Изменчивость показателей семян сосны кедровой сибирской, произрастающей в разных лесорастительных районах Сибири

We examined relationships between seed mass, seed nutrients, and seedling growth in two populations of Banksia cunninghamii to determine whether large seed mass provided an advantage for seedling establishment on nutrient‐poor soils. N and P content of seeds increased more than proportionally with increasing seed mass, indicating that large seeds had greater concentrations of these nutrients than small seeds. K content of seeds increased either proportionally or more than proportionally with seed mass, depending on population. In a common garden, larger seeds produced larger seedlings, although seed mass had little effect on seed germination, seedling survival, root:shoot ratios, or relative growth rate. In a nutrient‐deprivation experiment, seedlings were smaller under low nutrients than under high nutrients. Under low nutrients in one population, the increase in seedling size with seed mass was greater than proportional, indicating that large seed mass minimized the effect of nutrient deprivation. Under...

Fruit maturity for seed production can occur at various times because of the continual flowering of pepper plants. Accordingly, seeds with different maturity are acquired as the fruits are collected in a single harvest. Immature seeds obtained in this harvest may lead to a decrease in the quality of seed lots. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of four different endophytic bacteria strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain L5b, Pseudomonas gessardii strain L13, Bacillus subtilis strain Bs1 and Bacillus mojavensis strain ApBm) on germination and seedling vigor of immature and mature bell pepper seeds. To obtain seeds with different maturity levels, fruits were collected 45–49 days after flowering for immature seeds and 65–69 days for mature seeds. The effectiveness of these bacteria strains was examined by coating seeds with four different endophytic bacteria strains separately. Additionally, to see the activity of endophytic bacteria more clearly, a mock treatment with sterile water was added to the experiment as a control (+) group. Bio-priming (especially strain Bs1 and L13) improved germination and seedling emergence characteristics of both immature and mature seed lots compared to control groups (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that bio-priming with beneficial endophytic bacteria can be used to stimulate the quality of both immature and mature seeds from the pepper.

Rumex turcomanicus Czerep., belonging to family Polygonaceae, is one of native green vegetable in Northeast Iran. Despite the high consumption, its seed germination and dormancy aspects is inconsiderable. In order to investigate the effects of seed harvesting date on seedling emergence, vigour and growth traits of R. turcomanicus Czerep., the seeds were harvested at five different times, i.e., two weeks after fruiting (WAF), 6WAF, 8WAF (mature seeds), 2 month after seed ripening (MASR) and 4MASR, and were sowed immediately, at agricultural college of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Iran in 2012-2013. The results was showed that the highest and lowest of seedling emergence percentage, seedling emergence rate, seedling vigour index, seedling fresh and dry weight, seedling root and shoot length, total seedling length and %final normal seedling (%FNS) was obtained in the seeds which were sowed 4MASR and 2WAF, respectively. Maximum and minimum of mean emergence time (MET) was observed in the seeds which were sowed 2WAF and 4MASR, respectively. Relationship between %FNS and MET and between %FNS and emergence percentage was highly significantly negative (-0.961) and positive (+0.962), respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, it seems that the problem of germination in most of the Rumex turcomanicus Czerep. seeds, is probably due to a kind of morphological dormancy, which is remained in most of the fresh seeds (collected 2WAF), and eliminated in the mature seeds (collected 2MASR). Also dry seed storage of the mature seeds for two months was improved seedling emergence and vigour, significantly.

