Инкапсулированные дрожжи в технологии напитка смешанного брожения на основе вторичного молочного сырья

Whey, dairy sludges, and wastewater are the most common wastes produced from the dairy industry. They have a high nutritional concentration, a high biological oxygen demand (BOD), a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), and a high organic and inorganic content. Furthermore, they can contain a variety of acid and alkaline detergents used during cleaning. The waste generated has an impact on the quality of the air, soil, and water. The purpose of this chapter is to detail the various physicochemical, biological, and biotechnological waste treatment procedures employed by the dairy sector. The physico-chemical treatment is used to reduce milk fat and protein colloids, however it has the disadvantages of high reagent costs and limited COD elimination. To eliminate organic material from dairy waste, biological treatments are performed; however, the production of sludge during aerobic biodegradation is a disadvantage. Aerobic and anaerobic process treatments can be employed in tandem to meet dairy wastewater effluent discharge regulations.

1 - Waste minimization, management and co-product recovery in food processing: an introduction

Chapter 3 - Nanotechnological application for tannery effluent treatment

The leachate generated from landfill contains humic substances such as humic acid and fluvic acid. It shows, in general, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), and colors in dark brown. When the leachate collected on the No. 15 landfill in Tokyo Bay was irradiated by gamma-rays from a 60Co source in bubbling air, the total organic carbon (TOC) decreased with increasing dose and the brown color was bleached. The effects of pH, flow rate, and dose rate on the decrease of TOC, the variations of UV spectrum, and the formation of carbon dioxide by the irradiation were examined. The decreasing rate of TOC increased with an increase of the flow rate up to approximately 1l/min and showed a maximum value in the region of pH 4 approximately 6. It was also dependent on the dose rate and increased with a decrease of the dose rate. The radiation chemical yield, G(--TOC), reached 162 at low dose rate of 1.3 X10(4) rad/h. This result suggests that a radiation-induced chain reaction occurred. The amount of TOC decreased was almost equal to that of carbon dioxide formed. This result shows that the organic substances were decomposed by irradiation to carbon dioxide as a final product and it was ejected from the solution.

This study investigated a combined approach of a persulfate-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) followed by biological treatment of a textile industrial effluent. The effluent from the textile industry is primarily composed of various dyes in varying concentrations, resulting in high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). The model pollutant rhodamine B (RhB) was used in the optimization studies. During the persulfate oxidation process (PSO), persulfate activation is required to generate sulfate radicals (SO4 •-). Raw laterite soil was used as a catalyst for the treatment of RhB in batch studies, and it was able to reduce the dye concentration by about 20% in 60 min of operation, with initial RhB concentrations of 150 mg L-1 and persulfate concentrations of 200 mg L-1. Furthermore, alkali-treated laterite soil (ATLS) was used as a catalyst, achieving 57%-60% removal in 60 min at pH 3 and complete removal after 72 h of biological treatment. Furthermore, the optimized conditions were tested on real field waters to determine efficiency, and it was observed that the PSO removed approximately 45% of COD, with further biological treatment for 72 h increasing the removal efficiency to 64%. All other parameters of water quality were reduced by more than 60%.

Whey, the main by-product of the cheese industry, is considered as an important pollutant due to its high chemical and biological oxygen demand. Whey, often considered as waste, has high nutritional value and can be used to obtain value-added products, although some of them need expensive enzymatic synthesis. An economical alternative to transform whey into valuable products is through bacterial or yeast fermentations and by accumulation during algae growth. Fermentative processes can be applied either to produce individual compounds or to formulate new foods and beverages. In the first case, a considerable amount of research has been directed to obtain biofuels able to replace those derived from petrol. In addition, the possibility of replacing petrol-derived plastics by biodegradable polymers synthesized during bacterial fermentation of whey has been sought. Further, the ability of different organisms to produce metabolites commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries (i.e., lactic acid, lactobionic acid, polysaccharides, etc.) using whey as growth substrate has been studied. On the other hand, new low-cost functional whey-based foods and beverages leveraging the high nutritional quality of whey have been formulated, highlighting the health-promoting effects of fermented whey-derived products. This review aims to gather the multiple uses of whey as sustainable raw material for the production of individual compounds, foods, and beverages by microbial fermentation. This is the first work to give an overview on the microbial transformation of whey as raw material into a large repertoire of industrially relevant foods and products.

