НАУКОВО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ЩОДО ОЦІНЮВАННЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ЕКОНОМІКИ

Ukraine’s energy potential during wartime has been clarified. The work of scientists, researchers, and practitioners on the goals and strategies of energy system development is analyzed. The main stages of the formation of energy security as a socio-economic category during the transformation changes are outlined. The most important of them is the stage of long-term policy and centralized management; the stage of active transformational shifts of the economy in the 1990s, systemic crisis phenomena, processes of decentralization of the management system; stage of stability and reproduction in the innovative provision of energy regulation of the fuel and energy sector; the stage of the revival of energy security in the postwar period (started in March 2022 – continues to this day). The role and significance of such processes as globalization, liberalization, and diversification, which impact expanding the boundaries of the integration energy environment, have been studied. The objectivity in achieving energy security is generalized; the following directions are singled out: – traditional types of energy (coal, gas, oil products); hydropower; nuclear energy; renewable energy sources. Economic categories are structured according to the impact on energy security at the micro, macro, and mezo levels. The goals and main strategies of ensuring the EB during the martial law economy of Ukraine are systematized. Suggestions for the optimal and most economically sound way to achieve them are given. The complementary nature of implementing an energy security strategy is possible by identifying and avoiding the causes and consequences of potential threats and risks. Consequently, the energy security strategy also considers the features of technological, environmental, resource, and social security. Even though the solution to the problem of energy security is aimed at achieving national goals, at the same time, minor problems remain out of consideration. Therefore, short-term and long-term stages of implementation should be taken into account when developing an appropriate strategy. Regarding the effectiveness of this strategy, the necessary conceptual tools and methodological directions for further generalization should be substantiated. Considering Ukraine’s Energy Strategy until 2035, “Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness”, appropriate types of energy strategies should be developed to increase energy efficiency, strengthen energy security standards and principles and prevent potential threats.

Global climate change and energy security have become defining challenges of the 21st century, prompting ambitious international and European Union (EU) policy frameworks such as the Paris Agreement and the European Green Deal. Within this context, energy efficiency and renewable energy (‘renewables”) are pivotal strategies for achieving climate neutrality by mid-century. Energy efficiency, often termed the “first fuel,” offers cost-effective emission reductions and system benefits, while renewables provide sustainable supply-side solutions. However, barriers such as high upfront costs, fragmented potentials, and institutional inertia hinder the uptake of energy efficiency measures. To address these challenges, two concepts have gained prominence: the Energy Efficiency First (EE1st) Principle and the Multiple Impacts (MI) concept. EE1st, enshrined in the recast Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), mandates prioritising demand-side measures over supply-side options when they deliver equal or greater value. This principle requires comprehensive cost-benefit assessments that include wider societal benefits. Similarly, the MI concept broadens the evaluation of energy efficiency beyond energy savings to encompass environmental, social, and economic co-benefits, such as improved health, energy security, and macroeconomic gains, while acknowledging potential trade-offs. Despite their relevance, gaps persist in integrating MI into standard evaluations, incorporating renewables into MI frameworks, and operationalising EE1st under legislative ambiguities. This dissertation addresses these gaps through five studies structured around four research questions: the sustainability of domestic fossil fuel extraction as an energy security strategy, the implications of interpretative flexibility in EE1st implementation, methods for embedding MI in policy evaluations, and the integration of renewables into MI frameworks to enable fair comparisons under the EE1st Principle. These all contribute to the overall research question: How can a comprehensive multiple impacts framework support the implementation of the EU’s Energy Efficiency First Principle? Findings reveal that domestic fossil fuel extraction provides substantial disadvantages in relation to its environmental and social costs, particularly compared to apparent minor and short-term contributions to energy security. Analysis of EE1st interpretation demonstrates that parameters such as discount rates and cost perspectives significantly influence whether efficiency measures are deemed cost-optimal, highlighting the need for clearer legislative guidance. Furthermore, incorporating MI into evaluation frameworks enhances the comprehensiveness and transparency of policy assessments, though data gaps and monetisation challenges persist. Finally, an extended MI framework covering both energy efficiency and renewables, implemented in the open-source MICATool, enables holistic comparisons and supports EE1st application in practice, as illustrated by a case study on Milan’s residential building stock. Overall, this research advances methodological and practical approaches for integrating MI into decision-making and operationalising EE1st. It underscores the importance of systemic, multidimensional assessments to ensure cost-effective, socially beneficial, and environmentally sustainable pathways to decarbonisation but also describes some pitfalls. Policy recommendations include refining EE1st implementation guidelines, promoting societal cost perspectives, and leveraging MI frameworks to align energy policy with climate neutrality objectives.

