ЯКІСНІ КОМПОНЕНТИ ЦИНІЧНОСТІ В ОСІБ, ЩО ВИКОНУЮТЬ ОБОВ'ЯЗКИ В ЕКСТРЕМАЛЬНИХ УМОВАХ

One of the most pressing issues of modern military education is considered - the study and implementation of combat experience in the system of professional training of military specialists. The need for an operational update of the content, methods and forms of training of military personnel is highlighted, taking into account the challenges that the defense forces of Ukraine have faced in the conditions of large-scale armed aggression. Combat experience, gained directly during combat operations, has become an invaluable source of practical knowledge, the acquisition of which should ensure high efficiency of training of future commanders and specialists. A theoretical analysis of the definition of the concept of «combat experience» in the military-pedagogical context is carried out, its essential characteristics and functional significance in the educational process are outlined. Special attention is paid to highlighting the main forms and methods of implementing combat experience in the educational environment: the use of combat cases, situational modeling, the participation of officers with combat experience in teaching, wargaming, training in conditions that are as close as possible to combat. It is argued that the inclusion of real combat material in the educational process increases motivation for learning, contributes to the formation of professional reflection and adaptive thinking, the ability to make nonstandard decisions in difficult conditions. It is concluded that the study and pedagogical understanding of combat experience should be considered a strategic direction for the development of military education.

The article presents the results of a study on the motivational characteristics of military personnel with combat experience in the context of contemporary psychological, social, and professional challenges of wartime service. The relevance of the study is determined by the prolonged armed conflict, the intensity of combat experience, and the necessity to deepen the understanding of internal psychological determinants that influence servicemen’s professional effectiveness, psychological resilience, and post-combat personal and professional functioning. The focus of the research is the motivational sphere of the serviceman’s personality as a dynamic system that undergoes significant transformations under the impact of combat stress, extreme operational conditions, value shifts, and changes in life-meaning orientations. The purpose of the article is to identify and theoretically and empirically substantiate the specific features of motivation in military personnel with combat experience, as well as to analyze the factors that determine their professional activity, moral readiness, and resistance to emotional exhaustion. The methodological framework of the study is based on the concepts of military, social, and motivational psychology, theories of professional motivation, moral readiness, and psychological resilience of military personnel. The research employed theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization of scientific sources, along with empirical psychological methods aimed at studying motivational characteristics in servicemen with varying levels of combat experience, followed by statistical processing and interpretation of the obtained data. The scientific novelty of the research lies in clarifying the structure and content of motivation under combat conditions and identifying dominant motivational factors related to the value-meaning sphere, professional identity, and moral responsibility for military duty. The findings demonstrate a shift in motivational priorities from external incentives toward internal determinants, such as a sense of duty, awareness of the social significance of service, cohesion with comrades, and meaning-making orientations. At the same time, the study reveals potential risks of motivational decline associated with prolonged combat exposure, emotional burnout, and insufficient psychological support. The conclusions substantiate that the motivational sphere of military personnel with combat experience functions as a key psychological resource for maintaining professional effectiveness and psychological stability. The results of the study can be applied in the system of psychological support of military service, command-training programs, and the development of interventions aimed at enhancing motivation, preventing emotional burnout, and strengthening psychological resilience of servicemen under combat conditions.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of professional training of law enforcement officers. The relevance of the specific functions of the state in the professional training of domestic law enforcement officers is revealed, which is due to the specifics of the activities of officials and other officials of law enforcement agencies, called to ensure the interests of citizens, society and the state. Doctrinal opinions on the professional training of law enforcement officers were analyzed, as well as a number of legislative and sub-legislative legal acts were studied, including the Laws of Ukraine: «On Civil Service», «On the National Police», «On Social and Legal Protection of Servicemen and Their Family Members» , orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine on the organization of initial professional training of police officers, who are first accepted for police service, on higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, regulating the legal relationship of professional training of law enforcement officers. It is emphasized that an important role in the law enforcement activity of a law enforcement officer is played by his professional competence, personal positive human qualities that influence his formation as a personality. The opinion expressed is that the professional activity of a law enforcement officer is inseparable from his professional competence. A theoretical definition of the concept of «professional competence» is given as a set of acquired and necessary professional knowledge, abilities and practical skills that, depending on the field of professional activity, a law enforcement officer can perform within the limits of the powers determined by the position in accordance with the law and other regulatory legal acts. It is justified that every law enforcement officer should be a highly cultured person, have a high level of legal culture, tolerance, and humanity.It was concluded that the law enforcement function belongs to one of the most important functions of the social legal state and covers the entire complex of internal and external functions of the state enshrined in the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, each of which affects the activity of the state-authorized law enforcement body in accordance with the purpose and tasks of its activity. A necessary condition for the implementation of tasks and the implementation of internal and external functions of the state requires proper provision of law enforcement bodies with material resources, financial and monetary support, a guarantee of social protection, and determination of the powers of the law enforcement body. The implementation of the law enforcement function is inextricably linked with the activities of the law enforcement body, its officials and officials. This function is objectified and developed as an integrated indicator of professional competence, possession of organizational, special and legal knowledge and entrusts the state with the important function of providing professional training and special training of the future highly qualified specialist – a law enforcement officer who has mastered the relevant theoretical knowledge and practical skills, who psychologically ready to act in extreme conditions, be able to and know how to use acquired knowledge in order to ensure the protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms, legal order and state security.