Pot experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State in the Southern Guinea savannah ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate the influence of seed size on plant performance with reference to seedling emergence, seedling growth, development and yield components and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea). The treatment consisted of three different seed sizes: small, medium and large seeds apportioned to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten replications. For seed size, the seeds were initially graded into small, medium and large seeds based on visual assessment for length and diameter and from each group 100-seed weight was determined thus 100-seed weight became the parameter for measuring seed size as used in this experiment. The analyzed data showed no significant effect of seed size on groundnut canopy height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth, days to first flower, number of pods / plant, pod weight, and shelling percentage, but significantly influenced mean days to seedling emergence, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight and taproot length. The significant effect of seed size on days to seedling emergence, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight and taproot length could significantly influence farmers’ opinion in the choice of seeds used in planting a field; as this could determine crop maturity, grain yield/ha while length of tap root could affect depth of root forage for nutrients and water, thus crop survival. Despite the non-significant effect of the treatment (seed size) on most parameters investigated, generally crop performance increased with seed size and vice versa, thus sowing of larger seeds is recommended for better groundnut performance.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509815734Estudos sobre a maturação de sementes são fundamentais para orientar a época ideal de colheita, auxiliar o planejamento do processo de secagem, armazenamento e no controle da qualidade. Por isso, o trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a época adequada para colheita de sementes de Amburana cearensis (Allem.) A. C. Smith. Os frutos foram coletados no município de Malta – Paraíba, e depois conduzidos ao Laboratório de Sementes da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, onde procederam as análises e testes de germinação. Em cada uma das seis colheitas, realizadas semanalmente, foram avaliados frutos e sementes, quanto à coloração, biometria e teor de água, além da massa seca, germinação e vigor das sementes. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada. Os resultados obtidos permitiram constatar que 54 dias após a antese, estádio esse anterior à deiscência dos frutos, estes se apresentavam de coloração marrom-escura, enrugados e com fendas no ápice, enquanto as sementes no ponto ideal de maturação fisiológica, de coloração preta, germinação de 94,0%; 3,0% de plântulas anormais e 1,0% de sementes mortas para condições de semiárido nordestino. Recomenda-se a colheita dos frutos aos 54 dias após a antese quando apresentam coloração marrom-escura e ápice enrugado com fendas, pois aos 63 dias após a antese há a dispersão natural das sementes.

Land capital occupies a prominent place in production activities in Africa. In forestry companies, women workers of production excellence, do not enjoy the same rights as the male agent in terms of access to land. This article attempts to question the foundations of this societal injustice while highlighting the various shadows that overwhelm women's tenure security in the forest zone. The major goal is to study in the event of looking for sustainable, inclusive solutions. To achieve this, this research, relies on scientific productions, field surveys, recourse to archives the idea is to have information that will be questioned. With this, it appears that the woman or the girl in the forest zone is the victim of abuse in terms of access to land. Although the latter is the main user of the land resource, it can not in any way to become an owner, that is to say alienated these lands. Even if a conservative doctrine tends to make it the main manager of land in the forest area, it emerges, unfortunately that our ladies are more land users than managers because the normative provisions, the habits and customs consecrate the woman in the real estate framework as a subject rather than a partner. This state of affairs in a context of research mechanisms for the empowerment of women, considerably undermines family harmony, societal. Just as it is a considerable brake on the investment of the female agent in the forest zone. In a constantly changing world, the imaginative meaning of women is increasingly highlighted, the overcoming of certain cliches, particularly the most restrictive vis-a-vis the land rights of women could be voices of salvation in a perspective sustainable fight against poverty.

Rivers are important components of animal habitats worldwide. The area near riparian edge (⩽100 m from the river) has different abiotic characteristics and vegetation than both forest interior and areas bordering human development, which may lead to differences in animal feeding behaviour. To better contextualize the impact of human-caused habitat destruction on animal feeding ecology, it is important to study both natural riparian and anthropogenic forest edges within the same habitat. We compared howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) feeding behaviour and tree use across four forest zones (riparian edge, anthropogenic edge, forest interior, and combined riparian and anthropogenic edge) in a fragmented riparian rainforest in Costa Rica, La Suerte Biological Research Station (LSBRS). We predicted that monkey feeding behaviour and tree use would differ across forest zones, and especially between riparian and anthropogenic edges due to higher vegetation quality near the river. We observed individual focal monkeys for 30-minute periods, collecting data on monkey feeding behaviour and tree use every 2 minutes. We recorded plant parts eaten and feeding tree taxonomy, and measured feeding trees. Monkeys ate more leaves in riparian edge than in other forest zones, and fed from fewer tree families in riparian edge and forest interior compared to anthropogenic edge. Monkeys also fed from trees with smaller DBH in riparian edge compared to other forest zones, but trees of similar height to forest interior and taller than anthropogenic edge. Our results indicate that riparian zones are rich habitats for howler monkeys and conservation efforts should prioritize their preservation.

