НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СОПРОВОЖДЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ХМЕЛЕВОДСТВА В ЧУВАШСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ

Described in the article is the territorial distribution of the area of cultivated hops and hop production by the countries of the world, including the development and the grounds for their distribution. In the monitored period, the world area of cultivated hops decreased significantly, by more than a quarter. However, world hop production has grown little due to a substantial increase in hop yields. The area of cultivated hops and hop production are currently highly concentrated in the nine main hop producing countries. Roughly two thirds of the current area and three quarters of current production worldwide is attributable to the USA and Germany. Production increased in New Zealand, the USA, and to a lesser extent in Germany and Poland, while Australia, Czechia, Slovenia and especially China and the United Kingdom reduced production. Hop growing is very important for the agriculture of Germany, Czechia, and in particular Slovenia. These countries have the highest values ​​of monitored hop indicators per capita, including hop export. The development of hop production in the coming years will depend on the introduction of new high-yielding hop varieties and enlargement or reduction of the area of cultivated hops in connection with hop price changes, profitability of hop growing and demand of breweries.

The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid is the most important insecticide in hop cultivation in Germany. A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate its systemic properties and translaminar bioavailability in hop leaves. Radiolabelled [methylene-14C]imidacloprid was applied either alone or in combination with different additives onto leaves of several hop varieties. Uptake and translocation were evaluated 1 and 7 days after foliar application under greenhouse conditions. The uptake of imidacloprid into hop leaves was most pronounced in the first 24 h after application and only negligible amounts were taken up after this period. Significant differences in the quantitative uptake occurred when imidacloprid was combined with additives, such as Amulsol, Genapol C-100, Hasten and LI 700. The uptake of imidacloprid applied without additives was less than 10% 7 days after application, whereas the combination with LI 700 provided 70-80% uptake. Genapol C-100 and Amulsol induced considerable phytotoxicity at the application site. Comparing hop varieties revealed differences up to twofold in foliar penetration of imidacloprid. The translaminar and acropetal bioavailability of imidacloprid foliarly applied to hop leaves was determined by a laboratory bioassay using the damson hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank). Significantly higher mortality was observed with laboratory formulations containing imidacloprid and the additive LI 700. In contrast to these results from systemic tests, contact mortality at the application site was constantly high over the testing period of 7 days, highlighting the importance of this mode of entry for aphid intoxication.

Only about 30 countries are engaged in commercial hop (Humulus lupulus L.) production. The older hop varieties are primarily aroma types, developed locally by selection of superior plants in farmers' fields. Today the relatively few countries with hop breeding programs use mass selection, hybridization, and mutation breeding. Other countries rely primarily on introduction and adaptation of successful hop varieties from these programs. This article presents recent information on hop breeding and variety development as they relate to hop production in various countries.

Amidst the rising prevalence of mental health issues, this study critically examines the potential contribution of hospital construction to overall productivity. Utilizing a one-dimensional linear regression model, the paper draws insights from provincial panel data spanning the period 1996 to 2021, sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Additionally, robustness tests are conducted. This analysis aims to uncover patterns of heterogeneity across varying temporal, regional, and industrial contexts. The key findings of the study are as follows: 1. A positive correlation exists between the number of medical and health institutions in each Chinese region and the respective gross domestic product of that region. 2. The impact of the number of medical and health institutions on China's gross domestic product follows a descending order: the western region, the north-eastern region, the central region, and the eastern region. 3. The number of medical and health institutions in each Chinese region had the most significant positive effect on the gross domestic product after the 2008 financial crisis. The second-highest positive effect was observed before China's accession to the WTO in 2001, with no significant impact detected after the WTO accession or before the financial crisis in 2008. 4. The study reveals that hospital construction has the most substantial impact on the development of the service sector, the second strongest impact on the industrial sector, and the least impact on the agricultural sector.

6 - The processing of hops

The China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC) region is part of the Silk Road Economic Belt and is critical to world food grain safety, and thus, developing its potential grain production will help counter any global food crisis. In this study, a grain production potential measurement system for the CMREC was designed and developed using spatial data to progressively correct environmental factor functions. The potential yield per unit area and potential area of four grain crops in 48 provinces were scientifically and systematically evaluated, and the grain production potential, development potential, and development potential range were calculated. The results show that the grain production potential and development potential of the corridor are significant. The yield of wheat and maize is mainly distributed in Siberia and the south of the Russian Far East. The development potential of soybean is very large and is mainly concentrated in the Russian Far East and northeast region of Mongolia. However, there is little room for paddy yield improvement, and its potential is mainly concentrated in northeast China. The grain production potential forms a high-value region with a low value from north to south, high value in the middle, extending from northwest to southeast. Grain and cereals in the whole region amounted to 8.45 × 108 t (4.25 × 108 t in Russia, 4.03 × 108 t in China, and 0.12 × 108 t in Mongolia). In terms of grain type, maize has the highest productivity potential with 1.96 × 108 t, followed by wheat at 1.45 × 108 t. The potential for paddy is 0.58 × 104 t, whereas soybean has the lowest potential of 0.40 × 108 t. The results of this study provide evidential support in the form of data for the development of the complementary advantages of agricultural resources, construction of the CMREC, and joint development of a food resource free trade zone. The CMREC will strengthen the development of modern, green, high-yield, high-quality, and efficient grain production zones for soybean and maize, and promote the diversification of grain resource cooperation.