The role of cognitive factors in differentiating individuals with somatoform disorders with and without depression

Analysis of contemporary armed conflicts shows that UCAV (Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle) is finding an increasing range of combat applications. The present study deals with constructional characteristics, tactical and technical parameters, equipment with reconnaissance sensors, electronic warfare equipment, weaponry, economic coefficient, combat experience, possessed additional benefits, systems and technologies, performance and application options in combat operations. Two UCAV (MALE − Medium Altitude Long Endurance) classes were analyzed based on Heron, Heron TP, MQ-1B Predator, MQ-1C Gray Eagle, Wing Loong, CH-4B and newly introduced MQ-9 Reaper ER, MQ-9 Reaper, P.1HH HammerHead, Mantis and (HALE − High Altitude Long Endurance) Global Yabhon, Yabhon-United 40 to determine their optimal effectiveness in combat operations. The article presents a general methodology for assessing the tactical effectiveness of selected UAV classes that are or can be used in modern armed conflicts. It can be useful for potential interested parties when making decisions regarding the purchase or application of an appropriate UAV depending on the capabilities and conditions of the defense strategy of a given country.

Introduction:Ultrasound applications are widespread, and their utility in resource-limited environments are numerous. In disasters, the use of ultrasound can help reallocate resources by guiding decisions on management and transportation priorities. These interventions can occur on-scene, at triage collection points, during transport, and at the receiving medical facility. Literature related to this specific topic is limited. However, literature regarding prehospital use of ultrasound, ultrasound in combat situations, and some articles specific to disaster medicine allude to the potential growth of ultrasound utilization in disaster response.Aim:To evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound in a disaster response based on studies involving ultrasonography in resource-limited environments.Methods:A narrative review of MEDLINE, MEDLINE InProcess, EPub, and Embase found 20 articles for inclusion.Results:Experiences from past disasters, prehospital care, and combat experiences have demonstrated the value of ultrasound both as a diagnostic and interventional modality.Discussion:Current literature supports the use of ultrasound in disaster response as a real-time, portable, safe, reliable, repeatable, easy-to-use, and accurate tool. While both false positives and false negatives were reported in prehospital studies, these values correlate to accepted false positive and negative rates of standard in-hospital point-of-care ultrasound exams. Studies involving austere environments demonstrate the ability to apply ultrasound in extreme conditions and to obtain high-quality images with only modest training and real-time remote guidance. The potential for point-of-care ultrasound in triage and management of mass casualty incidents is there. However, as these studies are heterogeneous and observational in nature, further research is needed as to how to integrate ultrasound into the response and recovery phases.

