Мотив «богатырский поединок (сражение)» и его вариативный ряд в эпосах монгольских народов

Introduction. The article is devo­ted to the comparative analysis of plot motifs of the Altai and Oirat epic texts belonging to two epic traditions, each of which has both common features and characteristic features inherent in each of them. The purpose of the study is to update the tradition of comparative-contrastive study of the Turkic-Mongolian epic. The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to analyze the common and specific features of two different epic traditions that developed and existed for a long period in neighboring regions of Central Asia. Materials and me­thods. The material for the study was the epic “Maadai-Kara” from the repertoire of the Altai storyteller A.G. Kalkin (1973) and the epic “Bum-Erdeni” of the Oirat storyteller Parchen (1923). To identify common features of the Turkic-Mongolian epic tradition during the period of dominance of shamanic practices, the synchronic method of research was used. To highlight the features characteristic of each epic tradition, the diachronic method was used, which made it possible to trace the changes that occurred in a specific ethnocultural situation. Results. The main plot motifs (miraculous birth, hero’s initiation, overcoming obstacles, participation in marriage competitions, wedding feast, etc.), which formed the plot-content model of each of the two texts, are evidence of the common sources of their formation in archaic times. The characteristic features inherent in one or another epic tradition are already associated with different cultural and historical circumstances in which the further development of the epic tradition continued in later stages. In the structural and content model of the legends, it is necessary to note the obvious mythological component of the Altai epic, preserved in the motif of the hero’s departure to the other world and the final part of the legend, according to which the hero and his betrothed, having turned into stars, ascend to the heavens. The Oirat legend is characterized by the saturation of the content with Buddhist elements and a noticeable departure from mythological ideas.

The article deals with the features of the epic tradition (rituals, taboos, Tengrian views, beliefs, ideas related to the performance of epic tales and riddles) of the Uryankhai people of Western Mongolia. It also provides a brief historiographical background on the history of settlement, the main tribal groups and the traditional culture of the Uryankhai people. The main goal of the authors was to identify the ethnic uniqueness of the performing tradition of the Uryankhai people of Western Mongolia with the task of further comparative study of these features with the traditions of the Tuvans and other Mongolian-speaking peoples. When writing the article, the authors used historical-typological and complex methods, as well as field research methods when collecting and recording materials (involved observation, interviews, surveys), applied the review and generalization method. The novelty of the study is that for the first time in Tuvan folklore studies the authors paid attention to the epic traditions of foreign folklore with the task of further comparative study of two different epic traditions - the Tuvans and the Uriankhais. The material for the study was the field materials of the authors obtained during the implementation of the expeditionary project of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation-2015: 15-04-18003 e - “Small ethnic groups of Turkic origin (Khotons, Uriankhais of Mongolia and Tuvans of China): spiritual and material culture” (headed by A.S. Dongak); As a result, the authors came to the conclusion that the epic traditions of the Tuvans and the peoples of Western Mongolia have many common features associated with the performance of fairy tales (seasonal timing, musical accompaniment (although the Tuvans did not always practice accompaniment with instruments), a respectful attitude towards the spirits-masters of the fairy tale and nature, the custom of presenting a small gift to the storyteller, etc.).

The article identifies current trends and factors influencing the export of phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers. The authors analyze the volumes and directions of supplies of phosphorus fertilizers from Russia, and identify key trading partners and sales markets. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems and identify areas for the development of exports of phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers from the Russian Federation. The object of the study is phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers of the Russian Federation. The empirical basis of the study was the analytical and statistical data of the Federal Customs Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and PhosAgro. The theoretical basis of the study was the works of famous Russian and foreign scientists directly affecting various aspects of phosphorus – containing mineral fertilizers. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition. The study also used general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, generalization method, comparative historical method. The study pays special attention to the economic and geopolitical aspects of the export of phosphorus-containing fertilizers. Regulatory and legal features of the export of phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers are identified. The authors reflect the competitiveness of Russian products in the world market. In conclusion, they formulate conclusions reflecting the current state and prospects for the development of exports of phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers from the Russian Federation, and also offer recommendations for strengthening Russia's position in the international arena. Research years – 2020-2024.

