Особенности индивидуальной системы значений личности у субъектов с определенным «образ мира»

The paper is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of hardiness as an integral characteristic of personal potential. The topicality of this problem is determined by the fact that in the process of socialization and personal development, each person faces the need to overcome certain life difficulties: psychological crises, stressful situations, the effects of external social negative factors, and many others. Moreover, due to specific features of psychic processes, an individual always strives to overcome difficulties in the most effective and least burdensome way. Not only the psychological well-being of a person, but also the harmonious existence of the whole society depends on the choice of one or another method of coping behavior (constructive or destructive). The paper presents the results of a study of the interrelationship between the level of subjective control, the spheres of motivation and needs, values and meaning of a person’s personality and the development level of a person’s hardiness. The paper contains the results of the theoretical and methodological analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the research topic; the results of a comprehensive diagnosis of the level of hardiness development of a person and hardiness in different life situations; specific features of subjective control, the spheres of motivation and needs, values and meaning of an individual’s personality and their relationship with the hardiness development level. It has been proved that people with different levels of hardiness have: different levels of subjective control (in people with a high level of hardiness, the level of subjective control is higher); a different value and meaning frame of an individual’s personality (hierarchy and structure of personal values and meanings depends on the level of hardiness); different levels of positive and negative motivation (motivation for success and motivation for failure). The conclusions have been drawn that hardiness has its own structure and turns out to be a key personality variable, mediating the influence of external (stressful) factors on a person, as well as on the success of activity.
 Keywords: hardiness, coping behavior, personal potential, subjective control, sphere of motivation and needs, sphere of values and meaning.

Background. ^e problem of human adaptation to extreme conditions of the Arctic remains relevant. People have di_erent adaptive potential to ensure the success of their activities and state adequate to loads at the psycho-emotional and physiological levels. Comprehensive research into determination of adaptability and parameters of adaptation to the conditions of the Arctic in workers may be a solution. Interrelationships between functional states and di_erent socio-psychological and personal qualities of participants revealed in our study also conGrm this relevance. Objective. ^e study aims identify and describe the dynamics of functional states in participants of the marine scientiGc expedition during the Arctic trip in conjunction with the personal characteristics of adaptability (internality, conscious self-regulation, socio-psychological qualities). Methods. ^e researchers applied objective psychophysiological instrumental methods, projective method M. Luscher’s colour test, subjective questionnaire “Well-being. Activity. Mood” by V.A. Doskin et al. Сharacteristics of adaptability (internality, conscious self-regulation, socio-psychological qualities) were assessed with questionnaires. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out with correlation analysis. Sample. 39 participants of a 20-day sea expedition to the Arctic. Results. Characteristics of the personal and socio-psychological potential of participants are presented; the dynamics of participants’ functional state during the expedition trip are described; statistically signiGcant relationships have been established between socio-psychological characteristics, individual-personal qualities (regulatory and internality) and objective, projective, and subjective-evaluative parameters of functional states. Conclusion. Adaptive characteristics include developed general internal control, in particular, moderate control (internality) in the Geld of achievements and in the Geld of failures, as well as conscious self-regulation of behavior. ^e dynamics of objective indicators of functional states is positively correlated with the level of subjective control in the Geld of failures, and changes in indicators of projective and subjective methods are associated with characteristics of socio-psychological adaptation, the level of subjective control and conscious self-regulation.

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the personality characteristics of women who artificially terminate pregnancy. The set of empirical research methods included: Leonhard–Shmishek test questionnaire, G. Eysenck test, “Study of volitional self-regulation” questionnaire (A. V. Zverkov, E. V. Eidman), “Level of subjective control” questionnaire (E. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golynkina, A. M. Etkind), Freiburg multifactorial personality questionnaire (FPI, form B, adapted by A. A. Krylov and T. I. Ronginsky). It was revealed that the features of social adaptation, the evidence of certain character traits, volitional self-regulation, and the level of subjective control are the parameters which distinguish the personal profile of women who have decided to terminate pregnancy. They are characterized by a certain degree of self-confidence, do not strive to establish trusting relationships with other people, have a lower level of selfcriticism, external orientation and inconsistency in behavior. The dominant character traits in this sample of women are demonstrativeness, instability, anxiety. Such personal characteristics of women can be the targets for psychological correction when creating a model for providing psychological assistance in the process of preabortion and post-abortion counseling.

