Взаємозв’язок між обсягами інвестицій та доходів в україні у воєнний період

The article is devoted to the analysis of the language biography method as the most profound way of describing the language life of the communicator. It argues that this method is very important nowadays in the period of Russian-Ukrainian war. Russian-speaking Ukrainians now switch to the state language of communication, improve their language consciousness, rethink their national and language identity. The method of language biography allows to record the main trends of such changes: psychological moments, reasons and motives that led to the transformations in the language life of the informants.It is found that the method of language biography is the form of in-depth narrative interview, the purpose of which is to describe the whole life of the person with the emphasis on aspects related to language learning, changing language behavior, attitudes towards language codes, etc. We have recorded 27 language biographies (40–60 minutes) during our research.The application of this method involves the creation of the special questionnaire that contains questions, which are important for describing the language life of the informant. We usually divide these questions into several blocks: general data about the respondent; childhood and school; family, friends, work, leisure time; attitude to languages; language difficulties and conflicts, peculiarities of using language codes. The article provides the list of questions that we use, conducting language interviews. Interviews with speakers are presented in the format of dictaphone recordings, which are later transcribed. On the basis of the deciphered materials of language biographies we have the opportunity to learn not only information about personal psychological moments related to the use of languages, but also to trace the peculiarities of the development of the language situation in the country in general. It is proved that the method of language biography is not quantitative, as it is not supported by any statistical data, but it allows to trace the main trends of changes in the language behavior and language consciousness of the respondents. The conclusion is made about the relevance of this method at the current stage of studying the transformations of the language situation in Ukraine during the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war.

The article reasons that foreign direct investments play a crucial role in the economy of every world country, since they ensure the effective functioning of economy and economic growth. It is found that the volume of foreign direct investments into the economy of a certain country depends on the investment climate, whose main indicator is the position of countries in international investment ratings that allows us to evaluate the investment climate, possible investment risks and the degree of investment safety.The subject of the study is the investment climate in Ukraine and its position in the main international investment ratings. The research methods used in the study include theoretical generalization, comparison, abstraction, analysis and synthesis.The paper presents a list of the main international investment ratings that should be taken into account by potential investors while analyzing the investment climate and investment image of the country and considering the practicality of investing into the economy.The current position and dynamics of Ukraine’s rankings in these ratings are analyzed: according to Global Competitiveness index – 81st position among 137 countries; according to index of Economic Freedom – 150th position among 180 countries; according to Ease of Doing Business index – 76th position among 190 countries; according to Investment Attractiveness index – 134th out of 174 countries. Based on the analysis of Ukraine’s position in the main international investment ratings, it is concluded that the investment climate in Ukraine is not favorable; therefore, Ukraine needs to take measures to improve its investment climate and its positions in these ratings in order to attract foreign investment to the required extent.

The article deals with the main directions of state regulation of the investment climate in Ukraine, the question of becoming an investment attractiveness and investment climate. The analysis of dynamics of volume of direct foreign investments in the Ukrainian economy has been made, which made it possible to assess the investment climate of Ukraine at the present stage of development, to determine the reasons that cause an unfavorable investment climate and restrain economic development of the country. It was established, that investment resources are called to influence the economy and social sector of the country to transform it into an international space by searching for new sources of such resources for ensuring perspective development of Ukraine.The main factors influencing the investment climate and the reasons for the reduction of investment flows into the Ukrainian economy are analyzed and the problems encountered by the foreign and national investors are analyzed.It was emphasized, that effective development of industries of Ukrainian economy has a perspective in involving foreign investment resources and forming of the favorable investment climate. The attention was drawn to the fact, that the absence of subsequent reforms prevents the industries from involving the necessary investment into the durable production assets and for improving management skills with an aim to enhance the performance of production facilities.The index of investment attractiveness according to the version of the top managers of member companies of the European Business Association is analyzed.The investment attractiveness of Ukraine at the present stage of development was assessed. It was mentioned that slowness of social and economic reforms, ineffective tax policy, high credit rates in financial and credit establishment, annexation of Crimea and military action in the Eastern Ukraine, bureaucracy in making administrative decisions, illegal trafficking and presence of “shadow” economy in the country — all these are problems, which deteriorate the investment climate in Ukraine and degrade its investment attractiveness.The article determines the ways of solving problems connected with the containment of investment development and proposes directions of improvement of the investment climate.

