Формування маркетингових стратегій для інноваційних товарів на окремих стадіях їх життєвого циклу

The article discusses the issues of risk management at all stages of the life cycle of nuclear power plants. The definition and classification by types of risks that arise during the stages of the life cycle and operation of difficult objects such as nuclear power plants. Risk is anything that has the potential to affect each stage of a facility’s life cycle, performance, longevity, safety, or project budget. Thus, risk management is the process of identifying, classifying, prioritizing and planning risks. This article not only discusses the identification and classification by types of risks that arise during the construction and operation of such complex facilities as nuclear power plants, but also describes the methods for assessing and managing risks, taking into account the specifics of the construction of nuclear power facilities. There are two methods of risk assessment: quantitative and qualitative. The article describes such Quantitative methods as “Scenario Technology”, “Method - Sensitivity Analysis”, “Diagramming Technique - Tree Analysis”, as well as such Qualitative risk assessment methods as “Assessment of the probability of risk and its impact”, “Evaluation Matrix probability/risk of impact”, “Probability and impact”, “Risk classification and assessment of risk urgency. As a result of the analysis of existing risk management methods at all stages of the life cycle, the following conclusions were drawn: Risk identification can occur at any stage of the life cycle of a nuclear power plant, even after completion of construction work and delivery of the project. The maximum number of risks for all stages of the NPP life cycle should be identified at the stage of Sitting and design. The article proposes the format of the risk register table, provides a risk classification scheme, and develops a risk management flow chart at the stages of the NPP life cycle.

Nowadays, in software, electronics and automotive industries, it takes 1.5–2 years for a new product to appear, although it takes 3 or even more years to develop new space instruments. The update of higher education system standards is even more conservative. It takes 10 or more years. Because of this, graduates come into the industry with outdated knowledge. Thus, the problem is to synchronize the processes of updating technologies that ensure the creation of innovative products with educational programs. It can be solved by changing the paradigm of products creation based on the synthesis of deep and interdisciplinary educational, scientific, innovative and production activities with the model-based systems engineering software and methodological tools.The existing model-based systems engineering (MBSE) Software (SW) tools based on the Systems Modelling Language (SysML) are complex and expensive. This chapter raises the question, “Is it possible to make use of MBSE SW and methodological tools available to a wide audience of users?” To answer this question, the following MBSE approaches and tools were researched: Quality Function Deployment (QFD), House of Quality (HoQ), and SysML. Consequently, five methodological tools were developed for application during space instruments design and development life cycle stages. Tools are based on SysML, QFD, HoQ improvements and synthesis, and expressed in theoretical and practical algorithms.The theoretical algorithm determines “What” (input and output data) and “How” (by using which systems engineering (including MBSE) tools are methodically analysed at the certain space instruments life cycle stage. The practical algorithm automates the development of SysML diagrams by using data structured in HoQ models and widely available SW. It reduces the time to develop and update SysML requirements diagrams from several days to some minutes and enables implementation of SysML SW by many users. Altogether, the obtained results constitute the software and methodological toolkit (SMT) called “improved Quality Function Deployment for improved House of Quality”.To disseminate the obtained results, educational materials were created and validated during lectures on systems engineering. Lectures were supplemented with seminars and practicum. Practicum was focused on the design and development (D&D) of nanosatellites in the MBSE paradigm as the single project. The results showed that the developed SMT makes it possible to implement the life cycle of the cyber-physical system in the MBSE paradigm in a cost-effective way and a short time—in 6 months, students developed, conducted synthesis and flight tests of CubeSat-format satellite prototype and prepared the project documentation. In addition, students were motivated to study science, technology, engineering and math disciplines, MBSE tools, and become transdisciplinary specialists.In addition, developed SysML requirements models were applied to examine the “Preliminary Design” product life cycle (PLC) stage of different space projects. Such application allowed quick assessment of project results, identifying non-compliance with requirements, conducting beforehand all necessary corrections and generating correct new product documentation. Taking into account the mentioned advantages of the obtained MBSE SMT, it can be concluded that its usage improves the quality and accuracy of current projects and speeds up the planning process of future analogue projects by up to 60%. Consequently, projects (their life cycle stages) can be realized faster by 5–10%.These results allow to recommend for all interested in the innovative D&D of systems to initiate: formation of educational programs based on the project approach and MBSE paradigm; preparation of MBSE materials for online and offline teaching of students and teachers; development of domestic widely available software for the development of integrated SysML models with HoQ models that assures synchronization with CAE/CAD/CAM systems; support these recommendations for the implementation of the above-mentioned research results at educational organizations of different levels. The future research is focused on the application of the developed MBSE methodological toolkit during design and development with numerical modelling and operation of several CubeSat satellites.KeywordsSystems engineeringMBSEParadigmMethodological toolkitSysMLQFDHoQ