The course of weather conditions during the growing season, but also beyond it, decides the economics of hop cultivation every year. Ongoing climate changes manifested by more frequent occurrence of compound hot and dry waves affect hop cultivation not only in the Czech Republic, but in the entire region of Central Europe. The paper evaluates the harvest results (yields, alpha acid content) of four Czech hop varieties in the period 2019–2022 with a focus on the weather diametrically opposed vintages 2021 and 2022 on a specific agricultural farm in the Žatec (Saaz) hop-growing region. While the 2021 vintage was rich in precipitation in the decisive vegetation phase, the 2022 vintage was very dry and hot. The age of the plants significantly influenced the alpha acid content of the varieties Saaz, Sládek and Premiant independently of the vintage. Young growths of the Saaz variety contained at least 60% rel. more alpha acids than older growths (more than 5 years old), while the increase in the Sládek variety was 30–40% rel. and in the Premiant variety 20–25% rel. In the case of the variety Agnus, the age of the plants did not have a demonstrable effect on the content of alpha acids. In 2021 the yields of all varieties were negatively affected by the calamitous occurrence of downy mildew. In 2022, the rainfall deficit was so large that it could not be fully compensated even by the maximum use of drip irrigation. Of the evaluated varieties, the Agnus variety coped best with the different weather conditions of the assessed vintages. This shows that the cultivation of climate resistant varieties is one of the promising but time-consuming ways to face the expected climate changes. Other options include regular renewal of hop growths, consistent regionalization, i.e. planting hop in locations that are suitable for the given variety and efficient use of irrigation systems.

Purpose: To overview the white head cabbage market in Ukraine, outline major problems, assess production capacity, and determine directions for improving efficiency in the future. Methods. Mathematical/statistical methods, grouping, analysis of time series, abstract-logical and dialectical approaches of cognition. Results. The current state of white head cabbage production in Ukraine is discussed. The shares of this crop in the total sown area and gross vegetable production have been determined; data on the location of white head cabbage production in different natural-climatic zones of Ukraine and farm categories have been summarized. The causes restraining the effective development of this segment of the vegetable market have been elucidated; they include outdated technologies and lack of innovations; few facilities for finishing, packaging, storage, and processing; lack of professional branding and effective infrastructure; weak development of agro-logistics; non-compliance of domestic vegetable products with European standards. The general strategy and priority areas of scientific support for future white head cabbage production in the context of integration processes are outlined. Conclusions. As the material well-being of the population rises, the food basket structure changes towards increased consumption of vegetables, including white cabbage. To justify the future development of vegetable growing in Ukraine, one should be guided by this benchmark, along with the expediency of the maximum use of the available natural and economic potentials for white head cabbage production. The further development of white head cabbage production in Ukraine must be directed towards high-intensity production based on the scientifically sound introduction of new high-yielding cultivars and hybrids with good palatability. At the same time, in the future, technical re-equipment of vegetable growing, development of information support, creation of marketing services, and development of market infrastructure will be required.

The modern hop-growing industry occupies a small share in the structure of domestic agricultural production. However, being the main supplier of hops, as the most important agricultural raw material for many sectors of the economy, it has been on the rise in recent years and is increasing production volumes every year. This is largely facilitated by financial government support in terms of reimbursement of current and capital costs associated with the establishment of hops and the cultivation of hops. The purpose of the study is to consider the main theoretical and methodological aspects of organizing production accounting, which will provide unified approaches to justifying costs for filing applications by hop farms for government subsidies. As a result of the analysis, it turned out that there is no updated regulatory framework for accounting for the reflection of costs in hop-growing farms, including the basic industry standard “Hop-growing. Terms and definitions ”, and in the very mechanism for issuing state subsidies, the question of the structure and content of the information carrier about the costs incurred has not been finally worked out. A small number of international and Russian studies to determine the essential characteristics of hops as a biological asset have a negative impact on the construction of the accounting process. Consideration of the theory and study of the practice of organizing the accounting of costs in hop farms made it possible to update the accounting procedures for the main agro-technological stages in accordance with the current regulatory documents in this area and to put forward the thesis on the need to use 1 ton of alpha-acid as a calculating unit and a universal meter when making calculations with counterparties