The aim of this work was to study the biological characteristics of three introduced rare onion species of theKazakh Altai flora, to assess the sustainability and prospects of their cultivation in the Altai Botanical Garden.The article presents the results of a long-term study of the seasonal rhythm of development, biometricparameters and seed productivity of Allium ivasczenkoae Kotuch., A. ledebourianum Schult. et Schult., A.schoenoprasum L. in the exposition of natural flora of the Altai Botanical Garden. These onions are combinedinto the subgenus Rhizirideum (Koch) Wendelbo and combined into the section SchoenoprasumDumort. It was found that all three species in the introduction have a stable phenological rhythm, during thegrowing season they annually undergo a full cycle of shoot development and form seeds. According to thephenorhythmotype, they belong to spring-early summer-green with an average flowering period. They growin April, bloom mainly in early June, seeds ripen in July, vegetation ends naturally in late August — earlySeptember. Vegetation lasts from 128.33 ± 2.58 days (A. ledebourianum) to 146.8 ± 7.24 days (A.schoenoprasum). The studied onion species differ in biometric parameters: height, number of flowers in inflorescence,inflorescence diameter. In culture, biometric parameters vary in the studied species mainly at alow level, which indicates the stability of these indicators in culture. High reproductive rates were establishedin culture for all three species, the productivity coefficient varies at the level of 56.75‒69.26 %. At the sametime, a low coefficient of variation in the weight of seeds and flowers in inflorescence was recorded for allthree species, which indicates an insignificant degree of data dispersion in the introduction.

The Campomanesia genus has several species with high diversity of uses. C. adamantium is one such species with high economic potential due to the varied potential uses of fruits and other plant parts. Like most native Cerrado species, there is a lack of agronomic information that will enable the start of commercial crops, in this regard the information on growth and development of plants and propagation of this species should be prioritized. Now, the information we have of the Campomanesia genus allows us to relate the reproductive period with high temperatures and the begining of rains, but could not find data in the literature about C. adamantium. For most species in this genus, the usual way propagation is via seeds is, therefore important to determine the period during which the embryos are more apt to produce a good seedling, period known how physiological maturity. The correlation of physiological maturity of seeds with fruits aspects are more practical and simple ways to guide the collection of seeds. For this species are correlated with the total soluble solids. For other species of the genus, as C. xanthocarpa is possible to correlate the maturity of seeds with the color of the epicarp. Existing assessments on the use of seeds in the spread of C. adamantium reporting low germination rates, unsatisfactory development of plants in the field beyond the sensitivity of drying and storage, characteristics of recalcitrant seeds. In literature data showed maintaining the viability of C. adamantium when seed water content is levels approaching 15% but with high sensitivity to storage. Biometrical characteristics of fruits and seeds are also important in the search for high-quality propagation material, in addition to providing important information about the genetic variability of populations and identification of species of the same genus. Just the high physiological quality of seeds is not guarantee for the success on seedling emergence, the environmental conditions during the germination process are essential to the seed and seedling behavior. Among these external conditions, temperature and substrate are worth mentioning, there are optimal temperatures and substrates for the performance of the germination process of plant species. Temperature affects speed, rate and uniformity of germination while the substrate is the physical medium in which the seed is inserted and has the important function of maintaining the proper conditions for germination. For C. adamantium has been reported the highest percentage of germination at relatively high temperatures, 25 ° C, with a lack of data on promising substrates. This material gathered important information about phenology and sexual propagation of Myrtaceae family species, specially to gabiroba.