Indonesia has the potential of abundant natural resources that made the country a global energy producer before, but because of the dwindling energy reserves owned makes the position reversed and caused Indonesia’s policy to have energy supply from other countries, besides the high utilization of fossil energy in Indonesia has much impact on environmental damage such as air and water pollution and does not support economic development patterns. Sustainable. For this reason, the Indonesian government needs to improve its policy regulations by focusing on the development and management of new renewable energy as a form of a national resilience strategy and environmental impact reduction. This new renewable energy will be analyzed from 4 dimensions of political considerations in constructivist theory, namely idiographic, purposive, ethics, and instrument, to see if it will be appropriate for Indonesia’s national energy security strategic plan. This research uses qualitative methods that explain the two variables involved in this new renewable energy and energy security and look for reasons for the need to include the concept of renewable energy in the national energy security policy strategy, with qualitative data collection techniques and library literature sources and interview results of related quotations. The results of the four-dimensional analysis will explain that the concept of renewable energy ideas is a social construction that can be a policy recommendation in the field of energy for the government to maintain the availability of energy supply in the strategic issue of national energy security

Introduction. In the conditions of dependence on the imported energy resources there is a problem of ensuring stability of the energy industry with counteraction to changes of the ambient and a possibility of reacting to actions for providing competitive positions and advantages of the state. A number of problems in energy industry need a support of necessary level of the energy security on the basis of providing own extraction with volume reduction of imported energy resources, increasing of the national products’ competitiveness in the world markets, development of innovations and investments into energy efficient technologies. In such conditions, it’s important to apply actions for ensuring economic security of the energy sector through the creating of an efficient program for the protection of the national interests in the energy sector, which will contribute to the national economy development. Aim and tasks. The purpose of article is a researching of energy security and developing actions for state regulation of energy security. Research results. The article outlines the priority directions of the state policy on ensuring the energy sector development which are identified as a main risks and adverse factors of influence on functioning of energy industry of Ukraine. And the necessity of energy security systems formation at the state level is grounded. The perspective increasing directions of energy security are the establishment of more adapted to transformations system of state regulation with market self-regulation elements. The state regulation of energy security in conditions of high level internationalization of national economy should be aimed at the harmonization of its technological and institutional aspects which influence the development and implementation of energy technologies and projects related to renewable energy sources. The state regulation requires further active development of institutional conditions for use of alternative energy resources and energy saving based on renewable energy. Conclusion. To provide energy security it is necessary to improve the complex program of its development which will involve wide use of state regulation methods as well as public-private partnership development so the support of the implementation of investment projects will be provided. The important aspect in development of energy engineering is ensuring its economic security which will allow to level possible threats of the industry and to provide requirements of fuel and energy complex and industry for a long term. Energy security should be directed towards increasing energy efficiency which will promote reducing imports and depending on the supply of energy resources by other countries. State regulation of energy security should ensure the rational use of the energy sector potential and stable functioning of the energetic supply system which includes: implementation of energy efficiency and energy saving policies; increase of investment in energy engineering; reduction of environmental impact and emissions.

This study examines China’s energy security strategy in Central Asia through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Green BRI. The examination extends while integrating two theories, i.e., Energy Securitization and Complex Interdependence. By analyzing China’s investments in renewable and non-renewable energy projects, this research assesses how they enhance regional connectivity, foster economic cooperation, and contribute to China’s energy security. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis reveals both the strengths and weaknesses of China’s energy strategy, highlighting opportunities for sustainable development and challenges posed by geopolitical factors. The findings suggest that while the BRI is a critical tool for China’s energy security, careful strategic planning and collaboration with Central Asian countries are essential to mitigate risks and maximize benefits. The study acknowledges the complex interplay of economic, political, and environmental constraints and concludes by highlighting the need for joint policy initiatives to promote mutual energy security, sustainability, and regional stability.

