دور العلاقات العامة في تعزيز المسؤولية الاجتماعية للقطاع الاقتصادي في المنطقة الشرقية

The Multiple Issues Of The Environment Are Presented As A Strategic Imperative, In Order To Realize The Dimensions Of Sustainable Development, Being A Common Human Heritage And An Integral Part Of Human Rights; International Forums Have Embarked On A Number Of Conventions, Policies And Strategies To Ensure This Right. Economic Institutions, As One Of The Effective Members Responsible For The Clear And Visible Impact Of Their Activities On The Environment, Had To Reassess Their Overall Policies To Be More Committed To Their Environmental And Social Responsibilities By Incorporating Considerations That Would Enable Them To Correct Their Performance In Response To Requirements Imposed By International And Domestic Legislation On Environmental Protection. This Is Linked To The Extent To Which They Are Able To Establish The Necessary Foundations That Limit The Impact Of Their Activities On The Environment In Order To Harmonize With Their Surroundings, Preserve Their Image And Ensure Their Survival And Continuity, And Public Relations Are An Important Tributary To This End. Hence, This Research Paper Is Important To Highlight The Position And Role Of Public Relations In Supporting Integrated Environmental Marketing Communications As A Mechanism Within The Environmental Marketing Mix, As Well As Focus On The Public Relations Communication Function In Managing The Image And Reputation Of The Organization, Thereby Contributing, Strengthening And Activating Its Environmental Performance. Keywords - Public Relations- Integrated Marketing Communications- Environmental Performance - Environmental Responsibility- Mental Image- The Reputation Of The Organization.

The textbook discusses the most important methodological and technological issues of the development and implementation of social programs, discusses the main aspects of the organization of social programming. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduates of the Sociology of Social Change program studying the course "Technology of development and implementation of social programs", students specializing in practical sociology, as well as for specialists in the field of social programming and those who care about the state of civil society in our country, who are interested in exercising their rights to participate in decision-making in his hometown, the state as a whole.

Social responsibility has developed Into an Important Issue for companies and Industries A redefinition of the public relations practitioner's role with regard to the Interpretation of social change as well as to a broadening of the public relations practitioner's functions. A new organisational relationship between top management and the public relations practitioner needs to be established. The nature and scope of the public relations practitioner's involvement in the implementation of social responsibility programmes or actions. This study was to determine what the nature and frequency of social responsibility programmes amongst a group of East Rand industrialists is, as well as to determine to which extent the publicrelations practitioner plays an Integrating role in the design and implementation of social responsibility programmes and actions. However, most of these companies do not possess the necessary Infrastructure of a small or medium sized public relations department. The implementation of social responsibility programmes was therefore found not to be dependent upon the existence of the public rellations function. The authors conclude that social responsibility should be viewed as an integrated part of public relations practice at a strategic level and that it should be considered as a specialist function In which the public relations practitioner should specialise on a tertiary level.

This paper surveys production and commerce in Mesopotamia in the Iron Age, i.e., in the first millennium BC, on the basis of the rich textual data from Assyria and Babylonia. In this period the Mesopotamian economy underwent several transformations that - while maintaining the basic patterns of an agrarian economy sustaining a pre-industrial society - changed its character in important ways. The states/empires, whose reach exceeded substantially that of their Bronze-Age predecessors both quantitatively and qualitatively, interfered increasingly in agrarian production by heavily investing in the infrastructure, thereby increasing the economic output and, concomitantly, the taxable surplus. Especially in Babylonia one observes a tendency towards the specialized production of cashcrops for the market: an additional stimulus for economic growth not only on the extensive, but also on the intensive margin. Economic growth and increasingly complex consumption patterns among the elites furthered artisanal production. Commerce depended on the increasing monetization of exchange. Long-distance trade always saw an important element of state interference through the involvement of royal merchants, but local and interregional trade in staples and in artisanal products was overwhelmingly in private hands. Overall, however, the agency of the state was crucial for economic stability and growth also in this sector of the economy: the state created not only much of the demand for finished products, but also a framework of legal and economic institutions that answered the needs of an increasingly complex system of economic exchange. In conclusion it is argued here that the approach of the Northian school of New Institutional Economic History is particularly well-suited for describing the patterns of economic change in the period under discussion.