ABSTRACTSurvivability is dependent on two basic factors, susceptibility, which is the probability of being hit by a damage‐causing mechanism, and vulnerability, which is the probability of being killed once hit. Visually aimed weapons present a major threat to the survivability of small waterborne craft in combat operations. Since this type of vessel is inherently quite vulnerable to virtually any modern weapons system, survivability is best enhanced by decreasing the susceptibility. Although combat experience in previous wars has proved that smoke is invaluable in protecting ships from visually aimed weapons, the ability to produce screening smoke on modern U.S. Navy vessels is very limited. In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of using screening smoke to protect small craft under modern conditions, e.g., from enemy helicopters, small craft tests were conducted using a variety of smoke sources. Smoke sources tested included the U.S. Army M3A3E3 pulse‐jet smoke generator, pyrotechnic smoke blocks, and a turbine type generator. This paper discusses the results of these tests and draws conclusions regarding the feasibility of using smoke to help protect boats from visually aimed weapons.

The article provides an overview of modern scientific literature that examines the psychological factors influencing post-traumatic growth in veterans having combat experience. The main focus is on psychological resources such as resilience (psychological strength), stress coping styles, and emotional regulation, which are keys for adaptation after traumatic events. Special attention is paid to the role of personal experience in veterans who have undergone combat operations and how this experience can contribute to post-traumatic growth – a process of positive changes that occur after trauma. The article thoroughly reviews the results of recent empirical studies that emphasize the importance of these psychological factors in shaping recovery strategies. In particular, studies show that veterans with strong resilience and effective stress coping styles are better able to adapt to the consequences of hostilities and can achieve post-traumatic growth. They not only adapt more easily to stressful situations but also find new strengths for development after trauma, which helps them lead more fulfilling lives. Based on the analysis of scientific papers, key directions for future research have been identified. It is particularly important to continue studying the mechanisms of emotional regulation, adaptive stress coping strategies, and the role of social support for veterans. Research in these areas can contribute to the development of more effective psychological assistance programs aimed at supporting veterans, improving their psychosocial well-being, and fostering their post-traumatic growth after experiencing combat hostilities. Regarding prospects for future research, we should note that upcoming studies should focus on developing new approaches to supporting veterans while considering the complex nature of their post-traumatic experience, shaped by prolonged combat conditions. There is a need to explore the possibility of integrating multidisciplinary methods and introducing innovative therapeutic techniques that will help maximize their recovery and successful adaptation to civilian life. Given that the conflict is still ongoing and combat operations continue, it is essential to develop approaches that reflect the realities when veterans return to civilian life under the influence of constant threat and stress. Taking into account the specific features of the post-traumatic experience formed in such conditions is a key to a deeper understanding the mechanisms of psychological adaptation and personal growth in veterans who seek to adapt to civilian life despite the ongoing conflict.

In 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out worldwide, leading to a pandemic. Studies have shown that COVID-19 patients in intensive care units (ICUs) require more nursing care than other patients. ICU nurses who care for patients with COVID-19 have shown signs of psychological and physical strain. The aim of this study was to illuminate ICU nurses' experiences of caring for patients with COVID-19 in ICUs during the first wave of the pandemic. A qualitative, descriptive and inductive approach was used. A total of 70 blog posts from 13 bloggers in the United States, Great Britain, Finland and Sweden were analysed using qualitative inductive manifest content analysis. The results reveal an overall theme: 'An overturned existence under extreme conditions'. Furthermore, three categories-'the virus caused changes in work and private lives', 'unreasonable demands', and to hold on to caring ideals thanks to the support of others'-and seven subcategories were identified. Caring for patients with COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic was demanding because of a lack of knowledge about the disease and the severity of the illness. This led to ICU nurses experiencing extreme conditions that affected various aspects of their lives. Support from colleagues and teamwork were revealed to be particularly important for how nurses dealt with the demands of working during a pandemic, as was sufficient recovery time between work shifts. Work in ICUs was challenging and demanding, even before the pandemic. This study contributes to an understanding of the complex work environment that existed in hospitals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The knowledge obtained from this study can be used to revise working conditions and identify health interventions for ICU nurses.