The subject of the article is theoretical substantiation, methodological support, and practical proposals for studying the innovative development of the economy in modern conditions. The aim of the study is to generalize and improve the theoretical foundations of innovative development, identify the main influencing factors and defining characteristics of its course and develop proposals to ensure innovative development of Ukraine's economy in the current conditions. The following tasks have been defined: to find out the attitude of specialists to the possibility and necessity of supporting innovative development in today's difficult military conditions; to summarize the theoretical basis of innovative development and improve its definition and group existing concepts; to substantiate the most influential factors that determine the intensification and/or containment of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy; to identify its defining characteristics, which are used to generate measures to ensure innovative development of the economy in wartime conditions. To solve the tasks, the following methods were used: theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, structural and logical analysis, systemic and situational approaches, economic and statistical analysis, correlation analysis, multivariate regression analysis, graphical method. The following results have been obtained: the definition of the concept of "innovative development" has been improved; the concepts of innovative development have been analyzed; the main factors influencing the course of innovative development in Ukraine have been identified; multivariate regression models have been built according to the influential factors of innovative development and the most important of them have been substantiated; the current defining features of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy have been identified by significant factors and their specification has been carried out in accordance with the measures to ensure it in the conditions of military operations. Conclusions. It is proved that the improved concept of "innovative development" is that it characterizes the resolution of obvious and hidden contradictions on the basis of qualitative changes in the economic system through the accumulation of quantitative transformations in its components and/or factors of innovation processes, intellectual property, the latest technologies and products. In accordance with the above generalized concepts of innovation development, the author investigates the factors influencing this phenomenon based on the dynamics of the components of the global innovation index and statistical indicators of Ukraine's economy for the period 2015–2022. The most influential factors according to the outlined indicators are identified and multivariate regression models are built, which reveal the following modern leading features of innovation development: formation and maintenance of solvent demand of end users (customers) of innovations for the acquisition of intellectual property. With this in mind, the author proposes measures to ensure and intensify innovative development in the context of military operations in Ukraine.

Attracting investments is one of the key aspects of ensuring businesses’ self-sufficient and resilient development. Foreign investment creates opportunities for Ukraine’s integration into the global economy and is crucial in overcoming economic crises. Due to the lack of sufficient domestic financing, the problem of stimulating investment activity and creating favourable conditions for attracting foreign investors to the national economy is especially relevant. This study highlights the essence and objectives of the investment attraction process, examines the challenges of foreign investment during wartime, and reveals the goals of Ukraine’s investment promotion measures. The dynamics of economic resources in assets by sources of formation and through capital investments are analysed. A general assessment of the performance indicators of Ukrainian legal entities regarding the use of investment resources in terms of productivity and profitability is conducted. The study also analyses the state and trends in foreign investment inflows over the past ten years, identifying periods of significant fluctuations and determining the causes of these changes. The research findings confirm the dependency of Ukraine’s GDP on the volume of foreign direct investments. The main organizational forms of foreign capital inflows into the national economy are characterized. Key factors and performance indicators of investment activity are identified, including the volume of business assets and indicators assessing business performance by net income, gross profit, and added value. A model of the dependence of business economic growth in Ukraine on investment volumes and the impact of business performance indicators on investment processes is developed. The regression analysis confirms a significant direct interdependence between economic growth indicators, i.e. net income, gross profit, and added value, and the volume of investments in economic resources. Based on the regression modelling results, measures are proposed to encourage foreign and domestic investors to contribute in Ukraine’s economy.