To evaluate changes to hop industry concentration and competitiveness the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used. The ownership of hop proprietary varieties, their acreage and production were compared with public varieties. Market share for each proprietary hop variety acreage and production was calculated between 2000 and 2020. The quantity of land under centralized control in the U.S. hop industry due to increased proprietary variety acreage between 2000 and 2020 was quantified. Assuming tacit collusion between the participants in the oligopoly, the HHI enabled us to quantify the portion of land under oligopoly control. The HHI analysis of hop acreage and hop production demonstrated that market concentration rose rapidly between the years 2010 (0.0376 and 0.0729) and 2020 (0.4927 and 0.5394). This resulted in decreasing business competitiveness within the market during this period caused primarily by rapid consolidation of ownership during increased proprietary variety acreage and production increases. Calculations revealed that in 2016 a tipping point had been reached concerning market concentration, which resulted in higher sustained season average prices of hops—a key raw material in brewing.

Czech bitter varieties were evaluated between 2010 and 2022. Hop varieties displayed an average content of alpha acids between 10.24% w/w (Agnus) and 13.73% w/w (Gaia). Variability below 15%, proved good stability of alpha acids content in all tested bittering hops. All varieties showed a decrease in the content of alpha acids over a period of 13 years of hop cultivation. The highest content of beta acids was determined in Gaia (7.30% w/w). In contrast, the lowest content of beta acids was found in Rubín (3.73% w/w). The new bitter genotypes Uran and 5304 had an average alpha acid content of 11.56% w/w and 10.82% w/w, respectively. Uran showed an average beta acid content of 5.47% w/w and for the genotype 5304 it was 3.61% w/w. In terms of the alpha/beta acids ratio, the hop varieties can be divided into three groups. The first group included the varieties with an alpha/beta acids ratio below 2, i.e. Vital, Boomerang and Gaia. While Agnus and Uran displayed an alpha/beta ratio slightly above 2. The highest alpha/beta ratio above 3 was found in Rubín and the 5303 genotype.

The prerequisites for Mironivska (Central) Agricultural Experiment Station on culture and breeding of sugar beet are revealed in the context of the establishment and development of the Ukrainian sugar production and especially of the organization of its scientific support, and the place in these processes the prominent agrobiologist, one of the founders of experimental work and national academic science in Ukraine Professor Solomon L. Frankfurt.

This research is to integrate the focused economy into a more non-consumptive alternative; considering that a sustainable nature tourism could contribute to conservation of biodiversity. The objective of the study is to identify status and nature of existing tourism sites and products within Muar and Tangkak districts, in Johor. At the same time researchers pinpoint potential nature tourism products and suggest their development adding values to existing tourism activities. The final touch to this venture is creation of souvenir prototypes that portrays local image. Data were collected by site visits, scan observation and field sampling. Among chosen destinations were Gunung Ledang Johor National Park, C&C Mushroom Cultivation Farm Sdn. Bhd., Tangkak; Nasuha Herbs & Spice Farm and Tanjung Ketapang and Tanjung Emas Parks, Muar. Existing tourism products were oyster mushroom and herbal tea. From this research potential products proposed are stingless bee (Trigona group) and sandalwood (Aquilaria malaccensis), bunga tanjung (Mimusops elengi) and bird watching respectively. These new products were tested against eight criteria currently used for development of nature tourism product and they met six: morphological attractiveness, behavioural enticement, linkage to local culture, ecologically important to people, reliability of sightings and safety. Based on aspects such as time, cost and risk, data acquired were analyzed and used in formulating a tentative tourism package. Formulated tourism packages would need testing in the near future before released to be promoted into the market. From this research several other attractions and potential products were identified and discussed in this paper.

The development and validation of aquifer productivity and depth-to-source maps for England and Wales are described. Aquifer productivity maps can provide valuable support for the assessment, planning and management of groundwater and renewable heat energy resources. Aquifer productivity is often mapped using geostatistical interpolation techniques such as kriging, but these techniques tend to be unsuitable for mapping at the national scale due to the high data (and time) demands. A methodology is outlined for mapping aquifer productivity at the national scale using existing national-scale data sets. Pumping test data are used to characterise the potential borehole yields that different geological formations of varying lithologies and ages can provide. Based on this analysis and using expert knowledge, the corresponding map codes on the geological map are assigned to potential productivity classes. The subsurface (concealed) extent of aquifer units is mapped from geophysical data, and together with the attributed geological map, provide the bedrock-aquifer productivity map. Drilling and pumping costs can be an important consideration when evaluating the feasibility of developing a groundwater source. Thus, a map of the approximate depth to source is developed alongside the aquifer productivity map. The maps are validated using independent data sets, and map performance is compared against performance from maps derived by random and uniform attribution. The results show that the maps successfully predict potential productivity and approximate depth to the water source, although utility of the depth-to-source map could be improved by increasing the vertical discretisation at which depth intervals are mapped.

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