Исчезает ли этничность в городской среде? Некоторые ответы на загадки большого города

Introduction. In multiethnic societies, the issues of interaction between different peoples is the subject of monitoring, as well as of constant attention, on the part of the government as a measure of preventing any contradictions and complications in this area. The article aims at studying the populations’ attitudes and perceptions in terms of local and national (federal, Russian) identities in the Republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, as well as the degree of their involvement in the global social transformations of the Russian society at large. Data and methods. The research focuses on the analysis of the results of 2020–2021 surveys of the population of the two neighboring republics conducted within the framework of the Project «Preservation and development of the ethnocultural and linguistic diversity of the republics as a condition for promoting Russian federalism». When selecting the objects for the research the authors were guided by the fact that Bashkortostan and Tatarstan are leading subjects of the Russian Federation both in terms of socio-economic development and an awareness of civil and ethnic identities. Results. The study shows that while their ethnic (regional) identities have recently been of relevance for the populations in both republics, at the same time, there is a growing awareness of their national (federal) identity; there is an interest in promoting institutes of civil society, as well as in facilitating greater access to active involvement of the people in the economic, social, and public processes. Sociological surveys help correct approaches, as well as clarify and specify some concepts related to ethnological issues. This article, for example, includes analysis of various types of identities, including such concepts as «all-Russian nation», «ethnic identity», which are in the center of discussions in the scientific community. Granted the data of new ethno-sociological studies, the study attempts to further clarify the conceptual bases of these notions, the processes contributing to their formation, and their relationship with other forms of individuals’ identities and loyalties characteristic of modern Russian society. Conclusion. The process of growing national (federal) identity may encounter some difficulty, granted that there are problems in the economic sphere and everyday life. Positive changes in the economic, political, and social areas that will further a better quality of life and provide greater opportunities for development of human potentialities may significantly improve the situation. A diversity of ethnic, cultural, and confessional backgrounds characteristic of the populations in the regions in question contribute to the specific features of their worldviews, loyalties and perceptions, and the study of the mentalities of the people is of urgent relevance for the development of adequate policies in the area.

Ethnicity and registration as a kidney donor: The significance of identity and belonging

Career and Job Satisfaction

Balochistan shares a border with Punjab and Sindh, which makes Balochistan a linguistically diverse province. Within ethnic groups residing in Balochistan, there is a huge variety of languages spoken. This scenario raises the question of the ethno-linguistic identity of people residing at the borders of Balochistan. The present study focuses on the ethnic and linguistic identity of Baloch tribes that speak Saraiki and reside at the Balochistan Punjab border and Balochistan Sindh border. The study explores the role of language in the identity formation of Saraiki speaking Baloch tribes. The data is collected through Semi-Structured interviews of 10 Saraiki speaking Baloch. The findings revealed that the replacement of Balochi language with Saraiki language has little or no influence on their ethnic identity as Baloch. However, there are few factors such as gender, level of education, knowledge of history and the passage of time that contribute to the acceptability of Saraiki speaking as Baloch

Rural health care is the most important socio-economic resource in the system of the agrarian economy. Purpose of the study. Based on medical and demographic indicators and analysis of morbidity and staffing of the rural population, develop proposals for improving the organization of medical care for rural residents. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s : analytical, statistical, direct observation. The article used the forms of federal statistical observation of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. R e s u l t s . The mortality rate of the rural population over the 20 years of analysis for all the years has been and remains higher than that of the urban population. In 2020, there was a sharp increase in the mortality of the population: urban – from 11,9 to 14,3‰, rural – from 13,3 to 15,4‰, which is associated with the COVID‑19 pandemic. The indicators of the general and newly diagnosed morbidity of the rural population are lower than those of the urban population, which is associated with the low availability of medical care to the rural population. The ranking of indicators of the general incidence of the rural population in the federal districts of the Russian Federation (2020) showed that the difference in indicators was 1,5 times. The highest indicator was noted in the Volga Federal District – 142220,6‰00, the lowest in the Far Eastern Federal District – 96922,8‰00. In the subjects of the Russian Federation, the difference in indicators is 8 times. Lower rates of primary morbidity in the rural population than in the urban population were noted for all classes of diseases. The incidence of COVID‑19 among rural residents was 2151,9‰00, lower than in urban areas – 4539,5‰00, in the Russian Federation the figure was 3384,5‰00. In 2020, the primary morbidity rate of the rural population decreased for all classes of diseases, except for respiratory diseases. In dynamics (2014–2020), the provision of medical organizations located in rural areas increased with doctors from 12,1 to 14,0‰0, with nurses from 44,4 to 50,3‰0, the number of physical EMS persons decreased by 14,8%, paramedics – by 11,6%, the number of FAPs and AFs decreased by 8,9%. The analysis shows that the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 02.02.2015 No. 151-r “Target indicators of the strategy for sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030” is not being implemented. C o n c l u s i o n . Proposals for providing medical care to the population of rural areas are presented.