Dairy production is one of the most inefficient processes with respect to water usage in the food industry. It was estimated that the production of a litre of milk creates three to four litres of wastewater. Dairy wastewater contains a high amount of dissolved and suspended solids. Moreover, it contains high concentrations of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. Consequently, the dairy wastewater content of organic compounds is high and so is its chemical oxygen demand. The majority of organic compounds are biodegradable with a high biological and chemical oxygen demand ratio. In this work, we examined the biological purification of physico-chemically pretreated wastewater from a Hungarian milk-processing factory before it was discharged into the public sewage system. The chemical oxygen demand of the pre-treated wastewater ranged from 500 to 2500 mg dm-3. We found that it was possible to achieve efficient organic material removal from nutrient-poor wastewater without nutrient dosage contrary to the literature. The activated sludge system manifested efficient organic material removal that required a smaller biological volume. Experiments with biofilms have shown that a thicker biofilm needs more dissolved oxygen, which dictates oxygen input levels to be sufficient for creating an aerobic environment.

One of the most significant issues that people throughout the world will confront in the future years is a lack of clean and safe water. Anthropogenic activities, in particular, are polluting water systems. With rising population, urbanization, and climate change, water reuse has become a requirement in some areas of the globe, putting pressure on the development of effective water treatment methods for a range of contaminants. High biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil-grease, and other pollutant loads define dairy sector effluent. Improved technology is required to address these issues. Electrocoagulation is a new type of therapy. It’s simple to use, ecologically friendly, and removes a wide range of contaminants from a variety of water types. The goal of this study was to see how operational factors such applied voltage, number of electrodes, distance between electrodes, electrode shape, and reaction time affected the electrocoagulation of actual dairy effluent. Aluminum and iron electrodes are used for this purpose. It was discovered that raising the applied voltage, reaction time, and decreasing the distance between electrodes improved COD, BOD, EC, TDS, color, and oil-grease removal efficiency. Moreover, switch between square, triangular electrodes and perforated cylindrical. The data show that electrocoagulation is effective at the maximum COD, BOD removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (88.03) %, (87.97) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (99.38) %, (99.42) % respectively. the maximum removal of TDS, EC efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (67.57) %, (62.34) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (77.45) %, (67.68) % respectively. Third square shape is (81.96) %, (71.25) % respectively. The maximum color and oil-grease removal efficiency of first electrode at 20 holes of cylindrical shape is (100) %, (100) %, respectively. Second triangle shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Third square shape is (100) %, (100) % respectively. Electrocoagulation methods for the treatment of dairy wastewaters were shown to be successful in the research. Finally, the findings indicated that electrocoagulation is a technically feasible method for removing contaminants from dairy wastewaters.

Food processing by-products and wastes represent in many instances major polluting agents, since they bear a significant load of organic bio-molecules and particularly high chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD and BOD) levels. In this regard the development of processes that will aim at reducing the polluting load by removing added-value phytochemicals from agriculture-food wastes becomes imminent. In the present study, a first approach regarding the efficient recovery of bioactive flavonols from onion solid wastes has been attempted. Major flavonols were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques and recovery was achieved by using environmentally friendly and food-compatible solvent systems, composed of water/ethanol, and acidified with either acetic or citric acid and HCl. Initial screening of various mixtures showed that significantly higher recoveries (P<0.001) can be attained by using 60% ethanol containing 0.1% HCl. The assessment of factors affecting yield, including extraction time and temperature, was accomplished using a series of extractions on the basis of a 3 × 3 factorial design model. The results obtained showed that maximization of yield is dependent upon increasing both extraction time and temperature.