The article presents the results of a study of the state, problems and possible ways to improve the investment climate in Ukraine in the new extreme conditions of doing business. Improving and stabilizing the investment climate in Ukraine during martial law is necessary to ensure economic development, attract international resources, rebuild infrastructure, strengthen the international image and protect national business. The purpose of the article is to study the state and problems of the formation of the country's investment climate in conditions of full-scale military operations, analysis of the main factors affecting the level of investment attractiveness of enterprises in conditions of uncertainty, study of the main ways and directions of improvement of the investment climate in Ukraine.As a result of the research, it was established that the investment climate should be defined as a set of political, economic, legal, social-cultural, scientific-technological, demographic, infrastructural and natural-geographical factors that form the degree of investment attractiveness and determine the level of investment risk. A model of the formation of the investment climate in Ukraine was built, taking into account the main factors of the internal and external environment of enterprises and organizations under martial law. The main threats and changes in the macro-environment of the country under the influence of the war are structured. It was found that there was not a single field of activity of economic entities that was not affected by the war. One of the main ways to improve the investment climate in Ukraine today is the insurance of military and political risks, which is an extremely important aspect for protecting capital investments and ensuring business development. It is the stabilization of the investment climate that will prevent the outflow of capital abroad and preserve resources for further development. In addition to large-scale infrastructure reconstruction projects, investments can be aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses, which are an important source of innovation and jobs.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the provision of emergency psychological assistance by psychologists of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine to the affected population of Borodyanka, Kyiv region, during military operations in Ukraine in February-April 2022. The purpose and tasks of emergency psychological assistance are highlighted. The stages of providing emergency psychological assistance by psychologists of the State Emergency Service to the affected population of Borodyanka, Kyiv region during military operations in Ukraine have been revealed. Behavioral features of the population were analyzed and mental reactions to military operations were singled out. The practice of providing emergency psychological assistance to victims in the conditions of military operations is given.

In the era of renewed great-power competition, the Unites States is expanding the use of sanctions and other restrictive measures to ratchet up political and economic pressure on its major competitors – China and Russia. Since late February 2022, in response to Russia’s recognition of the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Luhansk People’s Republic and Russia’s military operation in Ukraine, the U.S. and it allies have unleashed an unprecedented array of restrictive measures against Russia. These coordinated measures include personal and economic sanctions, financial and technology restrictions, export controls, travel and import bans. Although the restrictive measures imposed on Russia following the Ukraine crisis of 2014 failed to achieve their political objectives, the U.S. continues to escalate sanctions against Russia. Recessionary trends in the sanctioning economies (for instance, rising inflation and unemployment rates) do not stop them from looking for additional restrictive measures and tightening the existing ones. Geostrategic and geopolitical ambitions of the U.S., its allies and partners prevail over economic pragmatism. The purpose of this article is to analyze the U.S. sanctions policy towards Russia following Russia’s military operation in Ukraine. Specifically, it seeks to explore the logic of decision-making by the Biden administration regarding the use of sanctions as a foreign policy tool. The article also analyzes the prospects of escalation and de-escalation of the sanctions imposed on Russia. The author concludes that the U.S. sanctions, especially those that have been passed by Congress, will be in place for a long time. As the U.S. is enhancing its enforcement efforts, it will likely tighten the existing enforcement measures and introduce the new ones to punish sanctions evaders. The U.S. and its allies are likely to continue pursuing their long-term goal of containing Russia, degrading its capabilities and weakening its national power.

The role and place of financial policy in the modern state`s development in the conditions of globalization processes are determined. The urgency of improving the theoretical and methodological instruments concerning the implementation of modern financial policy and conducting additional research on the relationship of its effectiveness with the activity of investment and innovation processes in the country is substantiated. The analysis of publishing activity on the implementation of financial policy at the state and regional levels has shown an increase in recent scientific interest in this issue, which indicates its relevance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the results of regional financial policy with indicators of investment and innovation activity of economic entities in the region. Methods of economic, system and comparative analysis and synthesis were used in the research process. Сalculation, analytical and graphical methods, regression analysis were used in the processing of statistical data. This article considers the indicators of socio-economic development that determine the effectiveness of financial policy at the regional level. The dynamics of the gross regional product for the Slobozhansky region of Ukraine (Poltava, Sumy and Kharkiv regions) was analyzed, the key factors influencing its volumes were also identified The dynamics of changes in the size of wages per employee was studied. Trends in changes in capital investment in the region were analyzed and regression analysis was performed, which showed a high level of relationship between the volume of capital investment and gross regional product. It was determined that a significant factor influencing the effectiveness of regional financial policy is the innovative activity of economic entities in the region. A regression analysis was performed between the volumes of innovation expenditures and gross regional product and the corresponding models characterizing it were obtained. As a conclusion was identified that the effectiveness of regional financial policy is directly related to the level of investment and innovation activity of enterprises in the region.