Introduction. The procedure of standardization of the author's questionnaire "Personality Potential" for athletes was carried out for the first time. The five-factor structure of the personal potential is revealed: "inclusion" (consists of the indicators of the "Test of Resilience" and "Test of General Self-Efficacy", "meaningfulness" (combines the indicators of the "Test of Meaning-Life Orientations"), "internality" (includes the indicators of the test "Level of Subjective Control"), "independence" and "positivity" (consists of the scales of the self-actualization test). Methods. The standardized sample consisted of 531 people, members of Russian national teams in martial arts, speed-power, cyclic, complex-coordination and team sports. CNORM module was used to determine data norms; analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the number of standardized groups; confirmatory factor analysis was used to check the degree of consistency of the standardized questionnaire structure; Cronbach's Alpha test was used to assess the internal consistency of each of the scales separately and of the total scale. The sample was stratified with respect to gender and age. Results. As a result of the study, unified criteria for evaluating the results of diagnostic tests in relation to gender were determined, standardized groups were identified: "male", "female", "juniors (f)". To determine the norms of the male sample, the explanatory variable was used - the age of the athlete from the lower to the higher, for the female sample the grouping age variable was used, distinguishing the norms for the groups "female" and "juniors (f)". Discussion. Stratification of the sample allowed for three standardization groups. In the male sample, "juniors (m)" and "males" are combined due to the lack of significant differences in the components and the overall measure of personality potential. With the exception of the "meaningfulness" component, the males' scores have slight variations in the lower range, a floor effect, while there is a ceiling effect for personality potential. In the female sample, the monotonic correlation of values by age is maintained. Regression modeling made it possible to calculate the T-score for each raw score in the studied groups. The standardization procedure of the questionnaire was performed as required.

The article analyzes the development of professional identity among police officers with different locus of control. The object of the study: employees of the internal affairs bodies. Subject of research: the influence of locus control on the development of professional identity of employees of internal affairs bodies. The relevance of the study is to determine the influence of locus of control on the development of professional identity in law enforcement officers. Professional development is a key problem in the psychological support of the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The authors have revealed that the locus of control is of great importance in the life of employees of internal affairs bodies, as it is associated with the development of professional identity. Using a complex of psychodiagnostic techniques: "Personal and social identity" (A.A. Urbanovich), personal questionnaire "Who am I" (M. Kuhn, K. McPartland), personal questionnaire "Formal and meaningful identity" (E.V. Raspopin, E.A. Rybyakova), test "The level of subjective control" (J. Rotter, modification by E.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golynkina, L.M. Etkind) substantiates the existence of a relationship between the locus of control and professional identity in law enforcement officers. It is proved that the most effective is the average level of internality of the locus of control, which contributes to the professional identity of a law enforcement officer. The necessity of forming a professional identity taking into account the locus of control among employees of internal affairs bodies is discussed.

One of the strategic objectives of education is the development of emotional intelligence. The paper examines the relationship between readiness to forgive and emotional intelligence with the level of subjective control. The study of emotional intelligence was carried out according to the method “Emotional intelligence” (N. Hall), the study of the level of subjective control was carried out according to the method of J. Rotter. To determine the level of readiness for forgiveness, the author's questionnaire "Readiness for forgiveness" was compiled. Readiness for forgiveness creates conditions for the development of a personality as a forgiver as well as the personality of the forgiven person. It appears as a result of deeper understanding of the traumatic situation and the reasons for its occurrence. Readiness to forgive, to our opinion, is a base tool for the transformation of emotional manifestation. We found a significant correlation between the integrative index of emotional intelligence and a level of a readiness for forgiveness. Subjects with a high readiness for forgiveness are capable of efficient regulation of their emotional sphere. Various forms of organization of group work help students to adjust their ideas about readiness for forgiveness, which contributes to the development of emotional intelligence, harmonization of both intrapersonal and interpersonal space. Formation of a deeper and adequate understanding of readiness for forgiveness is an important task of the education.

