of factors of investment attractiveness. Recommendations are given for the optimal methodology for assessing investment attractiveness, in particular, on the need to provide open access to the rating results, to be adaptive, to realistically assess the regional gap and to take into account the investment and innovation activity.

The purpose of this article is to assess the extent to which the activation of innovation and investment activities contributes to the restoration of the economic potential of enterprises in Ukraine under the conditions of transition to Industry 5.0 standards and the implementation of circular economy principles. The focus is placed on Ukrainian enterprises as the object of the study, considering sectoral differences and the specific challenges caused by the ongoing war. The task is to present a methodological approach that will allow us to present how to assess the significance of the influence of certain areas in the activation of innovative and investment activities of an enterprise on the restoration of economic potential. The principles of Industry 5.0 and the circular economy are also taken into account. As a result, the method of pairwise comparison was chosen and, by involving experts, to determine the most significant factors of the activation of innovative and investment activities of an enterprise that affect the restoration of economic potential, taking into account the standards of Industry 5.0 and the circular economy. The results may have practical significance in further use within the activities of enterprises of Ukraine and beyond. This article examines the impact of activating innovation and investment activities on the restoration of economic potential of Ukrainian enterprises amid the transition to Industry 5.0 and the adoption of circular economy principles.

Domestic agricultural enterprises do not have a high level of innovation activity, however, stable and competitive operation of an agricultural enterprise is impossible without its innovative activity. Stabilization of the situation in the agricultural sector with the current level of competition and constant technological variables, the innovative vector of development is the driving component of economic growth. Activation of innovation of domestic agricultural enterprises is one of the important prerequisites for stability and sustainable socio-economic development of the country. Consequently, the effective functioning of the livestock industry is possible only under the conditions of systemic and purposeful innovation aimed at finding a variety of new opportunities provided by the business environment. The innovation process in domestic animal husbandry is clearly aimed at the end result - a certain socio-economic, technical or environmental effects. The efficiency of animal husbandry is determined after the introduction of innovation, calculated by the method of evaluation of investment projects. On the example of Lviv region we analyzed the conditions of innovative activity in animal husbandry, assessed the modern innovative potential of the industry, established the features of its innovation and investment activities. SWOT-analysis is an important component of assessing the position of livestock enterprises in the region. It should be recognized that the innovative activity of livestock enterprises is mainly associated with the final stage of the innovation process – the development of innovations. In 2020, farms of all categories of Lviv region compared to 2019 decreased meat production (sales for slaughter of farm animals in live weight) by 1.6 %, milk – by 4.7 %, eggs – by 0.3 %. cattle on farms of all categories on January 1, 2021 amounted to 144.4 thousand heads (including cows – 86.2 thousand heads), pigs – 346.1 thousand heads, poultry – 10.5 million. heads. Compared to January 1, 2020, the number of poultry increased by 5.7 %, pigs – by 4.1 %, the number of cattle decreased by 8.2 % (including cows – by 8.6 %). Innovative activity of the livestock industry is formed under the influence of the domestic innovation system and has its own specifics, which is caused by the peculiarities of agriculture. Most innovative projects are aimed at introducing innovations that contribute to the intensification of animal husbandry and increase the competitiveness of products. Thus, on the basis of innovative development of animal husbandry it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, which will allow Ukrainian producers to achieve significant results in world markets for agricultural products.

Preferential taxation regimes are recognized in the modern developed states as the most effective way of stimulation of entrepreneurial and investment activity. We examined the Russian mechanism of establishment of the preferential taxation regimes that have been developed for entrepreneurial and other investment activities and their infrastructure designed to provide mechanisms of operations. Our comparative analyses of the best practices in preferential taxation regimes across developing countries inform readers about advantages and risks of the investment activities and organization of business in certain territories of modern Russia. Critical appraisal of theories and practices in the formation of specific preferential taxation regimes would assist readers in the implementation of entrepreneurial and investment activity in modern Russia, revealing features of optimal regimes for specific businesses with possible mitigation or prevention of financial risks for investors. Critical comparative analysis of the best foreign practices in China, Singapore, and United Arab Emirates in the organization of foreign businesses sheds light on the most effective forms of such investment activities.Incompleteness and fragmentariness of the Russian legislation supporting preferential taxation regimes prevent successful implementation of foreign entrepreneurial and investment activities.The Russian legislation must be revised to ensure an attractive environment for foreign investments. Successful business and innovative activities would be possible only by the realization of the following legally significant steps: 1) adoption of the basic legislation 2) statewide programs supporting the development of free economic zones of advanced economic development.