UDC 339.138; JEL Classification: М 31Purpose: to improve the process of the enterprise image forming on the basis of taking into account the stage of enterprise life cycle. Methodology of research: IDEF0 functional modeling method – for a graphical representation of the composition and structure of the image formation process of the enterprise, depending on the stage of its life cycle. Findings: the article substantiates that the content and sequence of stages of the process of the enterprise image forming are determined by the stage of its life cycle. It is proved that the image is formed by the enterprise “from scratch” in two cases: 1) at the stage of launch when the enterprise enters the market; 2) at the stage of decline, when the image requires a fundamental restructuring. In the transition to the subsequent stages of the life cycle, the task of the enterprise is either to improve the image (at the growth stage), or to maintain it at the achieved level (at the maturity stage). Creation, improvement or maintenance of the image should be carried out through the use of activities identified by the elements of the marketing mix, which correspond to the current stage of the life cycle and the level of the enterprise image. Thus, the process of the enterprise image forming is proposed, the number and content of the stages of which are determined by the stage of the enterprise life cycle. Modeling of the process is based on graphical notation IDEF0. Originality: the process of the enterprise image forming has been improved. It has been presented using the function modeling method IDEF0. It is different from the existing ones as it takes into account enterprise’s life cycle stages. Practical value: knowledge of the sequence and content of the stages of the image formation process will allow the enterprise to construct the desired image, which guarantees long-term functioning and success in the market.

Research on money management practices followed by selected homemakers was conducted among purposively selected 150 homemakers 50 each from beginning, expanding and contracting stage of family life cycle. Personal interview method with prescheduled questionnaire was conducted to collect information on financial practices followed in family living. The data were analysed statistically by applying Z test and correlation co-efficient test. It was observed from the study that purchasing lists were prepared by more number of homemakers from beginning and expanding stage of family life cycle. More than eighty per cent of the homemakers from beginning (86%), expanding (98%) and contracting (90%) stages of family life cycle felt necessity of maintaining the account of expenses. It was observed that in beginning and expanding stages of family life cycle the homemakers involved in majority of purchases and payments were more as compared to the homemakers from contracting stage of family life cycle.

The article discusses the directions, problems and results of the digital solutions introduction in trading enterprises. The directions of digitalization in trade are designated. It is shown that the introduction of digital solutions directly affects the reduction of costs and sales growth. The introduction of intellectual capital as another type of asset allowed us to expand the list of factors affecting the volume of sales, costs, profitability of a trading enterprise and its value. The features of the intellectual capital formation of a trading company at the stages of the life cycle are considered. Possible positive directions of digitalization impact on the elements of intellectual capital are presented, and the dynamics of the impact of digitalization decisions on the elements of intellectual capital at the stages of the enterprise life cycle is also considered. A technique for evaluating the effectiveness of investments in the intellectual capital of an enterprise is proposed, which is based on a combined assessment of the elements of intellectual capital using the CIV and MVAIC methods, as well as taking into account the stage of the life cycle of a trading enterprise. Criteria for assessing the effectiveness of investing in elements of intellectual capital are proposed.

* Corresponding author Abstract—Complex system life cycle management is system engineering involving high technology, high investment and high risk. This paper studied risk evolution and risk level distributions on different stages during complex system life cycle. Taking into account risk propagation and feedback influence, the risk evolution of complex system life cycle was modeled based on system dynamics. The risk levels distributed on all stages of system life cycle were simulated by system dynamic model. The simulation results are helpful to understand that the initial stages of life cycle are more flexible and valuable to change for risk management. Additionally, sensitivity analysis illuminates that different system types of risk have different risk distributions among stages of life cycle and hereby different emphasis of risk management during life cycle should be considered according to different system types of risk.