Understanding the complicated relationship between energy, climate and security is vital both to the study of international relations and to ensure the continued survival of a world increasingly threatened by environmental change. Climate change is largely caused by burning fossil fuels for energy, but while discussions on the climate consider the role of energy, energy security debates largely overlook climate concerns. This article traces the separation between energy and climate through an analysis of US energy security discourse and policy. It shows that energy security is continually constructed as national security, which enables very particular policy choices and prioritises it above climate concerns. Thus, in many cases, policies undertaken in the name of energy security contribute directly to climate insecurity. The article argues that the failure to consider securing the climate as inherently linked to energy security is not just problematic, but, given global warming, potentially harmful. Consequently, any approach to dealing with climate change has to begin by rethinking energy security and security more broadly, as national (energy) security politics no longer provides security in any meaningful sense.

The strategic context of the European Green Agreement for Ukraine analyzed in the article. Ways for developing the process of formation the tasks and measures for the second and third stages of implementation the “Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035: security, energy efficiency, competitiveness” were elaborated. The strategic priorities of Ukraine in the field of energy efficiency, energy security and energy saving identified due to the contemporary trends and prospects for EU development in the direction of energy efficiency and energy saving. Moreover, these priorities considering the European integration orientation of Ukraine. The main elements of the European Green Agreement, the scope of EU policy on its implementation are outlined. The provisions of “Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035: security, energy efficiency, competitiveness” correlated with the provisions of the European Green Agreement. The necessity of formation the priorities and measures of strategy on the basis of concepts of energy efficiency, energy safety and sustainable development is substantiated. It is substantiated that the existing legislative and regulatory support in the field of nature management and environmental protection is insufficient and doesn’t correspond to modern economic and social situations. Moreover, external and internal threats to the strategy implementation have been identified. The algorithm for the formation and implementation of the energy security and energy efficiency strategy has been developed. The main directions of structural restructuring of the economy and placement of productive forces are worked out within the framework of the strategy due to the requirements of sustainable development and energy security. It was grounded that. The innovative direction of development should be decisive and based on active use of knowledge and scientific achievements, stimulation of innovative activity, creation of favorable investment climate, renewal of production means, formation of high-tech activities and branches of economy. Growth based on attracting investment in the use of renewable energy sources, in environmentally friendly production and “green” technologies.

The industrial sector is a major energy consumer and thus requires a robust energy security system to ensure reliable energy availability. This study aims to develop a strategic model of energy security tailored to Indonesia's industrial sector. A systems-based methodology is employed, consisting of three stages: (1) identifying energy management issues through a desk study of existing energy security literature, (2) determining strategic priority indicators using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and (3) constructing a hierarchical model of energy security strategy using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The primary goal is to optimize fossil energy availability, with the main strategic focus on ensuring a stable energy supply. Stakeholder engagement—particularly the active involvement of industrial entrepreneurs—emerges as a key factor in the model. The highest priority of the strategic program is the diversification of energy sources (importance weight: 0.88), which aims to ensure energy supply through the adoption of renewable energy. The second priority is reducing the mismatch between energy source locations and industrial areas (importance weight: 0.86), which is expected to improve energy accessibility and equity through targeted energy policy. The third is the development of emission-reducing technologies (importance weight: 0.84) implemented via energy conservation initiatives. This study highlights the need for multi-stakeholder collaboration: the government functions as a regulator and coordinator, while industrial entrepreneurs take the lead in implementing renewable energy initiatives supported by energy research institutions, energy providers, the public, and industry associations. To ensure the model's effectiveness, energy security performance should be evaluated using indicators such as overall energy balance, socio-economic dimensions, domestic energy resources, international energy supply and demand, and energy diversification.

