ЗМЕНШЕННЯ ВИКИДІВ СУДНОВОГО ДИЗЕЛЯ УТИЛІЗАЦІЄЮ ТЕПЛОТИ РЕЦИРКУЛЯЦІЙНИХ ГАЗІВ ЕЖЕКТОРНОЮ ХОЛОДИЛЬНОЮ МАШИНОЮ

Solving the problem of ocean's airspace polluting with harmful emissions of ship-generated diesel engines by exhaust gases is associated with the creation of highly effective technologies for the neutralization of nitrogen oxides NOx from the diesel plant that apply both to vessels in service, designed and built. The air entering the engine is a working fluid that carries out a certain thermodynamic cycle, resulting in a change in its chemical composition, and the exhaust gas mixture contains many components. Emissions of harmful substances during the combustion of marine fuels are limited in accordance with international programs for the protection of the atmosphere and requirements of the International Maritime Organization IMO. Requirements apply all groups of harmful emissions of marine engines. The most stringent of them concern nitrogen oxides NOx and sulfur oxides SOx. To reduce harmful emissions from the exhaust gases into the environment, scientists and world leaders in engine construction, such as MAN Energy Solutions and Wärtsilä, apply and offer a variety of techniques to reduce the number of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. One of the most promising is the exhaust gas recirculation system (EGRS) of the ship diesel engine. Its advantage over other methods is the insignificant impact on the operation of the engine. During the exhaust gas recycling a temperature of the flame in the combustion chamber decreases, which leads to the reduction of NOx number. This is a consequence of the high rates of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Since the combustion rate is reduced, the exhaust temperature and the thermal load on the engine part are increased. The dilution of the inflow air with waste gas reduces the oxygen content in the supercharged air from 21 to 13%. The possibilities of the technology of the system of recirculation of exhaust gases of a marine engine are limited by the value of the ratio of O2/CO2 in the intake air, due to which the amount of combustion products at the inlet is limited to no more than 30%

The paper analyses problems associated with the use of mining machinery equipped with diesel engine releases of exhaust gases that have a harmful impact on human health and the environment. The mining industry uses a wide range of equipment powered by diesel engines: dump trucks, backhoe loaders, drill jumbos and other mining machinery. Engine exhaust gases contain toxic elements that have a significant impact on human health and the environment. Air pollution from gases leads to standbys of mine sites, while a reduced visibility on a route results in a partial or total equipment shutdown. At present, environmental requirements to vehicle engines are a top concern. The problem of air pollution with harmful substances contained in diesel engine exhausts is becoming a global challenge. Solutions of these issues require joint efforts from many countries. International conventions and adoption of relevant standards serve as a means of rapprochement in this sphere. Most operations in Europe, Asia and America are guided by similar standards as to the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases, the European Union being an influencer in this regard by frequently introducing updates and stringent regulations. Other countries are following this trend and revising their emission standards too. European states had paid attention to this issue earlier than other countries. Today, environmental requirements to vehicle engines are a top priority. Research in this field is focused on such issues as increasing productivity of mining machinery engines, reducing labour costs of maintenance and repairs, enhancing fuel efficiency and significantly improving environmental performance.

The article presents the results of an experimental study of the dispersion of superheated water through cylindrical channels and nozzles of piston internal combustion engines under different initial conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of modern diesel engine fuel systems are discussed in the article. The process of explosive boiling in relation to the fuel system of a piston engine is formulated and briefly described. A description of the laboratory setup and methods of conducting experiments is given in the article. The results of the visualization of sprayed superheated water through a cylindrical channel and through a diesel engine nozzle of 21/21 dimension are presented. The original scheme of the fuel system for a diesel engine using the effect of explosive boiling is proposed. Preliminary estimates have shown that the use of such a fuel system will increase the reliability of the combustion chamber elements of a piston engine, reduce specific fuel consumption (up to 2%) and reduce the amount of harmful substances in exhaust gases (an average of 12% compared with traditional fuel systems).

The problem of reduction of atmospheric air pollution by exhaust gases is discussed. A brief assessment of the impact of transport on the environment is given. The components of the pollutants are discussed. It is noted that in considering this problem, the methods of measurement and control of harmful emissions of the vehicles play a crucial role. The emphasis on the subject is made at the normative Russian and international standards, UN Rules and adoption of purposeful measures in the field of environmental protection during vehicles operation. The modern methods and devices used for the measurement of emissions of harmful substances of exhaust gases of automobiles are given. The conformity of the newly introduced vehicles to environmental requirements of international normative documents (UN Rules) on the emissions of harmful substances applies to a large extent the accuracy of measurement of gas analysis equipment. It is associated with a significant reduction of the measured values of concentrations of harmful emissions for vehicles of the ecological class EURO-5. It was noted that today especially relevant becomes the problem not only to improve the vehicle design from the point of limiting toxicity, but also improvement of technical control in operation. The lack of control and low level of maintenance lead to the breakdown of the normal operation of units and systems of the vehicle, which leads to increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air. As a result, all the efforts of the automotive industry to improve engine and neutralization systems to ensure environmental standards can be mitigated. In this regard, there were proposed approaches for the improvement of methods of technical control of vehicles. Substantially improvements of environmental control of motor vehicles are connected with performance of the onboard diagnostic systems of the vehicle in operation and neutralization systems. In order to guarantee their effective functioning during the life of the vehicle it is proposed to establish a system of replacement of catalytic converters of a vehicle failed during operation of the vehicle.