Aim. To analyze the current state of the sanatoriums-health resorts system of the Republic of Tatarstan and identify the demand by the population of sanatoriums-health resorts services for recreation and health promotion at the regional level.
 Methods. To analyze the functioning of the sanatoriums-health resorts of the republic, we used data from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service (20022018). We calculated the long-term mean values, standard deviation, growth rate, linear regression, the approximation coefficient in comparing the Republic of Tatarstan, Volga Federal District and the Russian Federation. The population proportion, which used the sanatoriums-health resorts services, bed provision per 10,000 population and bed turnover were calculated to assess the provision of the population with sanatorium-resort services. The study of the demand for sanatorium services by the population was carried out using a sociological survey.
 Results. In the comparative analysis, it was found that the Republic of Tatarstan is the region with a developed, relatively stable sanatoriums-health resorts system. The increase in the number of beds in sanatoriums (from 23.86 beds per 10,000 population in 2002 to 24.94 in 2018) and bed turnover rate (from 12.84 in 2002 to 16.59 in 2018) during the studied period indicated the continuity between curative and restorative-rehabilitation medicine. An increase in the proportion (from 3.07% in 2002 to 4.15% in 2018) with an overall increase in the number of stayed people (1.39 times) indicated the interest of the population in rehabilitation treatment and recreation in regional sanatoriums-health resorts. As a result of the survey, a portrait of the modern consumer of sanatoriums-health resorts was drawn up, and priorities in sanatorium choosing were determined.
 Conclusion. The Republic of Tatarstan belongs to the regions with a developed system of sanatoriums-health resorts and significant potential to its development, which is confirmed by the presence of natural healing factors, improved provision of sanatoriums-health resorts care and increasing demand of the population for services for rehabilitation treatment and recreation in regional sanatoriums.

The relationship of ethnic identity and ego identity status among adolescents and young adults

The research featured a cross-cultural comparison of personal and ethnic identity in university students in the conditions of multicultural educational environment. The study involved 141 students: 48 Russians, 45 students from various European countries, and 48 Chinese students. The psychodiagnostic research methods included the questionnaire "Who Am I?" by M. Kuhn and T. McPartland as modified by T. V. Rumyantseva and the questionnaire "Types of ethnic identity" by G. U. Soldatova, S. V. Ryzhova. The research revealed common and specific features of personal and ethnic identity of each group. The importance of reflection and identification of one’s own educational and professional role position were present in the structure of personal identity of every group. As for the structure of ethnic identity, all groups demonstrated an increased level of positive ethnic identity and an average level of ethnic indifference. In the content of personal identity of Russian students, the Social Self (profession, family), the Perspective Self, and the Reflective Self were more pronounced in contrast with other groups. The European students showed a greater manifestation of ethnic nihilism. The Chinese students demonstrated a greater hyperidentity. In each test group, the authors established two types that differed in the specifics of the relationship between personal and ethnic identity. The results can improve the psychological support of students in the process of their self-identification in the conditions of multicultural educational environment.

It is hypothesized that the level of education in a community is a major determinant of womens knowledge of contraceptive methods. Community in this context is defined as including both local and national environments. To test this hypothesis a study was carried out in rural and small urban areas of 4 Latin American countries: Colombia Costa Rica Mexico and Peru. Data was obtained from representative samples of 2100 to 3000 women between the ages of 15 and 49 who were either married or consensually mated at the time of interview. The data was analyzed according to an information flow model in which a womans level of education her husbands education and the community level of education were considered as independent variables. Newspaper reading was included as a variable mediating between education and knowledge of contraceptives. It was found that all of the variables predict knowledge of contraceptives but that the single best predictor is a womans own level of education. Therefore as long as the general level of education in any community remains low knowledge of contraceptives will be limited to the minority of relatively well educated women. In order for information about contraceptives to reach uneducated women a rather high general level of community education is a prerequisite.