The article is devoted to study of the ethical and religious context of external influence to the Russian Federation aft er the start of a Special military operation in Ukraine. As an introduction showed a retrospective overview of use external infl uence against Russia at various historical stages. Th e main part of the study includes theoretical developments that are used to create pressure on the Russian Federation ethnic and religious sphere. It shows how these ideas were radicalized aft er the start of a Special military operation in Ukraine, including the discourse of “decolonization of Russia”, which poses as mostly as a process of liberation from the “prison of nations”, and associated with an orientation to masses, what directly indicates the use of this discourse as a destabilization technology of Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze the external infl uence on the ethnic and religious spheres of the Russian Federation, as well as to develop methods of counteraction. Th e main results of the study are a description and structuring of external influence on the ethnic and religious sphere of the Russian Federation, a link between the theory of destabilization technologies and practice of “Russian Federation decolonization”, also a two main lines of external influence to Russia.

The Russian military special operation in Ukraine has become a serious challenge for the dialogue between Moscow and Washington on strategic stability issues. Meanwhile, this dialogue is extremely important in the context of the ongoing strategic arms race (nuclear and non-nuclear) and shifts in the balance of strategic forces as a result of the rise of China. The United States and the Russian Federation may simply not have enough time to work out an agreement on strategic arms reduction, which should replace the START-3 Treaty. The latter expires in less than four years.

This article is devoted to outlining the main trends of changes in the language and national consciousness of Ukrainians in the period of Russian-Ukrainian war. The language situation in Ukraine has changed significantly since the start of Russian aggression in February 2022. The basis of our investigation are the results of the latest sociological surveys. In order to study these changes, the materials of the following polls were involved: the poll conducted by the sociological group “Rating” (March 2022), the all-Ukrainian public opinion poll “Omnibus” conducted by KMIS (May 2022), the survey conducted by Gradus Research (October 2022), the KMIS survey (December 2022). Presented in the paper also are the opinions of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University students regarding language issues, which were collected in the process of student questionnaires in winter 2022—2023. The results of all studies confirm the fact of changing the language situation in Ukraine in the direction of increasing the amount of the Ukrainian language. Now the process of Ukrainization has become so visible. Ukrainians became more conscious in the aspect of their national identity and more switched to the state language of communication. We can make a conclusion that the sociological data prove the obvious transformation of the language situation of Ukraine and the expansion of the functions of the Ukrainian language. The war accelerates the processes of Ukrainization of the communicative space, and therefore in the future we can predict the continuation of changes in the language situation of the country in the direction of Ukrainian monolingualism. The prospect of our study is to investigate the language behaviour of Ukrainians in the post-war period. Keywords: state language, mother tongue, language of everyday communication, language situation, language consciousness, process of Ukrainianization, language identity, sociolinguistic survey

The article provides an express analysis of the results of research by domestic scientists and experts on the organization and management of military communications in the pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War, which have a number of common features with the modern military-political situation. It was revealed that the subject of the research was personnel training, the technical component of the problem, different types of military communications; historical experience and development prospects, protection of military communications in difficult conditions, involvement of civilian specialists in solving military communications problems, management efficiency as the most important condition for victory in an armed confrontation. Attention is focused on the development of modern technologies in the field of communications in NATO countries and their use in the war with Russia. A tendency is determined to transition from «direct-flow communications» to network-centric operations that ensure the exchange of information by all types of communications, the basis of which is the use of mobile wireless communications, and then to mobile peer-to-peer MANET networks with military application G5 with virtualization of network elements. An increase in the attention of foreign scientists and experts to the management of military communications with the beginning of the special military operation in Ukraine is noted. It is noted that war stimulates the development of various modern communication technologies, the use of artificial intelligence, which contribute to increasing the level of troop control. The aim of the project is to generalize domestic military-historical experience, modern foreign experience and their possible use in developing issues of organizing state and military management, military communications in modern operations using new means of armed struggle, in the practice of training troops and theaters of military operations in relation to communications. The main task is to identify the main trends in its development and determine the role and significance of military communications in ensuring the state security of Russia within the framework of a comparative analysis of the historical and modern experience of using military communications by enemy troops. The research is based on comparative methods, which allows us to carry out the necessary qualitative analysis and identify the main trends of modern development in the field of military communications and formulate a theoretical generalization.