The purpose of the conducted research is to improve the method of calculation and determination of both fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances from the engines of vehicles converted to run on alternative fuel. The article examines the peculiarities of determining fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances from the engines of vehicles converted to run on alternative fuel. The method of calculating fuel consumption and environmental indicators of vehicles running on alternative fuel has been developed, which is based on a systematic combination of methods and means of obtaining information about the processes and operating conditions of vehicles, which are obtained as a result of remote monitoring of parameters of the technical condition of vehicles. The peculiarity of the method is that it involves the joint use of both existing methods and means of obtaining information on vehicle operation processes, engine thermal parameters, fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances. This method of calculating both fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of a vehicle with engines converted to run on gas fuel allows to evaluate the efficiency of the operation of the vehicle engine thanks to the analysis of current and total values of indicators of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances in processes pre-launch and post-launch thermal preparation and during its movement in the driving cycle and during movement on the route.
 In the work, the authors proposed to use the fuel consumption coefficients for both liquid and gaseous fuels to determine the fuel consumption in operating conditions, which make it possible to abstract from the dimensions. For the vehicle engine cooling system, it is proposed to measure fuel efficiency and other environmental indicators according to existing methods in several modes of heating the coolant up to a temperature of 50°C.

The paper deals with the issue of determining the fuel efficiency and toxicity of exhaust gases of power equipment of road machines operating in traction modes, namely, plow and plow-brush snowplows based on a pneumatic wheeled tractor. The object of research is fuel efficiency and toxicity of exhaust gases of power equipment. The purpose of the study is to experimentally determine the external speed characteristics of a 4Ч11,0 / 12,5 diesel engine (D-240, D-241, D-242, D-243 families), namely: maximum power Ne, maximum torque Mк; hourly consumption of fuel Gпал and air Gпов, specific effective fuel consumption ge; concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gases: carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbon compounds CmHn, nitrogen oxides NOx and opacity N of the exhaust gases. The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the energy performance (maximum power Ne and maximum torque Mк) of a diesel engine (4Ч11,0/12,5 (D-242)) of power equipment; fuel efficiency indicators (hourly fuel consumption Gпал and specific effective fuel consumption ge); hourly air consumption Gпов; concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gases: carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbon compounds CmHn, nitrogen oxides NOx and opacity N of the exhaust gases. Which are obtained with the position of the fuel supply control, which corresponds to the maximum fuel supply from the diesel crankshaft speed. The above indicators were determined at standard diesel fuel supply settings. Based on the obtained external speed characteristics Ne, Mк, Gпал, ge, Gпов, CO, CmHn, NOx and N, mathematical (polynomial) dependencies were determined, which are described from the speed of the diesel crankshaft, and their adequacy was checked. The studies carried out made it possible to determine the main direction of increasing fuel efficiency and reducing emissions of harmful substances of a diesel engine.

В даний час має місце інтенсивне посилення норм на токсичні викиди відпрацьованих газів суднових дизелів при плаванні суден в прибережних морських районах і на внутрішніх водних шляхах. Постійне зростання числа суден призводить до збільшення об’єму палива, що спалюється ними, а отже до збільшення викидів токсичних компонентів з відпрацьованими газами. В роботі проаналізовано зниження шкідливих викидів судновими дизелями за рахунок методу рециркуляції відпрацьованих газів.

Many researchers have conducted experiments on the position and nozzle conditions in the exhaust pipe of a stage/swirl mixer, as well as the injection position required to satisfy the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulations. In this study, an SCR (Selective catalytic reduction) system was designed through basic and detailed designs. The performance of the components was verified through a single-component performance test for the detailed design components, and the total nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction efficiency was predicted using the proven system. Subsequently, the system was applied to an actual engine, and the performance was verified according to the engine operating conditions using the experimental variables. The NOx reduction rate and NH3 slip characteristics in relation to MCR (Maximum Continuous Rating) conditions using the optimised SCR system indicate that the NOx reduction rate exceeds 80% in all MCR conditions. Finally, the SCR system developed in this study proves that the performance of the SCR system satisfies the IMO regulatory requirements.

