Огляд проблеми перевантаження вулично-дорожньої мережі та моделювання роботи деяких її ділянок

Impacts of traffic noise on roadside secondary schools in a prototype large Chinese city

The article presents a methodology for optimizing transport costs with the use of modeling in PTV Visum software package. Based on the analysis of transport problems in large urban agglomerations, a quality criterion was chosen for the assessment of passenger transport performance. An approach has been proposed to introduce transport hub systems with the purpose to minimize time spending on transfer, in particular, and on trip by public transport in a whole. This optimization method for transport spending represents an algorithm of 3 key blocks: the formation of transport model for being studied agglomeration, the placement conditions and the choice of transport hub locations. The model is formed on the base of 4-step approach, the trips distribution in a network is based on entropy approach which is considered in the second section in more details. The placement conditions go from an idea to minimize time total spending on moving, the number of hubs being introduced is limited by their construction financing. The approach application is demonstrated on the example of northwestern urban agglomeration Sertolovo-Osinovaya Roshcha-Pargolovo which represents being actively built-up residential districts on St. Petersburg city border. The specificities of its transport network, including also hubs and highways with complicated traffic, are determined. Based on open sources and statistical data, a transport model was developed, its calibration was pursued. 3 options for placing transport hubs on network of the agglomeration are presented. As a result of the research, the analysis for the options of transport hub placements is presented and the most promising option from the view of purpose meaning achievement for hub placement in being considered agglomeration is proposed.

The primary method for geo-localization is based on GPS which has issues of localization accuracy, power consumption, and unavailability. This paper proposes a novel approach to geo-localization in a GPS-denied environment for a mobile platform. Our approach has two principal components: public domain transport network data available in GIS databases or OpenStreetMap; and a trajectory of a mobile platform. This trajectory is estimated using visual odometry and 3D view geometry. The transport map information is abstracted as a graph data structure, where various types of roads are modelled as graph edges and typically intersections are modelled as graph nodes. A search for the trajectory in real time in the graph yields the geo-location of the mobile platform. Our approach uses a simple visual sensor and it has a low memory and computational footprint. In this paper, we demonstrate our method for trajectory estimation and provide examples of geolocalization using public-domain map data. With the rapid proliferation of visual sensors as part of automated driving technology and continuous growth in public domain map data, our approach has the potential to completely augment, or even supplant, GPS based navigation since it functions in all environments.

Roads are known for being corridors for not only migration of small animals, but also expansive, invasive and halophytic plants. At least sixteen wildly growing halophytes and many other salt-tolerant species were found along various types of roads in the Czech Republic. The most halophytes belonged to the families of Poaceae (23%) and Asteraceae (20%). Since many plants growing along roads are weeds, there is a real danger that these plants will invade nearby agricultural crops. Thus biological degradation of agricultural areas can be started.

Macro-cells are large areas with transmitter antennas well above the surrounding buildings and usually there is no direct visibility between the transmitter and the receiver (NLOS). For this purpose, in general, path loss models which consider uniform environmental characteristics are used, as well as the those that are suitable for homogenous urban environments. Istanbul has a complex geographical structure, and is established on seven hills and divided by the Bosphorus. Many old and new buildings with different height and size are located side by side, and there are various types of roads with random shapes and directions. Also, as Istanbul is not a flat area, the most commonly used macro-cell path loss models for GSM 900/1800 are not one to one applicable to UMTS systems. We define different macro-cell propagation models for each MS to MS, BS to MS, BS to BS, MS to BS communications case where the-buildings are assumed to be nearly uniform height, to ensure an efficient UMTS system. In order to improve the system performance, the most appropriate measurement procedure and measurement criteria are examined, as well as filtering intervals in association with handover mechanisms.

Fast and accurate visual scene understanding in autonomous vehicles is necessary but still very challenging. An autonomous vehicle must be taught to read the road like a human driver for better controlling the vehicle, so it is important to efficiently detect the road area and road markings. In this paper, we mainly focus on the vanishing point detection and its application in inverse perspective mapping (IPM) for road marking understanding. We first propose a fast and accurate vanishing point detection method for various types of roads, by adopting and improving Weber local descriptor to obtain salient representative texture and orientation information of the road area, and then voting for the dominant vanishing point with a simple line-voting scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed vanishing point detection approach gains a better performance than some state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and computation time. Furthermore, we introduce the detected vanishing point into the IPM algorithm in the structured road environment, since some important calibration parameters can be automatically calculated by the vanishing point, especially on the rough road. Experiments also show that our proposed vanishing point-based IPM method is adaptive and accurate, which is conducive to the subsequent road marking detection and recognition.