The paper is based on the results of field research conducted by the author in the United Republic of Tanzania in November 2023, focusing on the issue of nation formation in the multiethnic state. The study was carried out in Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo cities, resulting in the collection of 33 formal and informal interviews in English and Swahili. The key aim of the research was to find out whether the national component of self-identity has taken precedence for Tanzanian citizens, or if local identities, ethnic or regional, remain more significant. Tanzania is characterized by very high rate of urbanization, and making the issue of changing identity under the new conditions especially relevant for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of migrants in the cities. It is important to note that in Tanzanian cities the majority of residents are at most, second- or third-generation urban residents. Young people usually move to the city alone, without family. Those who were born in the city usually have only parents and siblings living there. Thus, connections to the culture of one’s region of origin are often broken, leading to a search for new affiliations, which frequently involves a shift in self-identity.In the article we will examine issues of the transformation and significance of ethnic identity; the relationship between ethnic, regional, and national levels of self-identity; attitudes towards ethno-racial minorities; and the future of indigenous Tanzanian cultures, languages, and traditions within the multicultural environment of the city.

Traffic-related air pollutants lead to increased risks of many diseases. Understanding travel patterns and influencing factors are important for mitigating traffic exposures. However, there is a lack of national large-scale research. This study aimed to evaluate the daily travel patterns of Chinese adults and provide basic data for traffic exposure and health risk research. We conducted the first nation-wide survey of travel patterns of adults (aged 18 and above) in China during 2011-2012. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a nationally representative sample of 91, 121 adults from 31 provinces in China. We characterized typical travel patterns by cluster analysis and identified the associated factors of each pattern using multiple logistic regression and generalized linear regression models. We found 115 typical daily travel patterns of Chinese adults and the top 11 accounted for 94% of the population. The interaction of age, urban and rural areas, income levels, gender, educational levels, city population and temperature affect people's choice of travel patterns. The average travel time of Chinese adults is 45 ± 40 min/day, with the longest travel time by the combination of walking and car (70 min/day). Gender has the largest effect on travel time (B = -8.94, 95% CI: -8.95, -8.93), followed by city GDP (B = -4.23, 95% CI: -4.23, -4.22), urban and rural areas (B = -3.62, 95% CI: -3.63, -3.61), age (B = -2.21, 95% CI: -2.21, -2.2), educational levels (B = -1.53, 95% CI: -1.53, -1.52), city area (B = -1.4, 95% CI: -1.4, -1.39) and temperature (B = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.21). This study was the first nation-wide study on traffic activity patterns in China, which provides basic data for traffic exposure and health risk research and provides the basis for the state to formulate transportation-related policies.

Negative stereotypes have often positioned the Banyumasan Javanese community as a marginalized group within the broader Javanese society. This is particularly due to their use of the ngapak dialect, which is often viewed as shameful and lacking prestige. However, this study demonstrates that Banyumasan youth today exhibit relatively high levels of self-esteem. The study involved 453 participants, using a convenience sampling method. The results from a simple mediation analysis showed a significant influence of familial ethnic socialization on the self-esteem of Banyumasan adolescents through the mediation of ethnic identity. These findings suggest that strengthening adolescents’ ethnic identity through their families’ ethnic socialization may enhance their self-esteem. Future research is recommended to focus on populations with lower levels of self-esteem and weaker ethnic identity, as the influence of familial ethnic socialization may be more evident in such groups.