This study comprehensively discusses the evolution of social responsibility in public relations and the concept of sustainable public relations. The sensitivity of societies to increasing environmental, social and economic problems directs businesses and organizations to adopt a more ethical, transparent and responsible communication approach. The role of public relations in promoting social responsibility projects, supporting sustainability principles and developing sensitive communication strategies was examined within the scope of this study. Additionally, the study discusses the central role played by public relations in promoting social responsibility in the context of responsive communication strategies. In this context, problems such as difficulties in implementing sustainability, lack of resources, focus on short-term gain and balancing different expectations of stakeholders are emphasized. At the same time, how active participation of stakeholders can be achieved through sustainable public relations, participatory communication models and transparent dialogue processes were evaluated. The impact of digital media on sustainable public relations strategies is discussed in the light of rapidly changing communication dynamics. It has been examined how social media platforms make it easier for sustainability-focused campaigns to reach large audiences, while also bringing about a demand for higher transparency and accountability. In addition, measuring the effectiveness of sustainable public relations was examined with qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods. Finally, future trends in social responsibility and sustainability in public relations are discussed. In particular, it has been discussed how elements such as technology integration and artificial intelligence will shape this field. The study aims to contribute to sustainable public relations practice at both academic and practical levels through these issues. Keywords: Public Relations, Social Responsibility, Sustainability, Responsive Communication, Social Media.

The well-established concepts of propaganda, news management, and public relations tell us the extent to which the media are manipulated by political and economic institutions and elites, but do not account for the fact that, despite any well-planned strategy to deal with the media, politicians and military personnel find themselves in continuous need to adjust that strategy and even change the military plan. Media operations are necessary to win contemporary conflicts and are not simply optional: without successful integration of the media with political and military strategies, the latter may fall short. As already discussed in the previous chapters, the media alter the interaction between the agents of politics and war at different levels. They provide a new stage, a new environment where new forms of interaction are possible and new practices become appropriate, if not necessary. Ultimately, it is the mere existence and presence of the media in the international sphere which creates the need for a battle over meaning. The media impose themselves as new channels of communication but also as instruments of a necessary ‘Semiotic War’. This concept refers to the existence of a completely new field of fighting on screen, running parallel to the one on the ground, where the media determine the choice of the instruments.

Waste management has posed a lot of threats to both humanity and the stability of the natural environment. This study specifically investigated whether public relations’ media enlightenment campaign has any significant influence on waste management and also studied whether public relations’ community participation has any significant influence on waste management. The population of the study consists of residents of Enugu metropolis. Survey method was adopted for the study, and the sample size of 384 residents were determined using Cochran’s method. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to determine the reliability of 0.980. Using the convenience sampling technique, the questionnaires were distributed to 384 residents, and 295 of them were duly filled and validated. Using simple linear regression for data analysis, the findings revealed that public relations’ media public enlightenment campaign strategy has a significant influence on waste management (r = 0.933; t = 76.736; F = 5888.365; p < 0.05). Similarly, it was revealed that public relations’ community participation strategy has a significant influence on waste management (r = 0.930; t = 76.280; F = 5667.029; p < 0.05). Ergo, there is a need to improve on media public enlightenment campaign strategy towards educating and encouraging waste management behavior among residents through an adequate traditional and social media awareness campaign. Also, residents should be encouraged to participate actively and meaningfully in environmental waste management issues in Enugu metropolis. The implication is that residents will be more conscious of managing their wastes effectively as a result of adequate information gathering from the media and participation in waste management activities. AcknowledgmentIn the course of this study, a few research assistants contributed immensely in gathering primary data from the districts where the study was conducted. They include Ayogu Victor, Ayogu Boniface, Okolo Valentine, and Agu O. Agu.