Roads are known for being corridors for not only migration of small animals, but also expansive, invasive and halophytic plants. At least sixteen wildly growing halophytes and many other salt-tolerant species were found along various types of roads in the Czech Republic. The most halophytes belonged to the families of Poaceae (23%) and Asteraceae (20%). Since many plants growing along roads are weeds, there is a real danger that these plants will invade nearby agricultural crops. Thus biological degradation of agricultural areas can be started.

Increasing spatial inequality is observed in Russia at many territorial levels, including within large cities. The most striking expression of the depth of social stratification in urban areas is differences in housing prices, which are often taken as an indicator of inequality due to the lack of other public data. In this article, we investigated the impact of transport accessibility and its characteristics on the socioeconomic status of urban areas, expressed through the average cost of residential real estate, with a case study of Saratov. For this, we aggregated data from 80 000 advertisements for the sale of apartments in the city in 2021, using network analysis methods to assess transport accessibility when traveling by vehicle and by public transport to the city center and with respect to the transport network of the entire city (integral accessibility). According to the results of the regression analysis, the characteristics of transport accessibility (together with the age of buildings) were able to statistically explain up to half of the differences between Saratov districts in the average listing price of residential real estate. Contrary to our expectations, the best predictor of apartment prices was accessibility by public transport to the city center. Every minute away from the historic city center by public transport reduced the average price of a residential property listing by RUB 455/m 2 . The public transport network in Saratov is highly centralized, which does not allow for the full use of the potential of the three transport hubs identified in the study. One of the possible steps towards mitigating territorial contrasts in transport accessibility in the city is the transformation of the bus network with the introduction of new main and feeder (to hubs outside the center) routes.

This study introduces random utility theory to ordinary weighted Voronoi diagram and describes its application in delimiting the services area of a regional highway passenger transport hub. The Euclidean distance was replaced by a utility function of hub’s capacity factor, travel distance, travel time, and monetary travel cost from passenger’s initial origin to the alternative hubs. The service area was delimited based on utility maximization principle and a nested-logit model for transport hub and travel mode. The application shows that the service area of a hub is not consistent with its administrative boundary. It proves Voronoi diagram is a reasonable and practical tool for detecting the service boundary of a hub by offering an integrated angle to recognize the interacting relationship between hub location, transport network, and passenger’s choice behaviors.

The growth of an urban city is determined by the efficiency of its transport network structure. Existing road networks in many of the urban cities in India are unable to meet the increasing travel demand. The demand can be met only through the effective utilization of existing road networks, for which proper connectivity, high accessibility, and effective network morphology are necessary. In many metropolitan cities, the transport network is rapidly expanding at the center while the peripheral growth of the city is ignored. A structural-parameter-based evaluation of the transport network is necessary for acquiring a clear understanding of the existing road network of a city. While the evaluation of the structural parameters of the transport network is a challenging task, understanding the interrelationship among the parameters is no less challenging. Each parameter should be examined by considering the relationship with the other parameters to devise effective strategies for improving the efficiency of an existing transportation system. This study analyzed the relationship between connectivity, accessibility, spatial pattern, and development for the existing transport network of Hyderabad city, India. The results show a strong correlation between these parameters. The use of GIS in this study simplified the analysis. The obtained results would be useful to the concerned urban transportation planning authorities for effective decision-making and policy implementations.

Relevance. The study is a fundamentally new approach to such an extremely important problem as the congestions in large cities. The solution of this global problem is a step in the realization of a smart city concept. Goal. The aim of the study is to create basic elements of technology that can stabilize urban traffic and bring it to a qualitatively new state. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been formulated: – to create a model of a city transport network in the form of an oriented weighted non-planar multigraph with dynamically loaded arcs; – to activate a city electronic map in the Traffic Management Centre (TMC) which allows tracking each vehicle; – to navigate the time-optimal routes for all those vehicles that request the route; – to implement the work of the software algorithm in real time with constant updating of the route of each tracked vehicle. That will allow monitoring changes in city traffic in real time and making adjustments to the route of each vehicle. Research methods. The research is based on the use of mechanisms for modeling and working with various networks – the graph theory and the A-star algorithm. The latter traces the route on the graph (transport network) between two selected positions of the vehicle graph theory – origin and destination. The heuristic A-star algorithm – a powerful computational method of graph theory has been used in the study. This makes it possible to synchronize vehicles flows and therefore provides a qualitatively new level to the control of urban traffic. The results. The problem of traffic load registration for the city transport network essential for navigating a vehicle route in metropolis has been solved. Traffic data of the real transport network have been reproduced on the city electronic map. Each vehicle received a unique marker consisting of an origin-destination pair and can be tracked on the map. Since each vehicle is under control of the Traffic Management Center (TMC), it is possible to track it along the optimal route, taking an urban traffic dynamic into account. Support is provided via the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) channel, which allows each driver to receive instructions as to an optimal travel path. Conclusions. The study has proposed a working software module that navigates a time-optimized route on the graph that represents the model of the real transport city network.