Mixing and evaporation analysis of a high-pressure SCR system using a hybrid LES-RANS approach

Purpose. To determine sustainable development conditions according to the criteria of emissions of harmful substances and waste generation when modelling impact factors of the parameters and general environmental situation in Ukraine. Methods. In the research general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used. Results. For modelling of national sustainable development parameters by the parameters of emissions of harmful substances and waste generation it has been proposed to apply sectoral approach and the model of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). It has been proved that the EKC model should be used not only to model parameters of emissions of harmful substances, but also for waste generation. Besides, it has been proved that it is necessary to take into account not only national level indicators, but also the contribution of the leading sectors driving national economy. Modelling has been carried out for the following industries: processing; mining and quarry development; agriculture, forestry and fisheries; supply of electricity, gas, steam and conditioned air; transport, warehousing, post and courier services. The models are based on correlation between GDP, average nominal income per capita, environmental costs, waste generation and emissions of harmful substances at the national level and by its leading industries. It has been determined that reaching the "turning point" on sectoral EKCs correlates waste generation and emissions with industry`s rate of remuneration, value added (sectoral GDP) and sectoral investment in environmental protection in the context of industry`s specifics. It has been demonstrated that in Ukraine the "turning point" on the EKC has been provided by 20% of economically active population in industries that generate 46% of emissions amid country's average nominal income per employee and steady growth of environmental expenses for at least two years. Conclusions. It has been proved that the EKC for Ukraine should be analyzed by the sectors of national economy. To form effective national environmental policy, sectoral EKCs should be applied to determine emissions of harmful substances and waste generation. It has been determined that the key factor to ensure country`s sustainable development is environmental investment both at the national level and by its driving economic sectors. Thus, the sectoral EKC reflects the progress towards industries` sustainable development that form main revenue receipts of the government and determine the rate of remuneration in the real sector. Modelling of the EKC parameters for waste and emissions of harmful substances fully corresponds to the trends of sustainable economic growth and its transition to the innovative type of development.

The analysis of the development of electric vehicles in Ukraine. The quantitative indicators of the growth of electric vehicles in the world are considered. The world leaders on the creation and introduction of electric vehicles have been identified. The main provisions of state support of electric vehicles market in Ukraine are outlined. Problem. Today, the problem of ecology in major cities and near highways remains acute. Emissions of harmful substances from exhaust gases from cars with internal combustion engines continue to grow and their share in emissions of harmful substances of the transport complex is 89%. Demands to the environmental safety and fuel economy of cars with internal combustion engines are increasing every year, and this forces theautomakers to seek unconventional solutions to this problem. The most effective direction in solving these problems is the use of electric drive in the construction of the car. Goal. The goal is analysis of the marketof eleсtromobiles in Ukraine over the past 6 years and definition of world leaders in creation and implementation of electric vehicles. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks need to be solved: to carry out an analysis of the market of electric vehicles in Ukraine; to consider quantitative indicators of the growth of number of electric vehicles in Ukraine and in the world; to identify world leaders in creation and implementation of electric vehicles; to reveal the main provisions of state support of the market of electric vehicles in Ukraine. Results. This article analyzes the data for the last 6 years, which show a positive trend in the growth of registered electric vehicles in Ukraine. Maintaining benefits for the import of electric vehicles, the abolition of licenses for the sale of electricity for charging stations, the development of the concept of the infrastructure of charging stations contribute to the development of the infrastructure of charging stations and increase the number of registered electric vehicles. However, today there are a number of problems. To solve the problem of the introduction of electric vehicles, it is necessary to organize the state and investment support for the developmentand use of electric vehicles in the transport system of Ukraine, create the infrastructure of charging stations, form scientific and technical centers for the development and production of electric vehicles, equalize the cost of an electric vehicle with a car with the engine of the same class, impose restrictions on the use of cars with ICE in the city centers

The purpose of this article is on the basis of theoretical researches and processing of statistical materials to develop a complex estimation technique of harmful emissions negative influence on a state of health of the population - number of the treated patients, cost of treatment, the damage caused to health. The complex estimation of atmospheric air pollution by harmful emissions at shock emissions and normative work of the industrial enterprises is executed. The estimation of connection between shock emissions of harmful substances with growth of diseases, number of the treated patients is given. Function "doze-effect" for the basic kinds of polluting substances and the based groups disease is quantitatively appreciated. The estimations technique of treatment of patients cost and damage to health of the population, the harmful substances caused by emissions is developed.