In both eastern Tibet and in Mongolia, the Buddhist cult surrounding the figure of Ling Gesar (Gling ge sar) or Geser Khan in Mongolian versions is an outgrowth of Gesar’s standing as the eponymous hero of an elaborate oral epic tradition. Today, the epic and the Buddhist cult exist side by side in a relationship of symbiosis. Gesar’s sanctification as an enlightened being—as the combined manifestation of the Three Bodhisattva Lords and as an “emissary” or “manifestation” of Padmasambhava—whose tricksterism is enacted on behalf of the forces of goodness, justice, and the White Side in its perennial battle against the forces of evil, injustice, and the Dark Side—is both an outgrowth but also a source of nourishment for the epic tradition as it has continued to adapt and develop up to our own times. The Gesar/Geser epic, in all the three main regions in which it survives (eastern Tibet and its neighboring regions, the Mongolic regions as far west as Kalmykia, and Ladakh and neighboring regions), is a living and mobile tradition of oral recitation and improvisation. The available textual corpus of this epic is very large, though none of it is very old (the oldest available epic texts in Tibetan are from the 17th century and in Mongolian are from 18th century). Thanks in part to sustained state patronage in the PRC, there are now over 200 published volumes of non-duplicating Gesar epic narrative and song, mostly from eastern Tibet. A lot of this material is of a directly oral provenance. Many modern volumes are the direct transcriptions (with some editing) of the oral repertoires of contemporary bards, some of which have been very lengthy. To take one example, the recorded repertoire of the bard Samdrup (Bsam grub) (1922–2011) was over 3,000 hours long, much of which has now been published. As for literary versions, the authors of Gesar epic texts often make explicit the debt that their tellings owe to oral renditions that they have heard. The mid-18th-century author of the famous Horling Yülgyé (Hor gling g.yul ’gyed), for example, mentions that he based his telling on the oral repertoires of “some twenty bards,” several of whom he cites by name. Due to the heterogeneity and sheer volume of this available textual corpus, it is hard to make categorical assertions about the relationship between Buddhism and the epic tradition, since that relationship varies from version to version. However, some general observations may be offered. In the ritual cult devoted to Gesar that evolved from the epic tradition, matters are somewhat clearer. In the ritual texts devoted to Gesar—which are mostly offering texts—the unruly polyphony of the epic (many bards, many characters, many perspectives) is replaced with a neater integrated vision, in which the hero is praised as a totalizing culture hero and enlightened lord—a hero in every register, both worldly and spiritual, both chivalric and shamanistic.

The article considers the philosophical aspect of defining the immanence and attribution of the concept of “tolerance” to the culture itself. The subject of the research is especially relevant due to the modern processes that are happening in the global world, and the difference in key methodological positions of modern Russian and Western science on this issue today. The purpose of this study is to clarify the philosophical basis of the existing opposition of societies with traditional ethical cultures (Russia, China) and the ‘new-type’ poly-state European ethnic community. Based on the analysis of current social processes in Russia and Europe using the comparative historical method, modelling methods and model extrapolation in the field of culture studies, social psychology and political science, the article identifies the main approaches to ethnic and social identity, their cultural and ideological components. The authors prove the hypothesis that culture requires designation of its border with another culture, recognition of this border, which distinguishes and confirms cultural semantics. Denial of this fact is a method of ideological manipulation of the ethno-social consciousness of society in the framework of globalisation processes

In article approach to Smart Governance as to a new stage of public administration at which
\nthe principles of regulation, openness, and transparency introduced within Public Administration,
\namplify opportunities of the digital economy, monitoring, and computer information
\nprocessing are offered. The analytics in all set of the directions becomes a way of control and
\nmethod of Governance improvement. As one of the directions of analytics authors of an article
\noffered to consider the regime theory, to be exact regime comparison. This technology of
\ncomparative assessment of the states and regions is rather widespread in foreign science but
\nis seldom applied by the Russian scientists. Its essence consists of assessment, identification
\nof common features and differences of characteristics of a control system. In article approach
\nto regime comparisons as an estimation of activity of the states is actualized: its differences,
\nthe directions of estimation and advantages in use are called. The cognitive potential of the
\nmethod is revealed and specified by a particular example — evaluation of ethical regimes. The
\narticle called the 10 criteria of world practice in their evaluation. Based on the monitoring of
\ndata on the sites conducted by the authors, it was revealed that there are ethical commissions
\nin the majority of authorities of the Russian Federation. Authors give information on the level
\nof publicity of commissions work. They analyze the protocols of one of the commissions for
\nthe period from 2013 to 2017. Analysis of the protocols allowed us to identify three trends in
\ntheir evaluation. The first is — that person has initiated discussion: complaints of the population,
\nofficials, representatives of committees, members of the Commission on assessment of
\nthe collected personal data. The second is the issues under discussion. The third is decisionmaking.
\nThe final conclusion is that the Commission was a positive change in the introduction
\nof “smart governance”. Its work updated the phenomenon of conflict of interest among officials
\nand developed procedures for correct behavior.

After the Russian government announced a special military operation in Ukraine on February 24, Russia faced unprecedented sanctions pressure, which could not but affect the sphere of science and education. This paper touches on the problems and sudden changes that have affected Russian science, such as: shortages of equipment and components, the breakdown of international cooperation, and the "brain drain. Based on a summary of statements and statements by scientists, politicians, ministers, and officials representing Russian and foreign science, the impact of sanctions on domestic science is analyzed and potential options for developments are considered.