This chapter examines various European Community initiatives which have been adopted with a view to guaranteeing and promoting the security of energy supply. It explains that this concept includes not only physical and technical security in terms of access to resources, but also reliability, affordability, and continuity of supply. It argues that despite or even because of market integration, security of supply concerns remain paramount. It adds that as a result of legislative harmonisation, in particular following the entry into force of the new Electricity and Gas Directives, it may well be that member states will be required to pursue their energy policy objectives in relation to supply security and reliability through specific kinds of instrument. It examines the issue of the division of competences between the Community policy initiatives in the energy sector, which have a close bearing on security of supply, and discusses recent legislative measures.

The impact of Western sanctions on Iran’s energy security is reviewed, and significant changes in the country’s energy landscape are highlighted. The main goal is to assess how the sanctions have affected various aspects of energy security, including accessibility, security, and infrastructure development. Between 2000 and 2010, Iran’s energy security index improved significantly, rising from 35.46 to 61.1. This was driven by increased investment in energy infrastructure and access to affordable energy resources, which allowed the country to strengthen its energy sector. However, the introduction of comprehensive sanctions in 2011 was a turning point that caused a sharp decline in the energy security index due to reduced international investment and limited access to technology and financial resources. Partial recovery was observed after the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015, when sanctions were temporarily eased, which allowed for the resumption of external contacts. Nevertheless, the US withdrawal from the agreement in 2018 led to the re-imposition of sanctions, further worsening the energy security situation. The situation has worsened against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disrupted global energy markets, and increasing geopolitical tensions. By 2021, the energy security index has dropped to 27.58, reflecting serious challenges. Data analysis indicates a strategic shift in priorities: Iran has focused on ensuring energy availability for Iranian consumers and producers in the country’s manufacturing sector. To improve energy security, the study suggests that Iran diversify its energy mix, strengthen regional partnerships, improve energy efficiency, and modernize outdated infrastructure. It is concluded that similar strategies for overcoming sanctions and mitigating their negative consequences for national energy security are applicable to Russia, and attention is focused on diversifying energy resources, self-sufficiency, and strengthening ties with non-Western countries.

Energy transportation and distribution are crucial components in the national energy system, serving as the main link between energy sources and consumers. The efficiency of both systems is crucial to maintain the stability of energy supply and minimize energy loss during the distribution process. This study aims to explore the importance of energy transportation and distribution in the context of national energy security and the geographical and energy infrastructure challenges in Indonesia. Using a literature study method, this study collects and analyzes literature from various academic sources and relevant reports. The results show that an efficient energy transportation and distribution system plays a major role in reducing the energy gap between regions, expanding energy access to remote areas, and supporting sustainable economic development. In addition, Indonesia's geographical challenges as an archipelagic country, such as the distance between islands and population inequality, widen the energy infrastructure gap between the western and eastern regions. Investment in energy infrastructure development, especially in disadvantaged areas, and the integration of renewable energy are important steps in strengthening national energy security. This study concludes that in order to achieve better and more equitable energy security, inclusive and sustainable energy infrastructure development policies and strategies are needed.

The game of international energy is the inevitable choice for China’s energy security strategy. By using the basic principles of the game theory, defining the connotation of the energy security game at fist, and then according to the different of the energy activity behavior, proposing the energy activity game relationship between three categories-the energy production countries, energy consumption countries, energy production countries and consumption countries, from which we select the various bodies in the international energy market, such as the United States and Russia, which have obvious conflict with our country to make energy game analysis, to explore the Sino-US energy competition model and the Sino-Russian energy competition model, to clear strategic orientation of Chin’s energy security on the whole, and to find out the right path of China’s energy game.