The article examines the initial period of road construction and the formation of transportation routes in the southern Far East of Russia following its annexation to the Russian Empire until the early XX century. The term “communication routes” encompasses various types of roads designed for the transportation of people and goods, including postal routes, pack trails, dirt roads, and clearings. The construction of roads in the Lower Amur region near the city of Nikolaevsk, in the Amur Oblast, as well as in the Primorsky Krai, is considered. In the Lower Amur region, the construction of transportation routes was driven by strategic defense needs. In the Amur Oblast, the primary incentive for creating transportation infrastructure was economic needs, driven by the development of gold deposits. Postal routes, which operated in the region’s uninhabited conditions, played an important role in road construction. By the late XIX century, the construction of dirt roads in the Primorsky Krai was greatly influenced by the construction of the Ussuri Railway. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the development of transportation routes in the region corresponded to the capabilities of its time.

The article substantiates the necessity of combining modern methods of underground urban planning in areas of special urban planning value, which include transport interchanges and their adjacent territories. Techniques for the rational organization of service facilities and prospects for the development of accompanying functional areas are formulates. A modern multi-functional complex as part of a transport interchange hubs requires the use of new means of forming the architectural environment: external and internal organization of underground space. The purpose of the publication is to argue for the optimization of the development of public service facilities of transport interchanges due to the organization of underground spaces and to determine the main advantages of rationality. Analysis of the Utrecht and Berlin stations as examples of European experience in the operation and development of transport hubs demonstrates the main advantages of rationality in the organization of underground spaces. The concept, which reorganizes transfer points into small businesses and shopping centers, integrates them into underground spaces: places for holding exhibitions and business events, conference halls. Effective using of land resources helps to free up the territory for pedestrian areas. Using of modern technologies in the field of energy efficiency and ecology correspond to the direction of sustainable development; separation of traffic and pedestrian flows, organization of the shortest paths to various types of transport and evacuation are beneficial when used as a shelter; economic efficiency increases the urban value of the territory. The topic of conceptual design, introduced at the Department of Architectural Environment Design in Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture when developing a highly urbanized transport hub in accordance with the concept of the location of high-rise buildings in Kyiv, approved by the Academy of Architecture of Ukraine.

The article presents an analysis of the development of route networks of municipal passenger electric transport in five large cities of Ukraine – Donetsk, Zaporizhia, Odesa, Lviv, and Kryvyi Rih. A comparative analysis of the topological characteristics of the networks and their impact on passenger traffic is based on the graph theory and the theory of complex networks. The surveyed route networks presented in the spaces of stops, connections and routes were processed with calculations of the average degrees of vertices, the value of the average shortest path, as well as the clustering and assortativity coefficients. Passenger traffic was determined on the basis of statistical data on the annual number of shuttle trips per one city resident. The research findings show that the electric transport networks in major cities of Ukraine occupy an intermediate position between regular and random graphs and contain features of the “tight world.” The method of correlation and regression analysis has revealed that passenger traffic on average increases linearly in route networks with higher values of the average shortest path and the assortativity coefficient in the space of connections, and linearly decreases in route networks with higher values of the average vertex degree and clustering coefficient in the space of routes. The study presents a substantive interpretation of the results that can be used to substantiate route networks’ development and assess the variation in passenger traffic.

The article examines the features of the development of Russian grain export and its infrastructure, as well as the organizational and economic mechanism of its functioning in the country. It is noted that in the near and more distant future, grain exports will retain their key role in the overall export of food products and agricultural raw materials. This will require the accelerated formation of facilities of a developed infrastructure and the creation of reliable logistics support for export grain supplies, significant organizational, financial and other support from the state, which implies the need for a transition to new forms of organizing grain commodity circulation on the principles of marketing and logistics, of introduction of transit schemes and intermodal transportation, formation of various logistics chains and a network of transport and logistics hubs based on intersectoral proportionality between the volumes of supply of commercial grain, of storage capacities, vehicles, port and transshipment capacities, as well as strengthening the coordination of actions of all the numerous participants in the movement of grain from domestic producers to its foreign consumers. In this regard, it is proposed to form the most effective national model for the development of grain exports. She should be based on the implementation of the state export policy, provide for the effective use of internal opportunities for increasing export grain resources, guarantee an optimal balance between the country’s internal needs for grain and real opportunities to increase its exports, and also have a rationally built system of market relations between all the numerous participants in the export segment of grain market. A well-organized and well-functioning system of economic relations between all links of the production and technological chains of grain movement will ensure an optimal balance between internal and external grain flows and promote a rhythmic supply of grain for export, without resorting to its sharp restrictions in some years.