The study focuses on identifying deviant behavior tendencies and personality traits of university technical students. The methods of “Tendency to deviant behavior” by A. N. Orel were used; “The level of social frustration” by L. I. Wasserman in the modification of V. V. Boyko; “Level of subjective control” by E. F. Bazhin, S. A. Golynkina, A. M. Etkind; Test “Meaningful orientations” by D. A. Leontyev. Data processing was carried out using primary statistics, Student’s t-test, Pearson correlation analysis. The study sample was made up of students of the 2nd and 3rd courses of technical specialties of the university. The total number of subjects was 59 people, of which 28 were girls and 31 were young men, the average age was 19 years. Differences are presented between indicators of deviant behavior, social frustration, locus of control and meaningfulness of life in university students and female students, as well as in students with high and low levels of meaningfulness of life. The relationships of the listed psychological phenomena among students and university students have been identified. The results show that girls have a greater tendency to demonstrate socially acceptable responses, to positive self-presentation. Young men manage their emotions more successfully, but show greater susceptibility to dependent, auto-aggressive and violent behavior. Young men have a higher internality in relationships with other people, which indicates their greater confidence in the ability to manage interpersonal relationships. Students with a high level of meaningfulness of life are more likely to show international personality traits, taking responsibility for their relationships and production activities. Students with a low level of meaningfulness of life have higher rates of social frustration. No common relationships were found in the female and male samples. Specific relationships for boys and girls were highlighted.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The following research analyses the results of the empirical study conducted among adolescents showing high levels of cyberbullying and their peers prone to cyber victimization. The theoretical basis for the purpose of the following research is represented by the modern studies and their conflicting profiling of the personality features specific for adolescents prone to bullying as well as victimization in cyberspace. The case study is represented by a group of eighth and ninth grade students studying in Moscow schools, the respondents were divided into three groups: those showing high levels of cyberbullying (N=29), those showing distinct cyber victim behavior (N=34), and those showing standard behavior in this area (N=30). The research is based on the following studies and methodologies: Multifactorial personality questionnaire (14 PF) by R.B. Cattell, «Level of subjective control» test by V.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golynkina, A.M. Atkind and test by A.V. Zverkov, E.V. Eydman’s "Study of voluntary self-regulation". The research has identified similar features specific for adolescents showing clear signs of cyberbullying as well as cyber victim behavior: low levels of emotional stability and self-control, external locus of control, reduced levels of internality in interpersonal relationships. The research also identifies specific personality features distinct for each group. The data collected in this study can be applied when developing programs to prevent cyberbullying among adolescents.</p>

The article analyses the results of the study of interpersonal trust among students. It was determined that interpersonal trust is viewed ambiguously by Ukrainian and foreign scientists. National scientists indicate the importance of interpersonal trust in the formation of partnership relations, conflict-free interpersonal interaction. Foreign studies emphasize the social nature of interpersonal trust, which is manifested only in the relationship of an individual. Structural components of interpersonal trust are cognitive, emotional and behavioural. Emphasis is placed on the socio-psychological and personal characteristics of subjects of interpersonal trust. It is noted that the level of subjective control, sociability, optimism, tolerance, reliability, the level of the individual's trust in himself, and his psycho-emotional state belong to the personal factors that influence the willingness of the individual to trust. The study was conducted on the basis of Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi Vinnytsia State Pedagogical University. 79 freshmen took part in it. It has been empirically determined that first-year students of future psychologists have a significantly lower level of interpersonal trust than average. The level of self-confidence tends to be average, the external level of the locus of control prevails. The most dissatisfied areas are personal achievements, health, the quality of communication with loved ones, internal and external support, and the ability to self-control. Factor analysis made it possible to single out four factors (psychological well-being, internality in learning, achievement, self-realization), which, in our opinion, reflect different aspects of interpersonal trust in first-year students of future psychologists. The conducted research allows us to state that students who experience psychological well-being, are responsible, are focused on their own strengths, take responsibility for successes and failures in learning, are focused on achievements and self-realization, have a higher level of interpersonal trust.

In the article, the authors focus on the study of personnel in the context of the digital economy. The influence of professional deformation of personnel, which prevents the formation of a demanded employee in the digital economy, was studied using the example of salespeople of retail chains. It is assumed that digitalization leads to the emergence of multitasking, lack of time and constant control, which are additional stress factors that exacerbate professional deformation. To conduct an empirical study the following methods were used: “The level of emotional burnout” by V. V. Boyko, R. Cattell 16 Personality Factors Test, “The level of subjective control” by J. Rotter (LSC test), the method of pictorial associations by S. Rosenzweig. We identified two groups of network sellers with pronounced symptoms of professional deformation in the digital economy: experimental and control. The experimental group revealed the existence of a set of personal deformations: ego-centrism, neuroticism, impatience. The sources of these deformations in the course of the personality adaptation to the peculiarities of professional activity have been determined. One of the main manifestations of the professional deformation of these workers is the internal locus control, the tendency to control everyone around, to be responsible for everything, to assume the role of a “resolver of difficulties” with low indicators of communication competence. A list of measures that allow the development and implementation of preventive response technologies in the organization's management are proposed, the use of which will ensure the controllability of personnel deformation.KeywordsProfessional deformationThe level of subjective controlEmotional burnoutDigitalization of the economy