The article aims to investigate the impact of digital technologies on increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions in modern conditions. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the identification and quantitative analysis of the relationship between the level of digitalization and indicators of energy efficiency and decarbonization. For the first time, the DESI index has been used for a comprehensive assessment of digitalization in the context of energy security and sustainable development, establishing a statistically significant correlation between digital transformations and energy efficiency indicators. Additionally, recommendations have been proposed for adapting the international digitalization experience in the energy sector to Ukraine’s national conditions, which is crucial for transitioning to a carbon-neutral economy. The article employs the following scientific methods: data analysis – to examine trends in digitalization and energy efficiency; cluster analysis – to systematize and classify information sources; correlation-regression analysis – to evaluate the relationship between the DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index) and WETI (World Energy Trilemma Index); synthesis and generalization of international experience – to develop recommendations for adapting leading international digitalization practices in the energy sector to the national conditions of Ukraine. The article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on increasing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions in the modern world. For this, the Google Trends tool was used, which made it possible to analyze the popularity of queries related to digitization and digital transformation over the past five years. Based on data from Scopus® and VOSviewer, the study identified five key clusters: decarbonization and digitalization, energy, energy efficiency, energy investment, and sustainable development. Correlation-regression analysis between digitalization and decarbonization was carried out. For this, the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) was chosen, which allows a comprehensive assessment of the digitalization process in different countries through such indicators as the level of Internet connection, digital skills of the population, the integration of digital technologies in business and the development of electronic services. The study results indicate a moderate correlation between the DESI and the World Energy Trilemma Index (WETI), which assesses energy security, equity, and environmental sustainability. A statistically significant positive relationship between these indices was also established, which indicates the relationship between the level of digitalization and energy efficiency indicators. The practical significance of the article lies in developing recommendations for implementing digital technologies to increase energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions at the national level. The proposed strategies can be used to improve energy system management, integrate renewable energy sources, reduce costs, and enhance the resilience of energy systems to external threats, including cybersecurity. This article can be helpful for scientists, students, politicians, representatives of government organizations, and enterprises working in the field of energy and ecology. It will be a valuable source of information for those interested in sustainable development, the digitalization of energy systems, and the implementation of innovative technologies to improve energy efficiency.

The article is devoted to the study of the newest challenges and energy security in Ukraine. It has been found that complex transformation processes of the energy sector and the economy as a whole affect the level of energy security. The analysis of approaches concerning definition of the concept of economic security in modern conditions has been carried out. The modern determinants of energy security of the country are discovered. Critical uncertainties in ensuring energy security of the country (prices and pricing for energy resources; geopolitics; climate change management) have been identified. The attention is drawn to the fact that new models of sustainable development of economy and modern concepts of realization of energy transition of countries of the world require their study from positions of provision of energy security. International approaches to the study of the problems of the energy sector of the economy, directions of its transformation and mechanisms of provision have been studied and summarized. Changes in the development of the energy sector of Ukraine’s economy and the level of energy security of Ukraine and the EU countries and under the influence of the military aggression of the Russia against Ukraine have been established. The directions and mechanisms of effective integration of energy markets in the EU and Ukraine for the purpose of energy security are grounded. The impact of climate change on energy security has been studied. The connection between sustainable development goals of countries, energy transition requirements and management of climate change processes is opened. The feasibility of introducing an integrated environmental management system in the energy sector of Ukraine’s economy and taking into account the losses associated with the Russian military aggression against Ukraine has been argued. Conclusions were drawn in the formation of new global influences on the state of energy security and sustainable energy development in the conditions of critical uncertainty. It was stressed that at present there is a high level of conflict on introduction of various instruments and mechanisms of energy security in the conditions of energy transition and strengthening of hemolytic influences.

Our country is both a producer and a consumer of energy, with its own resources ensuring energy stability (coal, thermal power plants, hydropower potential, and other renewable energy sources) on one hand, and on the other hand, a country that cannot survive without importing energy resources we lack (oil and gas), making us energy-dependent, interconnected with the international energy system, and potentially vulnerable. By adhering to the new EU energy regulations (of which we are an associated member and towards full integration), accepted deadlines and conditions for transitioning to renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal energy, biomass) while maintaining the country's energy balance by keeping classic ecologically unpopular and unacceptable energy sources (fuel oil, coal, etc.) and diversifying supply sources (South or Turkish Stream), our country is trying to maintain energy security and thus national security, as it lies on the path of conflicts and interests of major powers. Energy efficiency as part of energy security, and therefore the national security system, has a significant impact and is an important factor within our energy and national security. However, it is an area that has not been given enough importance due to its great influence on energy security and the economy of the state, and consequently on national security as a whole.