As espécies nativas carecem de informações sobre a maturação de seus frutos e sementes. Objetivou-se avaliar a maturação de frutos e sementes de inhaíba (Lecythis lurida). Fez-se a marcação de flores em antese e a posterior colheita de frutos e sementes após 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 meses, quando foram analisados e feita a descrição morfológica. Aos 4 meses de idade, os frutos de semiglobosos passaram a ter o formato cilíndrico-comprimidos. As sementes apresentaram um arilo vestigial, além do tegumento inicialmente de cor bege e que tornou-se marrom a partir do terceiro mês. O embrião branco manteve-se envolto pelo endosperma e não apresentou diferenciação morfológica. O máximo desenvolvimento morfológico das sementes ocorreu aos 4 meses, quando apresentaram as maiores dimensões (50,9 x 50,8 x 43,3 mm), as máximas germinação (84,8%) e massa seca (32 g), a menor mortalidade das sementes (19%), caracterizando a maturidade fisiológica e o momento de colheita. Nesse momento, os teores de N P K eram menores que 5% e o amido tornou-se o componente predominante nas reservas (47,8% da massa seca). As sementes maduras representam mais de 50% da massa dos frutos e apresentam dormência embrionária e resistência tegumentar que atrasam a emergência das plântulas.

The Amazon region has experienced a rapid rate of deforestation and land use change as a result of establishment of agricultural settlements, resulting from public policies designed to promote rural development. We analyzed land use patterns and changes in the central region of Roraima, northern Brazil, testing the hypothesis that the anthropic pressure based on the conversion of natural vegetation (forest ecotone zone and open areas of savanna and campinaranas) on agriculture and pasture, has led to the decline of forest resilience, and has not promoted development in lands converted in agricultural colonization projects, a process exacerbated by practices of burning. Satellite images from between 1984 to 2017, with field-collected data and geoprocessing techniques, allowed interpretation and analysis of seven land-use classes. Agriculturally-based human impacts were greatest in forest areas, with forest loss rates being 6.4 times greater than regeneration rates. The 39.3% reduction in natural non-forest vegetation types exceeded that of forest loss (23.8%). Repeated fires resulted in a 627.1% increase in forest fragmentation in areas heavily impacted by fire. Our study revealed that, over 33 years, deforestation and transitions of land to non-conservation uses did not lead to a system with highly productive agricultural practices, but to extensive impoverished, and degraded subsistence. The main reason was the basic unsuitability of the region´s extremely acidic/dystrophic soils on which settlements have been founded, and the predominance of low-tech, family-based, agriculture and the absence of the required technology for attaining better results.

Goal. To establish the optimal depth of covering amaranth seeds of the Kharkivskyi 1 variety under conditions of sufficient moisture in the western forest-steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, field research, mathematical processing. Results. It was established that the field germination was the highest under the sowing depth of 1 cm and 2 cm – 71% and 79% respectively. Increase in the sowing depth led to the field germination decrease. The density of plants before harvesting was also higher than under sowing at a depth of 1 cm and 2 cm: 27 and 28 plants/m2 respectively, which is more compared to the sowing depth of 5 cm (12-13 plants/m2) . The height of the plants under sowing on 2 cm depth was 211 cm, and deepening to 5 cm reduced the height to 181 cm. The analysis of the structural elements shows that the longest panicle (65 cm), the weight of seeds from a plant (14.4 g), the weight of 1000 seeds (0.84 g) were under sowing at a depth of 2 cm. The highest yield (3.88 t/ha) of amaranth grain was under 2 cm depth sowing. At a shallow sowing depth (1 cm), the yield decreased by 0.21 t/ha. Increasing the seed covering depth to 3 cm led to a decrease in grain yield to 3.47 t/ha. At a sowing depth of 4 cm, the yield decreased to 2.37 t/ha, or by 1.51 t/ha. Only 1.62 t/ha yield was formed under 5 cm depth sowing, which is less than 2.26 t/ha compared under 2 cm depth. Conclusions. High field germination of amaranth (74–79%) is achieved at a seed embedding depth of 1–2 cm. When the top layer of soil dries out, sowing at 3 cm is permissible. Embedding more than 3 cm, even with sufficient moisture, significantly reduces germination. The highest pre-harvest density (24–28 plants/m²) and height (208–211 cm) were observed at a depth of 1–3 cm. With increasing depth, the mass of seeds per plant and the mass of 1000 seeds decreased. The optimal depth is 2 cm, the permissible depth is 1–3 cm. Sowing deeper than 3 cm significantly reduces productivity and is impractical.