The essence of the concept of "economic potential of the enterprise" substantiated in the article. Classification features systematized and the classification of types of economic potential of the enterprise at the micro level of its functioning formed, within which the classification feature according to which economic potential divided depending on life stages of business allocated. Theoretical principles of the enterprise life cycle substantiated, which allows to trace the patterns of enterprise development at different stages, as well as to manage this development. It is determined that the most common in the economy is the approach to the allocation of stages of the life cycle of the enterprise by analogy with human life cycles, called "origin", "growth", "maturity" and "recession" and "recession". The dependence of the value of the economic potential of the enterprise on the life stages of business is constructed. It revealed that at the vital stages of "origin" and "growth" of business the value of entrepreneurial potential is characterized by increasing the number of available resources and capabilities of the enterprise, increases the ability to perform complex production functions, overcome market barriers and withstand the pressure of existing competition. stages of "recession" and "recession" of business is the opposite situation, which is characterized by low levels of use of existing potential, reduction of existing business opportunities and is accompanied by other negative trends. It is determined that the ratio of economic potential and conditions of enterprise development is different at each stage of the life cycle, which determines the duration of each stage and quantitative and qualitative indicators of the implementation of the next of them. Peculiarities of using economic potential at different stages of the enterprise life cycle described. Keywords: economic potential, entrepreneurial potential, enterprise life cycle, starting potential, developing potential, productive potential, curtailing potential, exhausted potential.

The article highlights issues related to the innovative activities of banking organizations from the point of view of developing and providing banking products and services. The need for objective research on the selection and classification of new banking products and services, which are brought to the market as objects of marketing activities of credit institutions, has been proven, since their properties are not the same. The conducted economic and theoretical analysis showed that despite the fact that banking services and products have a set of similar characteristics, they also have their own unique characteristics. The authors proposed an approach to identify classification features inherent in new banking products and services, which is key to the competent development of the bank’s marketing activities. It is proposed to define the concept of "new banking products" from the point of view of innovative marketing activities of the bank based on the degree of their novelty, which allows to supplement the existing classifications with new features in order to develop a clearer chosen marketing strategy. It was determined that depending on the degree of novelty of the product, innovative processes in the bank can be classified as differential or diversified. This distribution also allows focusing attention on the formation of the bank’s marketing strategy. When classifying banking products, it is recommended to provide detailed information about the target group of customers who use new banking products and consider the stage of the life cycle of banking products from the perspective of innovation. When classifying new banking products by life cycle stage, it is useful to consider the following stages: development of products and services; implementation of pilot projects or testing of new banking products; assessment of sales dynamics; maturity of new banking products; decrease in sales of new banking products. This approach makes it possible to take into account the specifics of the work of credit organizations and the interests of various groups of potential consumers in the process of introducing banking products and services.

Investigating trust in inter-organizational relationships is challenging because of its multidimensional and temporal nature. In addition, the nature of trust is also influenced by the stage of the life cycle that the venture is in when the relationship is initiated. Majority research overlooks these complexities and thus fails to explore the progression/deterioration of trust with the evolution of the relationship. Our paper addresses these gaps by focusing on the nature and evolution of trust in Venture Capitalist-Entrepreneur relationships initiated at different stages of a venture’s life cycle. The context of our study is an emerging market where entrepreneurship has become the major contributor to the economy. In line with this objective, we employ multiple case studies comprising ten Venture Capitalist-Entrepreneur dyads in India. Our results suggest that relationships developed at the early stage of the venture life cycle exhibit calculus-based trust, which develops into knowledge-based trust, and in few instances into the identity-based trust. Whereas, relationships developed at the late-stage of the venture life cycle stagnate at the calculus-based trust. The late-stage relationships were also marred with a healthy dose of distrust.

The purpose of this paper is to link the propensity for innovative activity to spatially cluster to the stage of the industry life cycle. The theory of knowledge spillovers, based on the knowledge production function for innovative activity, suggests that geographic proximity matters the most where tacit knowledge plays an important role in the generation of innovative activity. According to the emerging literature of the industry life cycle, tacit knowledge plays the most important role during the early stages of the industry life cycle. Based on a data base that identifies innovative activity for individual states and specific industries for the United States, the empirical evidence suggests that the propensity for innovative activity is shaped by the stage of the industry life cycle. While the generation of new economic knowledge tends to result in a greater propensity for innovative activity to cluster during the early stages of the industry life cycle, innovative activity tends to be more highly dispersed during the mature and declining stages of the life cycle, particularly after controlling for the extent to which the location of production is geographically concentrated. This may suggest that the positive agglomeration effects during the early stages of the industry life cycle become replaced by congestion effects during the latter stages of the industry life cycle.