What do public relations educators think about standards in their field? What do they think their educator peers think about standards in public relations? And what do educators think practitioners in the field think? This study seeks to answer these questions by using a coorientation approach in a national survey of public relations educators. It is based on the view that both educators and practitioners in public relations must look inward and define standards of specific performance - and, borrowing from social projection theory, that professionals in the field must come to consensus on these standards - to ultimately achieve and maintain professionalism in the field. Professional standards Criteria for classification of an activity as professional are remarkably similar across numerous disciplines and are found in both trade (Australia,1993; Bovet, 1994; Fenton,1977; Marston,1968; McKee, Nayman, & Lattimore,1975; Ranney,1977; St. Helen, 1992; Warner, 1993) and academic writing (Gitter & Jaspers,1982; Judd, 1989; RentnerB Ryan,1986; Wright 1978, 1981). Professional criteria include requirements for: (a) a well-defined body of scholarly knowledge; (b) completion of some standardized and prescribed course of study; (c) examination and certification by a state; (d) oversight by a state agency which has disciplinary powers over practitioners' behaviors; (e) membership in organizations; and (f) development of technical skills (Nelson, 1994; Wylie, 1994). Other criteria include intellectualism, and existence of an ethical code, a self-governing body, and an orientation on public service over self-interests (like profits) (Wright, 1981). Prescriptions for professionalism in public relations in the trade and research literature take more of a topical focus, arguing for or against licensing (Baxter, 1986; Bernays, 1983, 1992, 1993; Forbes, 1986; Lesly,1986), accreditation and education (Hainsworth, 1993; Wylie, 1994), ethics and social responsibility (Bivins, 1992; Judd, 1989; Ryan,1986; Sharpe,1986; Cameron, Sallot, & Weaver-Lariscy,1996). Drawing on this literature and 200 hours of interviews with 60 practitioners, Cameron, Sallot, and Weaver-Lariscy (1996) developed a battery of 24 attributes of professionalism in public relations and the 45 items that operationalize behavior. Using this instrument, the authors have conducted national surveys in the United States of public relations practitioners and educators. Practitioners self-reported that ethical guidelines, accreditation and writing/editing skills enjoy well established standards. Licensing, location of public relations on the organizational chart and inclusion of public relations in the dominant coalition were viewed as most lacking in a standard of performance (Cameron, Sallot, & WeaverLariscy, 1996). Focusing on justice and equity issues in the 1996 data set, WeaverLariscy, Sallot, and Cameron (1996) argued that men see more justice and equity in the system than women experience, precluding women from viewing just and equitable standards in the field. Employing coorientational analysis (Chaffee & McLeod, 1968; Kim, 1986), Sallot, Cameron, and Weaver-Lariscy (1998) found that public relations professionals across the nation tend to underestimate the current state of standards in the field. This state of pluralistic ignorance (Glynn, Ostman, & McDonald, 1995) was partly attributed to the third-person effect (Davison, 1983). While some research have investigated educators' views on news values and journalistic behaviors in public relations (see, for example, Habermann, Kopenhaver, & Martinson, 1988), only one previous study examined public relations educators' views on standards per se. Sallot, Cameron, and Weaver-Lariscy (1997) surveyed 127 educators across the U.S. with their battery of 24 standards items. …

Social responsibility is a leading term in today's world, whether it is related to profit-making corporations or non-profit organizations. Many corporations do social responsibility in terms of corporate social responsibility, but it is in terms of university social responsibility if we talk about universities. Universities have taken up different types of social responsibility initiatives in both developing and developed countries. Through social responsibility initiatives, there is a need to understand private and state universities' involvement in society and the environment. By imparting knowledge and empowering students, universities serve the Society; this study would observe other universities' social responsibility initiatives towards their Society and Environment. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of social responsibility initiatives taken up by private and state universities of Rajasthan towards Society and environment. This paper is using survey research method based on simple random sampling and studying twenty private and state universities of Rajasthan by focusing two main dimensions service to Society and service to environment. The findings of this research show that Private and State Universities are doing more social responsibility initiatives towards Society rather than environment and based on hypothesis testing, it is concluded that there is no statistically significant difference between social responsibility initiatives taken up by private and state universities of Rajasthan while on the basis of the correlation and regression results, there is a significant impact of social responsibility initiatives taken up by private and state universities of Rajasthan towards society and environment. Social Responsibility Initiatives in state universities have a more positive attitude towards Society.

This paper examined the role of public relations in safeguarding organisational image during industrial action. The study was anchored on Marxian (conflict) Theory. Survey method was used in the study and a total population of 2975, 400 sampling size was purposely selected and this comprised of 200 Teaching and 200 Non-Teaching Staff of the institution. Questionnaires were employed as primary instruments of data collection. The findings revealed that, public relation play majorly role of reconciliation in safeguarding organisational’s image especially during industrial action. It also revealed that, Public Relations in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo help in safeguarding the image of the institution especially during industrial action. The study concluded that, public relations help in safeguarding organisations image especially during industrial action. It also concluded that public relation helps to build institutional image especially in Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo. Finally, the study recommended that organizations especially Rufus Giwa Polytechnic Owo management should give much credent to public relations as it serve a mean of safeguarding organisation image especially during industrial action. It also recommends that, public relation in every organisation should ensure effective communication especially during organizational conflict. Key Terms : Public Relations, Industrial Action, Organisational Image DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/99-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2023