BackgroundUnderstanding the ecology of larval malaria and lymphatic filariasis mosquitoes in a changing environment is important in developing effective control tools or programmes. This study characterized the breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes in rural communities in different ecological zones in Ghana during the dry and rainy seasons.MethodsThe spatio-temporal distribution, species composition, and abundance of larval Anopheles mosquitoes in breeding habitats were studied in five locations in three ecological zones of Ghana. These were Anyakpor (coastal savannah area), Duase (forest area), and Libga, Pagaza, and Kpalsogu (Sahel savannah area). Larvae were collected using standard dippers and were raised in the insectary for identification.ResultsOut of a total of 7984 mosquito larvae collected, 2152 (27.26%) were anophelines and were more abundant in the rainy season (70.82%) than in the dry season (29.18%). The anophelines comprised 2128 (98.88%) An. gambiae s.l., 16 (0.74%) An. rufipes, and 8 (0.37%) An. pharoensis. In the coastal savannah and forest zones, dug-out wells were the most productive habitat during the dry (1.59 larvae/dip and 1.47 larvae/dip) and rainy seasons (11.28 larvae/dip and 2.05 larvae/dip). Swamps and furrows were the most productive habitats in the Sahel savannah zone during the dry (0.25 larvae/dip) and rainy (2.14 larvae/dip) seasons, respectively. Anopheles coluzzii was the most abundant sibling species in all the ecological zones. Anopheles melas and An. arabiensis were encountered only in the coastal savannah and the Sahel savannah areas, respectively. Larval habitat types influenced the presence of larvae as well as larval density (p < 0.001). The land-use type affected the presence of Anopheles larvae (p = 0.001), while vegetation cover influenced larval density (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe most productive habitats were dug-out wells in the coastal savannah and forest zones, and furrows from irrigated canals in the Sahel savannah zone. Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant vector species in all the ecological zones. The abundance of Anopheles breeding habitats and larvae were influenced by anthropogenic activities. Encouraging people whose activities create the larval habitats to become involved in larval source management such as habitat manipulation to stop mosquito breeding will be important for malaria and lymphatic filariasis control.

Côte d'Ivoire has large regional variation in intestinal helminth prevalence. In a large cross-sectional study conducted from 1997 to 1999, stool samples from 6952 children aged 4-15 years were examined for helminth eggs by the Kato/ Katz technique from 24 villages in the savanna (North) and from 21 villages in the forest (West) in Côte d'Ivoire. Ascariasis lumbricoides (0.7%) was the only species present in the savana area. In the forest area, ascariasis occurred most frequently (18.9%), followed by trichuriasis (2%), Strongyloidiasis (0.1%) and oxyuriasis (0.03%). Ascariasis prevalence was not significantly associated with age within each ecological zone, but was significantly higher in boys in the forest zone. This study confirms that in the more arid savanna, the conditions are less suitable for helminth transmission than in the forest zone.

The mature viable seeds within the seed crop of one individual of Costa Rican Mucuna andreana varied in fresh weight from 2.6 to 9.4 g (average of 6.81 g, s.d. = 1.09 g, n = 282). The seed coats weighed 14 to 17 percent of the fresh seed weight and variation in their weight was not the cause of the variation in seed weight. There was no significant difference in average seed weight of seeds from pods with 1 to 5 filled seeds. The great range of seed weights within one plant's seed crop is interpreted as possibly of adaptive significance in generating a more homogeneous seed shadow than would be the case with a narrow range of seed weights.