Due to their flexible and advantageous set of properties, plastics are used widely and in large quantities in the automotive industry. The use of recycled plastics is a promising approach to conserve fossil resources, reduce negative environmental impacts and achieve sustainability goals.However, the quality of recycled material can vary depending on the individual and often unknown conditions it was exposed to in previous life cycle(s) (stages) and prevent the direct substitution of virgin material in many applications. Each life cycle stage of a plastic component or product, as for instance manufacturing, use or disposal, influences up to impairs the structure and properties of the potential recyclates by causing degradation and introducing impurities. In addition to quality fluctuations performance losses can arise and complicate the application of recycled plastics, for example by deteriorating the paintability of components with recycled content.To reduce defects or reworking efforts, additional process adjustments can be required for using plastic recyclates in order to react to process deviations and varying material conditions.Against this background, an overview of the various impacts and interdependencies of the life cycle stages and processing steps on painted injection-molded components and their material properties is presented and resulting challenges are derived. Subsequently, an approach is introduced, presenting a method to address these challenges. The approach takes the conditions and requirements of the automotive industry, as well as the implications of mechanical recycling into consideration, to establish circular material flows.

The development of software systems requires considering the subject area's information (SAI) at all stages of their design and development in order to improve their reliability, functional security, survivability and dependability. Therefore, verification of considering the subject area's information into the software systems' development process is an important and urgent task. The paper analyzes the known intelligent agents, and this analysis showed that the known intelligent agents don't solve the task of verification of considering the subject area's information in the process of development of software systems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the concept of activity of such an intelligent agent(s). The paper first time proposes the intelligent agent of verification of considering the subject area information in the process of software systems development, which is based on the comparison of ideal and real ontologies, which contain, respectively, the necessary and available information at each stage of the software system life cycle. This pairwise comparison of the respective ontologies will make it possible to identify the information losses (and knowledge gaps) at each stage of the life cycle and to estimate their volume.

Hardy, Paul H., Jr. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.) and E. Ellen Nell. Influence of osmotic pressure on the morphology of the Reiter treponeme. J. Bacteriol. 82: 967-978. 1961.-Spherical bodies similar to those that develop spontaneously in cultures of treponemes, and which have been considered by many investigators to represent one stage in a complex life cycle of these organisms, can be produced rapidly with the Reiter treponeme by merely altering the medium in which the organisms are suspended. Osmotic pressure appears to be the major factor responsible for this effect, as shown by the observation that treponemes suspended in NaCl solutions of 0.15 to 0.10 m retain their spirochetal morphology, whereas organisms suspended in more dilute salt solutions rapidly become spherical. Moreover, the concentration of salt appears to influence both the rate and extent of sphere formation. Further evidence that osmotic pressure is primarily involved is demonstrated by the selectivity of the conditions under which spheres form. Treponemes suspended in various 0.3 osmolal solutions either retain their spiral shape or form spheres, depending upon the nature of the solute. Viability studies of suspensions containing predominantly spherical forms, which have developed spontaneously or have been artificially induced, have failed to produce evidence that the resulting growth of treponemes came from the spheres. It is concluded, therefore, that the naturally occurring spheres probably arise as the result of an osmotic imbalance which develops between the cells and their environment, and that the spheres represent degenerative forms rather than an intermediate stage in a life cycle.

Link sales training and product life cycles

PurposeSupplier involvement in cost reduction efforts has been concentrated mainly in the product development phase of the life cycle of the product. Often this concentration on the early phases of the product life cycle is defended with referral to the 80/20 rule that says that 80 per cent of the manufacturing costs are determined or committed during product design and development. The purpose of this paper is to look for empirical evidence that supports this rule and discuss the limited literature on joint buyer/supplier cost reduction programmes beyond the product development stage of the product life cycle.Design/methodology/approachAn extensive literature survey on both the cost commitment rule and collaborative cost reduction programmes beyond the product development stage was conducted.FindingsIt was found that empirical evidence in the literature for the 80/20 rule on cost commitment in product design is only anecdotal. Even more surprisingly, compared to the literature on cost reduction in design phases, the literature on cost reduction efforts in later stages of the product life cycle is rather limited and usually ignores possibilities for supplier/buyer collaboration.Research limitations/implicationsFurther empirical research (suggestions provided) should assess whether the identified lack of evidence is due to a gap in the empirical literature or to lower degrees of cost commitment and attention to cost efforts beyond product design indeed existing in practice.Practical implicationsThis paper calls practitioners to revisit the cost commitment rule and check its existence in their specific contexts. As a result of this exercise, practitioners may want to consider implementing some of the techniques reviewed in the paper that can assist in collaborative cost reduction beyond the product development stage.Originality/valueGiven the amount of money involved, the general applicability of the cost reduction techniques to various industries and relationships with suppliers, the opportunities for huge savings and the fact that most firms usually have many products and/or technologies at maturity stage, my research makes an important contribution by identifying both a lack of empirical evidence in the literature on the notion that 80 per cent of the costs are committed in the design phase and the limited attention given in the literature to supplier/buyer cost reduction programmes in further stages of the product life cycle.