The relevance of the study is due to the public demand for the development of means that can help to reduce social frustration in ‘closed’ educational institutions and for the establishment of its personal factors. Purpose: to study the role of life beliefs, personality traits and subjective control in the manifestation level of social frustration of military personnel of the National Guard of Russia. Hypothesis: the types of social frustration of military university cadets cover significant areas of life and education; frustrations in the field of relationships and practical training are most associated with personal characteristics. Participants: cadets (N=265) of the Military Institute of the National Guard of the Russian Federation aged 17-24, the average age M = 20.05 SD = 1.54. Methods (tools): the modified technique questionnaire “The level of social frustration” (by L. I. Wasserman, as modified by A. I. Sorokin) was used to study the social frustration of the cadets; the Basic Beliefs Scale of R. Janoff-Bulman was used to analyze the beliefs about the world; the questionnaire “Level of subjective control” (by E. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golynkin, A. M. Etkind) was used to determine the internality of the cadets; the 5PFQ (Big Five Personality Questionnaire developed by R. McCrae and P. Costa in adaptation by A. B. Khromov) was used to assess the main characteristics of the personality. Results. As a result of the factor analysis of the characteristics of social frustration, 4 types were identified: satisfaction/dissatisfaction with self-determination, relationships with colleagues and superiors, practical training and achievements. As a result of the regression analysis, predictors of cadets’ social frustration were singled out: beliefs about justice and benevolence of the world; internality in the field of achievement and extraversion. Satisfaction with relationship is most closely related to personality characteristics. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used for professional selection and psychological support of cadets during the adaptation period and at different stages of training.

The diving reflex (DR) is a set of signaling interconnected reflex respiratory and cardiovascular reactions aimed at quickly adapting to diving, or otherwise, to hypoxia. This effect is achieved through reflexive deceleration of the heart’s rhythm, constriction of peripheral vessels and selective redistribution of blood to those organs which are most vulnerable to hypoxia (the brain and heart). Specificity of DR manifestations is determined by species affiliation among animals. The effectiveness of DR in humans depends on the nature of vegetative and humoral regulation in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study is to determine whether protective cardiovascular mechanisms when diving vary in people with different polymorphisms genes, which produce factors are involved in the regulation of peripheral vascular tone (NOs, ADRB2, BDKRB2, ACE).96 volunteers (students; aged 18–24) were examined. These subjects were not adapted to diving. DR was activated by submerging their faces in cold water (12–14°C) under laboratory conditions. ECG records were taken for the resting state, during diving simulation (DS) and after apnea. The blood supply to peripheral vessels was measured indirectly using the pulse wave amplitude (PWA) of the photoplethysmogram (PPG). Vascular tone was calculated from the time of its spread (the pulse transit time, PTT). Blood pressure was recorded. DNA samples from all patients’ blood were isolated using phenol‐chloroform extraction. I/D polymorphism (rs4340) of the ACE gene was analysed using PCR. The results were analysed using Mann‐Whitney nonparametric tests (paired comparisons).According to the results of the study, significant decrease in PWA was found in subjects with C/C (ADRB2; n=56) and 4b4b (NOs; n=45) polymorphisms during DS (p<0.01). In its turn, decline in PWA was less significant in subjects with A/A (ADRB2; n=36), G/G (ADRB2; n=21) alleles (p<0.05). And in subjects with 4b4a (NOs; n=21), 4a4a (NOs; n=3) polymorphisms, PWA decreased is not significant. We suggests that the protective mechanisms in subjects with C/C (ADRB2) and 4b4b (NOs) polymorphisms are better expressed. According to the results of the ACE polymorphism study, significant differences in PTT were found between I/D (n=27) and I/I (n=23) alleles, as well as between with I/I and D/D (n=21) alleles at the control level (CL) and during DS (p<0.01; p<0.05). When BDKRB2 alleles were studied, significant differences in PWA between T/C (n=35) and C/C (n=24) alleles, as well as between T/T (n=13) and C/C alleles were found in all dives and during recovery (p<0.01). In subjects with I/D, T/C (BDKRB2), C/C (ADRB2) and 4b4b polymorphisms, PWA increased in the recovery process when compared with CL (p<0.01). This reflects an increase in blood volume in the peripheral vessels and indicates oxygen debt formed during DS.When diving was simulated, constriction of peripheral vessels was observed in all subjects examined, but its severity had significant individual differences. Studies have shown that the most effective defence mechanisms against hypoxia are those which develop when diving in people with I/D (ACE), T/C (BDKRB2), C/C (ADRB2) и 4b4b (NOs) polymorphisms.