Polysilicon production wastewater (PPW) is characterized by complex composition, high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and poor biodegradability. An integrated process comprising of ferrate(VI) oxidation and biological aerated biofilter (BAF) was developed at lab scale for treating PPW with an initial COD of 3630 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of 350 mg/L, suspended solids (SS) of 440 mg/L, and turbidity of 430 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Firstly, the potassium ferrate(VI) (K2FeO4) microcapsules were synthesized by using the phase separation method in cyclohexane, and ethylcellulose was used as the microcapsule wall materials (WM). The stability could be enhanced greatly when ferrate(VI) was encapsulated in the microcapsules with a mass ratio of K2FeO4:WM of 1:4 in the air compared with pure K2FeO4. The microcapsules exhibited sustained release behaviour and higher oxidation efficiency than pure K2FeO4. The microcapsules were used to pretreat PPW. Under the oxidation conditions of pH 6.0, microcapsule dosage 5.0 g/L and reaction time 70 min, the removal efficiency of COD, suspended solids (SS) and turbidity reached 55.1%, 61.3% and 74.2%, respectively. Subsequently, the oxidation effluent was subjected to BAF treatment. Under a hydraulic residence time of 48 h and a gas:water ratio of 6:1, the final effluent values of COD, SS and turbidity were 308 mg/L, 35 mg/L and 28 NTU, respectively, corresponding to total removal of 91.5%, 92.0% and 93.5%, respectively. Thus, this work demonstrates the feasible and potential application of encapsulated ferrate(VI) samples in the degradation of various toxic effluents.

This research investigated the use of biodegradability of sewage in ordinary pit latrines to assess the performance of such sewage for agricultural purposes. The objective of this paper therefore was to study the biodegradability of faeces in selected pit latrines that would lead to the assessment of the performance of such pits. Both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of pit sludges were thus measured. Samples of fresh faecal sludges collected from pit latrines in selected households in Aku community were subjected to laboratory analyses for their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. The results showed that in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), twelve (12) pits had biodegradability of 80 Parsant and above. In the case of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS), nine (9) pits had biodegradability of 80 Parsant and above. For the volatile solids (VS), eleven (11) pits had biodegradability of 80 Parsant and above. Ten (10) pits had ratio of volatile solids to total solids (VS: TS) ranging from 0.90 – 2.93. Using COD: BOD ratio, eleven (11) pits had values ranging from 0.90–1.34 indicating that the pits sludges were readily biodegradable and good for agricultural purposes. Lower values showed lower organic contents and lower biodegradability and therefore unsuitable for agricultural purposes. High COD: BOD, VS:TS ratios should therefore be used to assess the performance of pit latrine sludges for higher agricultural productivity considering good user-behaviour, favourable soil and environmental conditions. Excreta collected from such pits should be used to enhance soil fertility.

This chapter discusses the enzyme treatment and fermentation for the valorization of food waste and by-products. Agrofood industries are those industries which depend on agricultural products as raw materials. In these industries, food processing results in a range of waste and byproducts according to the type of raw material processed and the respective processing technologies employed. Food industries produce huge amounts of vegetable and fruit waste and by-products which have high biodegradability, soluble constituents and methane emissions leading to environmental problems. Waste from fruit and vegetables processing generally contains large amounts of total suspended solids (TSS) and present high biochemical (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which influence possible recovery solutions and treatment costs. The waste and by-products of agrofood industries are one of major concerns for most food factories. Waste and by-products from agrofood industry contain various nutrients that can be utilized to extract or convert into value-added products, for example, biofuels, bioactive compounds, organic acids, enzyme products.

Distillery industries generate a considerable amount of wastewater, having a high percentage of inorganic matter and organic compounds. Wastewater generated from distillery industries is dark brown in colour. Untreated wastewater from distillery industries have an adverse impact on the sustainability of the environment due to its high pollutant concentration. Hence, distillery industry effluent requires urgent attention for the minimization of toxic waste generation. Several technologies used in the elimination of pollutants from wastewater include physico-chemical and bioremediation techniques. Bioremediation technique is a simple, economical, and the most potential technique. Among bioremediation methods, anaerobic, aerobic, and various kinds of phytoremediation processes have been discussed here. Further, the removal of contaminants by bacteria, fungi, and algae has also been mentioned. A large amount of sludge generation by the anaerobic process also needs attention and proper management. It also outlines the mechanism of the decolourization of melanoidin by microorganisms. The role of different bioreactors in bioremediation technique has also been discussed in detail. Keeping in view the applicability of different bioremediation techniques discussed here for removal of melanoidin high biological oxygen demand (BOD), high chemical oxygen demand (COD), a heavy concentration of suspended solids, polysaccharide, lignin, protein and waxes, it is expected that this technique can be useful for further treatment in a variety of wastewater from distillery industries.

Chapter 22 - Bioconversion of Whey Lactose into Microbial Exopolysaccharides

Fluid dynamics and energy efficiency of submerged combustion process for treating wastewater with high salinity and COD concentration