Social support, sexual identity development, and ethnic identity development play key roles in individuals’ health and well-being. This study explores social support and identity variables in samples of ethnic minority (N = 297) and White (N = 294) lesbians and gay men. Ethnic minority participants as well as white participants reported generally high levels of satisfaction with social support, strong ethnic and sexual identities, and high levels of outness. Significant differences were found between satisfaction with overall social support and satisfaction with support for same-gender identity for all participants, and significant differences were found between White and ethnic minority participants in levels of outness. Positive relationships were found among coming out, ethnic identity, and satisfaction with support for the ethnic minority participants. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Introduction. The article examines the problem of productive cooperation between family and school aimed at the development of civic identity and patriotism in Kumandin adolescents as representatives of indigenous small-numbered people, taking into account their ethno-cultural characteristics. The purpose of this article is to identify the conditions enhancing productive cooperation between family and school in solving the problems of forming civic identity and patriotism in Kumandin adolescents. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of this study includes scientific works by leading experts devoted to the formation of civic identity and patriotism. The empirical data were obtained in Altai Krai in 2023-2023. The study used ‘My Ethnicity’ sociological questionnaire, which enabled the authors to identify cognitive and affective aspects of adolescents’ ethnic identity. Using the scale of civic consciousness as patriotism and nationalism of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) allowed to assess constructive and non-constructive manifestations of adolescents’ civic identity. Also, the authors used D. J. Finney’s Ethnic Identity Scale for assessing adolescents’ ethnic identity. In order to identify factors determining the formation of civic identity and patriotism in Kumandin adolescents, a survey of school teachers was conducted and moral education curricula were analyzed. The study involved 90 Kumandin adolescents. Results. The article presents a theoretical analysis of approaches to the formation of civic identity and patriotism. The results of the study showed that the majority of Kumandin adolescents demonstrated a high level of ethnic identification. Based on research data obtained by means of D. J. Finney’s inventory, the authors identified high internal consistency in the manifestations of cognitive and emotional components of adolescents’ ethnic identity. The authors revealed significant features in the intensity of various components of civic and ethnic identity among Kumandin adolescents compared to representatives of other nationalities. In particular, statistically significant strong (d from 0.65 to 0.92) differences were found for all indicators of ethnic identity according to D. J. Finney’s method, with average values higher among Kumandin adolescents. At the same time, it has been found that Kumandin adolescents have a poor understanding of the culture and traditions of their ethnic group, practically do not speak the Kumandin language, and do not strive to demonstrate their belonging to the indigenous people. The study showed the need for schools to organize conditions for productive cooperation between family and school aimed at the formation of civil identity and patriotism in Kumandin adolescents: targeted and systematic educational work on studying Kumandin culture and preserving the language in classes attended by Kumandin students, involving the family as part of civic and patriotic education by means of social projects, engaging Kumandin teenagers to participate in civic and patriotic events related to their ethnic characteristics, developing recommendations for teacher. Conclusions. Based on the data obtained, the authors identified the conditions for productive cooperation between family and school aimed at developing civic identity and patriotism in Kumandin adolescents.

Introduction Obstetric USS has become integral to global antenatal care. Ensuring better obstetric care and achieving a high level of patient satisfaction are key priorities. Patient satisfaction serves as a crucial index for evaluating and enhancing healthcare services. We aimed to assess pregnant women's views on their care and satisfaction during obstetrics USS and to explore the correlation between demographic factors and level of satisfaction. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at De Soysa Hospital for Women (DMH), Colombo, Sri Lanka. All pregnant women referred to the Radiology Department for antenatal USS in February 2021 were enrolled. Pre-validated self-administered questionnaires encompassing patient demographics and ordinal satisfaction scales for obstetric USS, were distributed to pregnant women prior to their USS appointments, with completed questionnaires collected post-USS. Kendall’s tau-b correlation was used to compare the relationship between patient’s demographic factors and their level of satisfaction. Results The analytical sample included 278 females, with 60.5% having secondary education or a university degree. Ages ranged from 14 to 44, with an average of 30.3 years. Overall satisfaction reached 84.6 % and satisfaction ratings above 80% were noted for all the indices of perception of care. 95.7% would recommend it to third parties, and 98.6 % considered their expectations were fulfilled. Level of education and age showed positive correlation with the satisfaction with p<0.05. Ethnicity was independent of satisfaction. Conclusion Satisfaction with obstetric ultrasound scan services among pregnant women was high at 84.6%. Positive correlations were found between satisfaction and level of education and age. The study informs health policy and care improvements, emphasizing education and age's influence on satisfaction, suggesting targeted enhancements.