In the world economy more and more attention is paid to the environment protection. This has brought a requirement for reduction of harmful substances emission from the gas turbine engine combustors to the foreground scene. Several concepts of low-emission combustion of liquid fuels have been suggested to solve the problem of nitric oxide emission reduction. The authors consider combustion of lean homogenized (quick-mixed) fuel-air mixtures to be the most promising concept for a multi-mode combustion chamber. Based on the accumulated experience, the authors have formed some notion with respect to design peculiarities of low-emission combustors. Based on such general notions, an attempt has been made to create a model combustion chamber for decreasing harmful substances emission. A design for compact mixing modules has been worked out, as well as for a perforated flame tube. 3D computations have been carried out for the flow in the combustor compartment with 3 mini-modules, so to compare design and experimental data. In calculations the air entered the flame tube through a channel with a rectangular cross-section and, further, through swirlers of three burners (60% of air flow). Besides, the air came into the gap between the flame tube and casing through two side channels and, further, it got inside the flame tube through cooling system holes (40% of air flow). In parallel, tests have been carried out in similar combustor compartment, using standard fuels, measuring harmful substances emission at gas temperature (T4) up to 1700 K. Data obtained testifies to essential reduction of nitric oxides in the experimental combustor being considered. Emission index NOx does not exceed value of 1 g/kg f in all the conditions investigated. Fuel efficiency is ≥ 99% for all the measurement regimes, except one, where it is 98%. Additionally, tests have been conducted, using bio fuel obtained from plant raw material. Research results have revealed problems of changeover to such type of fuel mixtures. Comparing test data with 3D simulation results, it can be noted that there, where computed value of the fuel combustion efficiency coincides with the measured one, NOx value also coincides. However, the emission index value is higher there, where the fuel combustion efficiency value obtained in computation is higher, i.e. where there are zones with higher temperature. The experimental results obtained have confirmed possibility of organizing low-emission combustion, as well as possibility of achieving the nitric oxide emission index level equal to 1 g/kg f at the combustor inlet temperature of 682K. It is evident that more detailed design study is required for transfer of the experimental technology to the working compartment of the combustion chamber. The achieved level of harmful substances emission, after improvement and implementation of technology, may allow meeting the strictest ICAO requirements and reducing the airport fees significantly.

The article is devoted to solving environmental problems arising from the operation of mobile energy vehicles with diesel engines in the agro-industrial sector and installed on cars, tractors, combines. Contrary to all forecasts, the use of environmentally friendly engines capable of competing with piston engines is limited in agricultural production, therefore, solving the problem of reducing harmful emissions from exhaust gases of diesel engines used in agriculture is very important and relevant. The research is aimed at solving one of the key tasks of our time – reducing the anthropogenic load from harmful emissions of diesel engines on the environment by changing the compression ratio. As a result of the test, it was found that an increase in the compression ratio from 13.5 to 15.5 leads to a decrease in emissions from exhaust gases of solid particles (PM), hydrocarbons (CxHy) and carbon monoxide (CO), however, over the entire load characteristic from Pe =0 to Pe=1.24 MPa at 1900 min-1 emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) increases. Emissions of particulate matter from exhaust gases are reduced from 0.122 to 0.063. When the compression ratio changes from 13.5 to 15.5, the estimated values change: for nitrogen oxides – by 1.88 times; for carbon monoxide – by 1.22 times; for hydrocarbons – by 1.35 times; for solid particles – by 1.15 times. The evaluation results showed that the values of the anthropogenic load were Htn = 78.31 ut/g with serial configuration at = 13.5 and Htn = 90.4 ut/g at = 14.5. This indicates a decrease of 1.15 times with a decrease to 13.5. In order to obtain the best results in reducing the anthropogenic load on the environment, it is recommended to use complex methods, for example, simultaneous changes in the degree of compression and catalytic neutralization.

Large two-stroke marine diesel engines are used as the prime mover in the majority of ocean going commercial vessels and are currently facing new stringent NOx emission reductions. Selective catalytic reduction is an aftertreatment technology which is able to reduce emitted NOx at allowable levels. In most marine applications, the selective catalytic reduction system is placed on the high pressure side of the turbine, due to limitations at the exhaust gas temperature at the inlet of selective catalytic reduction system. In this article, the operation of a large two-stroke marine diesel with a selective catalytic reduction aftertreatment system, is investigated in heavy weather conditions. Operation of a vessel in heavy weather results in increased ship resistance, wave-induced ship motions, and a highly varying flow field in the propeller due to ship motions. This results in a fluctuation of propeller demanded torque and hence a fluctuation in engine load and exhaust gas temperature which may affect engine and selective catalytic reduction performance significantly. To investigate this phenomenon and taking into account the engine–propeller interaction, the entire propulsion system was modeled, namely the propulsion engine, the high pressure selective catalytic reduction system, the directly driven propeller, and the ship’s hull. A propeller model was employed to simulate the transient propeller torque demand and torque fluctuations due to ship motions. A three-dimensional six degrees of freedom panel code was used to calculate ship motions and wave added resistance in regular waves. The coupled model of the marine propulsion plant was validated against available measured data from a ship-board propulsion system on good weather conditions. The model was then used to simulate the behavior of the system during transient loading conditions in the presence of regular waves.