A bill that works to address the mental health needs of Oklahoma law enforcement officers and other first responders is now law, Oklahoma News reported April 28. Sen. Kim David authored Senate Bill 848, which directs the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services to contract with public and private entities to provide peer support crisis intervention, counseling, and wellness for the law enforcement, firefighter, emergency medical, and corrections communities impacted by trauma, cumulative stress, anxiety, addictions, death and suicide as well as the impact on their personal lives. “Our law enforcement officers, fire fighters and other first responders face constant traumatic situations that we cannot even fathom — events that impact them mentally and emotionally,” David said. “This bill is aimed at destigmatizing mental health treatment for these brave public servants, so they don't suffer in silence. They have selflessly dedicated their lives to protecting the public, and we owe it to them and their families to protect them as well and that includes their mental health. “Peer support crisis intervention truly saves lives. It's one thing to talk to a counselor who learned about trauma in a book, but studies have shown that talking to a coworker or peer who has experienced the same types of trauma is much more powerful for these officers and emergency responders,” David said. “This public/private partnership will provide grants to ensure these courageous men and women have access to the mental health services they need so we don't lose them to mental fatigue, burnout or worse.” SB 848 was signed into law on April 27.

Aim of the study - to identify the specific features of anger manifestation in extreme and crisis states in different social groups. The paper presents the analysis of literary sources on the problem of studying the features of human experience of extreme and crisis conditions. The results of the empiric study are given. 170 people were differentiated into three empiric groups: group 1 (50) - employees of the special unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Novosibirsk region, group 2 (70) - patients of oncology department of the City Hospital № 1, Novosibirsk and group 3 (50) - control group («relative norm»). Methods: using one-way ANOVA test differences were identified between the groups according to parameters of anger and aggression manifestation and human personality. Results. The study showed that for subjects of group 1 was typical to control anger manifestations because uncontrolled emotional expression in the professional activity of law enforcement officials was unacceptable. Besides, the activity specificity in the extreme conditions allows to search another way for feeling discharge, in particular, aggressive emotions. In group 2, anger is one of the classic emotions experienced by subjects with oncological pathology and constitutes a structural element of the internal picture of the disease, and also is one of the factors determining the genesis of oncological pathology. Subjects of group 3 are characterized by a periodically experienced state of anger, which manifests itself in various forms and allows to reduce the emerging emotional tension and regain the lost control over the situation. Conclusions. The obtained results can be used in programs development aimed at working with anger in the law enforcement and health care systems, vocational selection, as well as in consulting and psychotherapeutic practice.

Background: the increase in the number of extreme situations threatening the life and health of law enforcement officers leads to the formation of maladaptive reactions and the development of clinical symptoms of mental maladaptation, which dictates the need to improve the quality of preventive and curative care, as well as to improve organizational approaches based on scientific analysis of morbidity. The aim was to assess the dynamics of desadaptation disorders prevalence and give a forecast of the need for employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation in medical and psychological rehabilitation (MPR) after suffering borderline mental disorders. Materials and Methods: in order to assess the dynamics and predict the need for internal affairs officers in medical and psychological rehabilitation after borderline mental disorders, an analysis of statistical reporting forms for the period 2008-2023, according to the V class of diseases according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) was carried out. The study included disorders with a good prognosis and stable remission of painful manifestations after complex therapy. These disorders do not prevent the continuation of service as police officers and relate to ICD-10 categories: organic, including symptomatic mental disorders (F00–F09), mood disorders (affective disorders) (F30–F39), neurotic, stress related and somatoform disorders (F40–F48). The need indicators were calculated per 1,000 employees or in ppm (%). At the first stage of analysis, forecasting was calculated without taking into account external factors. At the second stage, the model was built taking into account the main external factor such as a participation in hostilities. To predict the need for MPR for the period 2024 and 2025, the ARIMA model was applied, the quality of the model was evaluated using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), the Ljung-Box test for diagnosing autocorrelation of residues, the confidence interval was denoted as — CI. The Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) was used to check the stationarity of the time series. To determine the trend of acceleration and deceleration of the trend, an assessment of the change in the growth rate of need was carried out using the first and second derivatives. Results: an analysis of the dynamics of the need for ATS employees to conduct MPR after suffering mental disorders shows the variability of indicators for all groups of mental health disorders studied. The forecast model, built taking into account an external factor — the performance of operational and combat tasks in special conditions, demonstrates the expected increase in the MPR need for police officers in 2024 and 2025, which is associated with an increase in the number of extreme situations faced by employees, and, as a result, with an increase in mental maladaptation. Conclusions: further research and monitoring of the factors influencing the need for medical and psychological rehabilitation are critically important for improving the quality of rehabilitation measures and improving the mental health of police officers. The prospects for further research lie in the development of more accurate models for predicting the need for MPR, taking into account not only external stress factors, but also the individual characteristics of employees, which will optimize rehabilitation programs and increase their effectiveness in conditions of increasing professional loads.