The relevance of the studied issue is caused by the fact that the modern system of institutes in business forms prerequisites for development of innovation and investment activities of firms. Along with heavy commitment to financial investments, the level of non-financial investments into research and development with their subsequent commercialization is insufficient in our country. Investment activity influences the economic growth rate, increases employment, profitability of households. This contribution is aimed at analysis of the existing system of institutes in business and also development of recommendations for optimization of these institutes in the course of innovative economic development of the Russian Federation. The main methods, implemented in the course of the research, are system analysis and scientific abstraction. They determine a possibility of identification of interrelations and interdependence of the following categories: knowledge, technologies, creation of an innovative product. These categories in the modern economy cannot be considered separately from a business institute. Results: the system analysis of innovative development of countries is carried out, and the place of Russia is defined. The level of society intellectualization is defined on the basis of indexes. It allows making recommendations for improvement of a measurement system aimed at formation of the modern economy of knowledge. It will result in changes in the institutional system: The main goal should be proper introduction of innovation and investment activities in entrepreneurship. The results of the scientific research can be applied to formation of programs of innovative development of business at the federal, regional, and local levels. It will allow optimizing the existing system of business institutes, which can become a decisive factor in innovative, social, and economic development of Russia.

The knowledge base in the major economies has been growing at a fast pace. Investment in knowledge accounts for about 4.7 per cent of OECD-wide GDP and the high-knowledge-based economies invest between 5.2 and 6.5 per cent of GDP in knowledge development (OECD 2001). Developed and newly industrializing countries internationally trade goods and services that are knowledge-intensive. The industrial growth patterns and competitiveness of industries across countries and over time are closely related in the globalizing world. Two distinct patterns of industrial development are clearly noticeable: developed and newly industrializing countries moved faster towards producing and exporting goods and services that are knowledge intensive; a large number of countries could not catch up and their position in the fast globalizing world is being marginalized (Lall 2004). This pattern of industrial growth can be traced from the changing roles of innovative investment patterns in industry across countries and over time. The processes of globalization have affected different innovative activities differently and thus the rise/fall of innovative investment in some industries in some of the countries. Outsourcing of industrial R&D has shifted some of the innovative activities from developed to a few developing countries. The increasing role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and direct operation of multinational corporations in production of goods and services in the developing countries has significantly influenced development/underdevelopment of innovative capabilities.

The growth of an economy is influenced by many factors, both micro and macro. Directly, economic and financial instruments have a close relationship to the dynamics of GDP, so they receive special attention. In its implementation, economic growth is also influenced by investment activities, banking financing, and state spending. To study this phenomenon, a quantitative method is used with the Vector Error Correction Model analysis technique. In this analysis, attempts to see which model is better in influencing economic growth with realistic data. The results of the study show that, in general estimation models, there is a possibility that economic growth is influenced by state spending, investment activities and bank financing. However, in the long-term model test, the state expenditure factor is the only variable in this study that has a positive trend towards economic growth. Because it has a greater opportunity in moving the economic sector.

Modern scientific and technological progress is unthinkable without an intellectual product obtained as a result of innovative activity. The authors often put different meanings into the term ‘innovation’. A number of foreign and domestic authors give different definitions of innovation. One of the main areas of innovation is biotechnological systems for breeding animals using genetic and cell engineering methods. Also, the normal functioning of the agro-industrial complex began to be hindered by the weak infrastructure of markets, the lack of effective systems for their regulation, the presence of interregional trade barriers, and the artificial containment of prices by the administrations of the regions. Due to the underdevelopment of the market infrastructure, normal communication between food producers is still not ensured, the possibility of selling products by domestic agricultural producers at affordable prices is limited. All these are issues of innovative development.

It is considered in the article that innovation development of Ukrainian economy depends on the effective tax policy. The article proposes to improve tax incentives for business activities in the field of research and development (R&D). The approach to substantiate the targets of tax policy in the sphere of innovation development of Ukrainian economy taking into account the world experience of using R&D tax incentives is proposed. The analysis of the transformations of the tax legislation in Ukraine showed that the institutional support of innovative development of industry has been slow and not conducive to stimulating investment activity. The experience of countries that are actively developing their industries on the basis of innovation suggests that the tax exemption is not an effective tool to stimulate business entities in strategically important sectors of the economy, and the economy as a whole. Tax incentives such as tax credits, tax allowances, accelerated depreciation, and reduced income tax rate are widely used in the world practice. The R&D tax incentive government program provides financial benefits to companies investing in development of new or improved products, processes, services, materials or devices. The range of eligible activities is extremely diverse and may include any work undertaken to achieve improvements in performance, functionality, usability, efficiency or environmental impact. The vast majority of tax incentives are based on corporate income taxes. In the past years countries have shifted from tax incentives that only apply to increments in a firm‟s R&D expenditure (incremental schemes) towards incentives that apply to total R&D expenditure (volume-based schemes). Their use is determined by the strategic directions and priorities of social and economic development of the government. The role of R&D tax incentives in innovative development is significant. Recommendations for improvement of profit taxation of investment activity, namely the implementation of the tax legislation of Ukraine R&D tax incentives in the form of investment tax credit for R&D are justified. This will be deducted from the amount of corporate income tax of the costs of innovation, thereby reducing the amount of the tax or reduce the amount of tax liability generated. This will help to promote their investment activity and socio-economic development on the basis of innovation.