Abstrak  Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan atau tanggung jawab sosial kini telah menjadi bagian penting dalam menjalankan usaha. Peranan Praktisi Humas dalam hal ini untuk mengetahui aspek penting dalam keberhasilan penyampaian pesan kepada khalayak sasaran, tujuan dari Komunalisasi Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan dalam Meningkatkan Citra Perusahaan PT. Tenaga Listrik Cirebon adalah: (1) Untuk mengetahui strategi komunikasi yang digunakan PT. Cirebon Electric Power saat ini melakukan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, (2) Mengetahui strategi Public Relations dalam meningkatkan citra perusahaan, (3) Mengetahui citra perusahaan PT. Cirebon Electric Power di depan umum, (4) Untuk mengetahui adanya halangan yang ditemui dalam menyampaikan pesan. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Peneliti langsung ke lapangan, melakukan wawancara dan bertindak sebagai pengamat, untuk mendapatkan data dan argumentasi yang kemudian diolah melalui pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Strategi komunikasi pelaksanaan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan pertama PT. Cirebon Electric Power melakukan pemetaan sosial, studi penelitian dan menyesuaikan dengan kesesuaian kerangka pengelolaan AMDAL / lingkungan, konsultasi di forum desa, melibatkan pemimpin desa dan masyarakat setempat, (2) Strategic Public Relations dilakukan melalui serangkaian kegiatan terutama Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, filantropi dan pengumpulan untuk membangun komunikasi yang digunakan dan penggunaan media sebagai sarana penyebarluasan informasi yang lebih luas, (3) Dengan berbagai kegiatan CSR dan strategi perusahaan yang telah disusun dengan baik dan mendapat            kesan, dari Penilaian kursus dan citra positif masyarakat, (4) hambatan komunikasi yang dialami oleh PT. Cirebon Electric Power, di antara persepsi negatif masyarakat tentang dampak konstruksi pembangkit listrik. Kendati demikian, kendala tersebut dapat diatasi melalui pendekatan persuasif dan program kegiatan CSR.  Kata kunci: Komunikasi, Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, Citra Perusahaan    ABSTRACT  Corporate social responsibility or social responsibility has now become an essential part of running a business enterprise. The role of a Public Relations practioners in this case to determine important aspect in the successful delivery of messages to the target audience, the aims of this Research “Communicatio Strategy Corporate Social Responsibility in Improving Corporate Image PT. Cirebon Electric Power” are:  (1)    To know the communication strategy use to PT. Cirebon Electric Power is currently conductingCorporate Social Responsibility, (2) To know a Public Relations strategy in improving the company’s image, (3) To know the corporate image of  PT. Cirebon Electric Power in the public, (4) To know any obtacles encountered in conveying the message. Researcher used qualitative research methods with descriptive approach. Researcher directly to the field, conducting interviews and acting as observers, to get the data and arguments wich are then processed through a qualitative descriptive approach. The research results show that: (1) The communication strategy for implementing Corporate Social Responsibility first PT. Cirebon Electric Power did social mapping, research study and adjust to the propriety of the EIA/ environmental management framework, consultation in the village forum, involving the village and local community leader, (2) Strategic Public Relations is done through a series of activities especially Corporate Social Responsibility, philanthropy and gathering to establish communication tehnuiques used and the use of media as a a means of wider dissemination of information, (3) With a range of CSR activities and corporate strategy which has been very well reseived and get an impression, of course assessment and positive image of the community, (4) communication barrier experienced by PT. Cirebon Electric Power, among the negative perception the public about the impact of a power plant construction. However, these obstacles can be overcome through persuasive approach and program of CSR activities.   Keywords: Communication, Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Image

This report presented by the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge of the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE ISSEK) is dedicated to the statistical measurement of the creative economy of Moscow. This publication gives a first ever classification of Moscow’s creative industries – sectors of the economy where the major part of gross value added is generated out of creative activity and intellectual property rights management, and provides a description of approaches to calculating key indicators of their economic and territorial development. Original assessments of creative employment and foreign trade of creative goods on the basis of official data sources, as well as infographic profiles of selected creative industries, are provided. The report will be of practical interest to representatives of public authorities, managers and employees of companies, educational institutions, research institutes, experts and all involved in the creative economy agenda.

Chapter 1 - Comparing State Economic Ideologies and Business Ethics in East Asia

Default Count-Based Network Models for Credit Contagion

This research aims to develop a strategy for developing Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in Mandalawangi Village, Tasikmalaya Regency. Bumdes is an economic institution owned by village communities with the aim of improving the welfare of village communities. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The research results show that Bumdes Mandalawangi has great potential in developing various economic businesses in the village. However, to optimize this potential, the right strategy is needed. The Mandalawangi Bumdes development strategy is expected to help improve the welfare of village communities, create jobs and reduce dependence on certain economic sectors. Apart from that, this strategy can also be a guide for other villages in developing their Bumdes.