The study of the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the life of Russian society is an urgent task for Russian historical science. The solution of this problem requires a comprehensive objective study of the missionary activities of Orthodox monasteries in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The contradiction between the insufficient knowledge of the missionary activity of women’s monasteries and the need to study it in order to obtain a holistic view and an objective assessment of this activity has become a research problem. The purpose of the article is to analyze the participation of women’s monasteries in the missionary activities of the church among groups of the Russian population of different confessions in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the evolution of the establishment of nunneries is investigated; the main directions and forms of their work are characterized; factors that influenced the work of monasteries in the church mission are identified; the results of their missionary activities are analyzed. For the first time, summary statistics on women’s missionary monasteries are presented. The study was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach using the principles of objectivity and historicism, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author concludes to the conclusion that the activities of women’s monasteries contributed to the expansion of the church mission through the use of various forms of work with the population. Social and charitable activities were of great importance. The advantage of nunneries is the use of forms of work that are attractive to the population. This not only contributed to the solution of missionary tasks but also ensured the cultural and civilizational development of the population, influenced its religious and moral state. The results of the research can be used in the content of the academic disciplines “History of Russia”, “History of traditional religions of Russia”, in studies on the church mission, the history of Russian Orthodox female monasticism. The prospects of the research are to study the missionary activities of “non-native” nunneries, co-religionist nunneries, and women’s missionary communities

The purpose of the research conducted by the author is to clarify the distinctive features in the development of the prosecutor’s office of the Chuvash Republic in the first decade of the 2000s. This topic has an absolute novelty and is raised for the first time in Russian historical science. The author of the article is a member of the author’s group consisting of lecturers of I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, which conducted a comprehensive study of the history of the Prosecutor’s office of Chuvashia in 2021. The article contains interim results of the study reflecting the main facts and events of the history of the Republican Prosecutor’s Office in the period under review. A number of facts analyzed in the article, which were revealed by the author thanks to archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, have novelty as well.
 The main methods used in the study were the traditional methods for the Russian historical science problem – chronological and comparative-historical methods. The first of them made it possible to trace the consistent nature of historical events reflecting the development of the Prosecutor’s Office of Chuvashia in 2000–2010. Thanks to the second method, the facts of regional history were considered in comparison with the general processes that took place in the life of the Russian Federation during the period under review. In addition, the author applied a systematic approach, which was expressed in studying the activities of the state legal institution of the Prosecutor’s Office as an integral part of the country’s legal system.
 The result of the study was identifying the characteristic features in the development process of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Chuvash Republic in 2000–2010. These include strengthening state government institutions both in Chuvashia and in Russia as a whole. Against this background, there was a significant reorganization of the prosecutor’s office. Some changes occurred in determining the main priorities of activity. The evolution in the nature of activity is also significant. The prosecutor’s offices became noticeably more open to the public, this is manifested, among other things, in the use of modern information technology opportunities. Special attention was paid to the moral and ethical qualities of the prosecutor’s office staff. The research topic has a high degree of relevance, practical significance and the prospect of continuation in connection with preparing a monographic publication by the author’s group.

In modern conditions, tenders are a key source of income for government organizations and the business community, as it contributes to the effective organization of the procurement process and ensures transparen-cy and competitiveness in choosing a supplier. The authors of the article analyzed the key legislative acts regulating tenders, including the Law «On Public Procurement « in order to define the legal essence of the concept of «tender». As the analysis of industry legislation has shown, the concepts of «tender» and «contest» in most cases are identified and used as synonyms in the works of domestic and Russian scientists. The article also includes a comparative analysis with international practice, as well as a comparative analysis of the con-cept of the term «tender» in the current legislative acts of the United States of America, the People's Republic of China and Turkmenistan. This allowed the authors to identify potential areas for reforming the Kazakh tender system by including the relevant concept of «tender» in the current legislation. Within the framework of the article, the main legal aspects of tender procedures were considered, which represent an opportunity through free and open contest to conclude a mutually beneficial contract for contractors, as well as types of tenders, their significance and features in the field of public procurement. The methodological basis of the re-search consists of general and special methods, such as formal logical, scientific analysis and synthesis, his-torical and legal and comparative legal methods. The results obtained from the research allowed the authors to formulate proposals and recommendations for improving the legislative framework to ensure the effective-ness and fairness of tender processes.