Topicality. Military conflicts significantly affect natural assets and ecosystem services, including water resources, forests and soils. The war in eastern Ukraine is leading to serious environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation and soil degradation. Military operations in Ukraine have caused significant damage to natural ecosystems, which has significantly affected the provision of ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are the benefits that people receive from the functioning of natural ecosystems. The loss of these services caused by war has both environmental and economic consequences. This study examines methods for economically assessing the loss of ecosystem services, including forest, water and agricultural resources, which have been destroyed by military operations. Scientists emphasize the need to integrate environmental aspects into post-war recovery processes to minimize losses and restore natural assets. Land is a natural asset, and it should be taken into account that changing landscapes from natural vegetation to any other use can lead to a loss of fertility as a source of ecosystem services. The topic of valuing the loss of ecosystem services is relevant and important for sustainable development. Aim and tasks. The purpose of our study is to study the impact of military actions on the natural assets of Ukraine and assess potential ways to restore ecosystem services after the end of the war. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is institutional, retrospective, systemic analysis and the case method, which is based on real facts and materials about the restoration of natural assets in European countries in the post-war years. The information base of the study was scientific and applied developments and information and analytical materials of Ukrainian and foreign scientists and practitioners. Research results. The topic of restoring natural assets and lost ecosystem services caused by military actions is relevant and important for sustainable development. Research in this area shows that the economic assessment of the loss of ecosystem services should include not only direct economic losses, but also environmental and social consequences. Among the services provided by ecosystems and lost due to war, supply services, regulatory services, supporting, cultural and recreational services should be mentioned. To restore Ukraine's natural assets after the end of military actions, it is necessary to develop an ecological rehabilitation strategy. Soil restoration is an important element of this strategy. Therefore, it is important to study and systematize the losses in order to further search for ways to restore natural assets. The study systematizes the loss of ecosystem services, including the loss of land fertility after military intervention, and considers ways to restore fertility. We also proposed the introduction of a fee for failure to comply with restoration measures, which leads to a decrease in fertility and a decrease in product quality. This fee should contribute to a change in priorities in the choice of crops and increase corporate responsibility of the business. We have created a decision-making algorithm for planning enterprise costs, taking into account environmental risk planning. The introduction of this algorithm should contribute to a change in priorities in decision-making and contribute to the restoration of fertility. Conclusion. Losses of natural assets and ecosystem services as a result of military actions in Ukraine are not only ecological, but also economic in nature. Valuing such losses is an important step in developing effective measures for environmental restoration and sustainable development.

Introduction. Today, when Ukraine is experiencing great human, material and financial losses due to a full-scale war, the prospects for the recovery and sustainable development of the national economy depend on the intensification of investment processes. Analyzing Ukraine's investment activity allows developing effective strategies for attracting capital, increasing Ukraine's financial stability and providing it with competitive advantages in a rapidly changing market environment. The purpose of the paper is to study the investment activities of Ukraine in the conditions of a full-scale war and, based on the analysis, to summarize the positive aspects and problems that Ukraine faces when conducting investment activities, as well as to identify measures to improve the investment space in Ukraine. Results. The paper provides a detailed analysis of investment activity in Ukraine during the war period during 2020-2024. The essence of investment and investment activity in general is determined. The main regulatory legal acts that regulate investment activity in Ukraine are indicated and based on them it is determined in what ways state support is provided for the implementation of investment projects. An analysis of the volume of capital investments in Ukraine is conducted. Investments in tangible and intangible assets are compared. The structure of capital investments is analyzed by sources of financing, by types of economic activity, and indicators of capital investments distributed by regions of Ukraine are also presented. Based on the analysis, positive aspects and problems of investment activity in Ukraine are identified, and measures are also identified to improve and increase the investment attractiveness of Ukraine. Conclusion. The war had a devastating impact on the investment process in Ukraine: in 2022, all indicators decreased sharply. However, the economy survived, and now investment activity is gradually recovering to pre-war levels. To increase efficiency, a comprehensive strategy is needed, including improving legislation, developing infrastructure, guarantees for investors, reforming the financial sector, and providing state support.