This review focuses on the effects of altitude exposure from 1 to several days or weeks as occurs in tourists, trekkers, and mountaineers who visit high altitude and normally reside near sea level. We briefly review the acute physiological adjustments and early acclimatization that occur in the cardiovascular system and the lungs of healthy individuals. These ensure life-sustaining oxygen delivery to the tissues despite a reduction in the partial pressure of inspired oxygen between 20% and 60% at 2500 and 8000 m, respectively. One of the acute adjustments, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), may be disadvantageous in those with a vigorous response and lead to 2 potentially lethal illnesses, high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and subacute mountain sickness (SAMS), which we present in more detail. Finally, on the basis of knowledge about the acute physiological adjustments and acclimatization and, when available, a review of the literature, we discuss the high-altitude tolerance of patients with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, systemic hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. ### Circulation The major effects of acute hypoxia on the heart and lung are shown in Figure 1. Hypoxia directly affects the vascular tone of the pulmonary and systemic resistance vessels and increases ventilation and sympathetic activity via stimulation of the peripheral chemoreceptors.1 Interactions occur between the direct effects of hypoxia on blood vessels and the chemoreceptor-mediated responses in the systemic and pulmonary circulation. Figure 1. Effects of hypoxia on systemic and pulmonary circulation. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms of the hypoxic vasodilatation of systemic arterioles is an active area of research. Several mechanisms appear to regulate local oxygen delivery according to the needs of the tissues2,3; for instance, the release of ATP from red blood cells and the generation of NO by various ways appear to regulate local oxygen delivery according to the needs …

The formation and development of social competence of adolescents with intellectual disabilities is a priority of special educational institutions, because it is the key to successful socialization of these students. The main goal is to reveal the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of social competence of adolescents with intellectual disabilities through their engagement into the extracurricular activities. The method involves considering the capabilities of each teenager in extracurricular activities at any age. Extracurricular activities that are based on each individual case of every student are used to form specific competencies that are especially important for him at the next level of learning and socialization. The experiment involved 114 adolescents aged 12-16 years studying in special educational institutions. Based on the components of social competence, the following methods were selected and diagnostics were performed: projective technique "Incomplete Sentences", projective drawing "My Friends", observation, exploratory technique "My Orientations", exploratory technique "Nonverbal characteristics of communication", observation, Saul Rosenzweig test, exploratory technique "An Island", projective technique "Joint Drawing", drama game "The Turnip", exploratory technique "Assess the Behavior", a discussion based on short stories "The Hero's Character and His Actions". The number of adolescents with intellectual disabilities who have cognitive-related competencies has increased significantly (t=5,01; p=0,001); ; competencies of motivational and value sphere (t=4,7; p=0,01). Increased was the number of adolescents who adequately assess themselves and their abilities and capabilities (33, 85%), use socially acceptable behavior and understand moral norms (39, 47%). The level of control over students' own actions has significantly increased, as well as their ability to evaluate their own actions and self-reflect (t = 5.3; p = 0.05). The diagnostic results obtained after the introduction of the method testified to the effectiveness of its use for adolescents with intellectual disabilities in the conditions of special educational institutions.

Abstacts. We investigated psychological characteristics: anxiety, depression rate, hostility and aggression, subjective control level, dispositional optimism, and types of attitude to the disease in patients with different types of heart rhythm disorders.Objective. To determine psychological characteristics of personality, characteristics of the internal pattern of the disease, and quality of life in patients with different types of heart rhythm disorders.Results. 352 patients were examined. They were divided into 4 groups depending on the type of heart rate disorders: extrasystole (frequent – over 30 per 1 hour), atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia, and deterioration of impulse conductivity, accompanied by bradycardia (sinoatrial block and sinus node dysfunction syndrome). All patients underwent a comprehensive psychodiagnostic study using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Spielberger-Khanin Personal and Reactive Anxiety Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS-21), the Bass-Darky test for aggressiveness and hostility diagnostics, study of the type of attitude to the disease (LOBI), the Rotter's Locus of Control Scale and the Dispositional Optimism Scale. It was found that with the same level of personality anxiety, patients with atrial fibrillation and life-threatening heart block demonstrated high levels of situational anxiety and depression. The index of aggression was the highest in patients with bradyarrhythmias and paroxysmal tachycardias. Harmonious, anxious and sensitive types of attitude to the disease are more common within all studied groups of patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Low levels of internality in health are observed in patients with extrasystole, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation. The Dispositional Optimism Test demonstrated a medium level of optimism among patients with extrasystole and paroxysmal tachycardia and a low level in patients with atrial fibrillation and cardiac conduction disorders.Conclusion. As a result of a comprehensive psychodiagnostic study, the psychological characteristics of the individual and the type of attitude to the disease in patients with various types of cardiac arrhythmias were determined. Mentioned disparities form the relevant internal pattern of the disease, which should be taken into account when planning treatment and rehabilitation measures.