In this review, we have tried to provide a holistic picture on the modern selection and innovation techniques for garden carrot, immunological diagnostics methods, genomic editing and sequencing invented by Russian and foreign scientists. Garden carrot is a good source of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Together with the growing need in healthy eating, carrot becomes an increasingly popular product that is used not only as nourishment but also in cosmetology and for therapeutic purposes. In this view, advanced scientific studies in this area become highly important. Modern research largely applies the achievements of new technologies, which operate with germplasm, selection, immunity, tissue culture, and the results of molecular studies on carrot.

Russian and foreign scientists have repeatedly noted a decline in public confidence in the government and most political institutions. This article studies the phenomenon of political trust and readiness for political behavior in terms of value orientations among Russian youth. The study carried out diagnostics of the young generation of Russians living in different regions of the Russian Federation, aged 18 to 34 years (n=291). The following were used as methodological tools: scales of political trust (O. A. Gulevich, I. R. Sarieva, 2020); the scale of readiness to participate in political activity (S. Pattyn et al., 2012; J. Van Assche et al., 2018, 2019) and the PVQ-R method for measuring individual values (Schwartz et al., 2012). It was noted that the representatives of Russian youth have a tendency towards social cynicism rather than political trust. It was found that the values of public safety and universalism increase the desire to take part in street actions, in the work of political parties, and encourage participation in signing collective petitions and voting in elections. The values of reputation and benevolence have the strongest influence on trust in authority.

This article examines the problem of understanding the boundaries of civil procedural legal capacity. Since the presence of procedural legal capacity corresponds to the right to judicial protection, determining its boundaries is an urgent task of the science of civil procedural law. The methodological basis of the article is manifested through formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. In the course of analyzing the provisions of domestic legislation, law enforcement practice, as well as doctrinal studies of Russian and foreign scientists, the author identified the need to expand the boundaries of procedural legal capacity. In view of the legislative consolidation of rights arising and preserved after death, as well as the existence of legal relations, the subject of which can be an embryo, it seems fair to expand the boundaries of procedural legal capacity and grant the rights to judicial protection to the relevant subjects. The result of the study is the identified problem of the insufficiency of the existing definition of procedural legal capacity, as a result of which, a number of scientists perceive it as a derivative of substantive legal capacity. It is proposed to expand the boundaries of procedural legal capacity after the death of the subject until the end of legal relations associated with his personality, and also to grant procedural legal capacity to the human embryo in cases where it acts as a subject of legal relations. For these subjects, a truncated legal capacity is proposed, the right to judicial protection is assumed by way of representation.

Subject. This article deals with the issues of climate change, which has a great impact on the agricultural industry, and the role of professional accountants and auditors in the disclosure of climate information in the reporting of agricultural organizations. Objectives. The article aims to study the problem and suggest ways to improve the methodology for accounting and reflecting information by an agricultural organization in the context of climate change. Methods. For the study, we used a dialectical approach, observation, synthesis of disparate information, and analysis of the results obtained. Statutory acts on accounting legislation, scholarly works of Russian and foreign scientists, and research and surveys of audit and consulting companies served as the information base of the study. Results. The article reveals the problem of investors' distrust of the climate information disclosed by companies, due to the lack of awareness of management about the impact of climate change on the business of companies. It suggests ways to improve the efficiency of implementation in business and the reflection of such information in reporting, as well as variables included in the analysis of the activities of agricultural companies in the context of climate change. Conclusions. The company's management should strive to improve the effectiveness of the introduction of new methods, techniques and technologies in the business to increase the effectiveness of the impact on climate change in order to prevent negative impacts and improve profitability. The introduction of new environmentally friendly products and processes and initiatives to reduce company emissions play an important role in this, but there is a need to increase the pace of implementation of these initiatives in companies, as well as introduce special checks on disclosures on climate change in order to improve confidence in data.

Catering is one of the fastest growing sectors of the service sector. The market under study is characterized by steady demand, the emergence of various formats of establishments, the personalization of the offer and increased competition, as a result of which it is becoming increasingly difficult for enterprises to choose their own marketing concept. The variety of enterprise formats designed for different target groups of customers determines the need to create a modern methodology for developing and substantiating a marketing concept for the long term. The purpose of this article is to create a methodology for developing a strategic marketing concept for a catering company. The materials for the study were scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists, materials from government statistics agencies. The theoretical methods of scientific knowledge of a general scientific nature are chosen as research methods. The study revealed the active development of the catering industry in Russia over the period 2011-2023, which is confirmed by an increase in the number of facilities and an increase in market turnover. The proposed concept development algorithm includes analytical, target, conceptual and design blocks, each of which identifies and details individual areas of action: market analysis and market participants, market segmentation and building a profile of target segments, concept development, its verification and testing, project justification and concept approbation. The methodology for developing a strategic marketing concept is clear, accessible and applicable to any format of a catering company. The implementation of the presented methodology will allow enterprises in the industry to meet the growing demand and gain a stable position in the long term in a highly competitive market.