Current advances in localization and tracking technology have the potential to develop into much-needed tools for the saving of lives in emergency response and rescue missions, and for the safe-keeping of lives in military operations. However, civilian and military users face different environments and consequently have different user requirements. Even within the two broad fields of civilian and military applications, different types of personnel and indeed different types of missions face different needs and constraints. For instance, firefighters engaged in the suppression of a forest fire have other requirements than firefighters suppressing a fire in a high-rise building, or a conflagration in a large industrial complex full of hazardous materials. Military personnel engaged in counter-insurgency operations face requirements different from those tasked to rescue hostages held in a closed environment. This paper aims to survey the different requirements for localization and tracking technology by mission type, so that users can more easily determine their own specific technology needs. Although primarily aimed to describe requirements for military personnel, law enforcement officers, and firefighters, needs and constraints for several types of civilian applications are covered as well. Despite differences in requirements, it makes sense to develop technologies that will target several of these end-user groups. A new joint facility for development of requirements together with representatives from the various branches, and the evaluation of existing and emerging localization and tracking systems, would assist in the enabling of reliable and user-friendly capability to respond to, and recover from, all-hazards emergencies and combat operations.

Investigations after critical events often depend on accurate and detailed recall accounts from operational witnesses (e.g., law enforcement officers, military personnel, and emergency responders). However, the challenging, and often stressful, nature of such events, together with the cognitive demands imposed on operational witnesses as a function of their active role, may impair subsequent recall. We compared the recall performance of operational active witnesses with that of nonoperational observer witnesses for a challenging simulated scenario involving an armed perpetrator. Seventy-six police officers participated in pairs. In each pair, 1 officer (active witness) was armed and instructed to respond to the scenario as they would in an operational setting, while the other (observer witness) was instructed to simply observe the scenario. All officers then completed free reports and responded to closed questions. Active witnesses showed a pattern of heart rate activity consistent with an increased stress response during the event, and subsequently reported significantly fewer correct details about the critical phase of the scenario. The level of stress experienced during the scenario mediated the effect of officer role on memory performance. Across the sample, almost one-fifth of officers reported that the perpetrator had pointed a weapon at them although the weapon had remained in the waistband of the perpetrator's trousers throughout the critical phase of the encounter. These findings highlight the need for investigator awareness of both the impact of operational involvement and stress-related effects on memory for ostensibly salient details, and reflect the importance of careful and ethical information elicitation techniques.

Opioid overdose is reversible through the timely administration of naloxone, which has been used by emergency medical services for decades. Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are often the first emergency responders to arrive at an overdose, but they are not typically equipped with naloxone. This is rapidly changing; more than 220 law enforcement agencies in 24 states now carry naloxone. However, rollout in some departments has been hampered by concerns regarding officer and agency liability. We systematically examined the legal risk associated with LEO naloxone administration. LEOs can be authorized to administer naloxone through a variety of mechanisms, and liability risks related to naloxone administration are similar to or lower than those of other activities in which LEOs commonly engage.