Геологическое развитие северной части Срединно-Курильского прогиба по данным сейсмофациального анализа

An electronic experimental set-up was developed to evaluate three seed-metering mechanisms, viz. slanting, semi- circular and rectangular shape for three paddy varieties and to investigate the influence of the selected levels of variables, viz. forward speed, cell shape and inclination of seed-metering plate on performance parameters of seed- metering. Mean seed spacing, miss index and seed damage were found to increase with increase in forward speed and angle of inclination while multiple index decreased with increase in forward speed and angle of inclination for all metering plates tested. Precision decreased with increase in forward speed and with increase in angle of inclination, it increased initially up to optimum value and then decreased. The mean seed spacing of 14.8 cm close to theoretical seed spacing of 15 cm, highest quality feed index of 88.1%, lowest miss index of 6.1% and minimum seed damage of 0.38% were observed in slanting type metering plate at an angle of 35º with the horizontal and at a forward speed (belt speed) of 2 km/h. Hence, for design of precision paddy planter, the optimum parameters, like slanting type metering plate with angle of inclination 35º and forward speed of 2 km/h can be used to achieve best results.

Nusselt number-friction characteristic for a twisted rib roughened rectangular duct using liquid crystal thermography

Experimental investigation has been performed to investigate the influence of inclination angle on the film cooling performance of two typical diffuser shaped hole configurations, including laidback hole and laidback fanshape hole, using transient liquid crystal measurement technique. Under very small blowing ratio, increase of inclination angle has very small influence on the film cooling effectiveness of laidback fanshape hole configuration. With the increase of blowing ratio, large inclination angle notably reduces its film cooling effectiveness, especially in the upstream region. For film cooling of laidback hole configuration, the increase of inclination angle reduces the film cooling effectiveness under small blowing ratio due to the lift-off of film jets, while produces better film coverage and higher film cooling effectiveness under larger blowing ratios in the downstream region due to the reattachment of lift-off film jets. The increase of inclination angle reduces the heat transfer coefficient for film cooling of laidback fanshape hole configuration in the upstream region. For film cooling of laidback hole configuration, heat transfer coefficient is higher in the upstream region for large inclination angle case due to the enhancement effect of strong counter-rotating vortex pair, while laidback hole with small inclination angle has relatively higher heat transfer coefficient in the downstream region. Under very large blowing ratio, the counter-rotating vortex pair produce two intensely enhanced heat transfer region of spindle shape for film cooling of holes with large inclination angle. From the aspect of heat flux ratio, increase of inclination angle is beneficial to the thermal protection of laidback hole film cooling under large blowing ratio. For both diffuser shaped hole configurations, holes with large inclination angle have larger discharge coefficient due to smaller aerodynamic loss in the hole.

Seismic facies analysis plays a key role in stratigraphy and has developed rapidly in the context of deep learning methods. However, seismic facies analysis cannot only be regarded as an image segmentation or classification task because this would exclude prior knowledge of geophysicists on seismic interpretation. Seismic parameters summarized by geophysicists were included in the seismic facies analysis model. Seismic parameters were used to calibrate the different seismic facies units, and well logging data and sequence stratigraphy were integrated to perform geological interpretation and to establish a training dataset. A multi-head seismic parameter classification (MSPC) model was then established to divide the seismic facies units. A seismic facies geological interpretation (SFGI) model was constructed for the geological interpretation of seismic facies units, and an end-to-end seismic facies analysis model was designed based on the MSPC model and the SFGI model. The proposed model effectively improves the accuracy of the seismic interpretation, solves the intra-facies noise problem, and is easy to train and use.

Seismic facies analysis is a powerful, yet largely subjective, methodology for hydrocarbon exploration and development. The term “seismic facies” means different things to different people. For this study, however, seismic facies is defined as a seismic description of depositional facies confined in a seismically thin bed at a normal seismic sampling rate (e.g., 4 ms), making this study's seismic facies analysis different from classical seismic facies analysis of much thicker depositional sequences. As a subjective interpretation of seismic attributes, seismic facies analysis is often laborious and inconsistent, especially if multiple mapping units are involved. How to automate the process via computer pattern recognition so that consistency could be improved and the 3D cycle time reduced has been a hot topic in recent years.

Coarse particle-laden flows in inclined pipes are commonly encountered in a wide range of industrial processes. A fully coupled CFD-DEM model considering various fluid-particle interphase forces and turbulence-particle interactions is used to simulate coarse particles transported in inclined pipes. The energy dissipation is calculated from both the macro and micro perspectives. The effects of pipe’s inclination angle, particle concentration, conveying speed and particle diameter on the hydraulic transport characteristics and the energy dissipations are analyzed. The results showed that, with the increase in inclination angle, the deposited particles were gradually dispersed. Pressure drop and energy dissipation displayed a peak at 60°. Both the parameters increased with the increases in particle concentration and conveying speed in 60° inclined pipe. The energy dissipation was mainly due to the turbulent dissipation, wall friction, mean velocity field and particles’ gravity. The results further showed that the modulations in the fluid due to particle distribution could significantly change the energy dissipation caused by the fluctuating velocity, thus resulting in the maximum pressure drop and energy dissipation at 60°. The particle-fluid energy dissipation increased almost linearly with the increase in conveying speed, while it varied nonlinearly with the increase in inclination angle and particle parameters.

Steam condensation with non-condensable gas exists widely in petro-chemical, power plant and seawater desalination processes. Super-hydrophobic surfaces with high contact angle could be an promising condensing surface to promote DWC and enhance heat transfer. As pure steam condensing droplet completely occupies micro/nano-structures of super-hydrophobic surfaces, super-hydrophobic function becomes “invalid”. For stream-air mixture vapor, the non- condensable gas would occupy the micro/nano-structures instead of water. Droplets form Cassie or transition wetting mode, holding or partly holding super-hydrophobic feature. Inclination angle of the tube can influence the shape, size and dynamic characteristics of the condensing droplets, thus changing the heat transfer performance. Therefore, for getting deeply insights of the effect of the non-condensable gas on condensation heat transfer, it is necessary to study the condensing drops characteristics on super-hydrophobic tube for different inclined angles. According to dropwise condensation model, increasing contact angle hysteresis, departure droplet size, sweeping period would reduce the condensation heat transfer efficiency. In this paper, dropwise condensation is performed on super-hydrophobic copper tube, departure droplet size, sweeping period and the phenomenon of contact angle hysteresis are thoroughly studied and are compared with the case of hydrophobic surface or pure steam to explore the influence of inclined angle and surface wettability on droplet dynamics to achieve condensation heat transfer enhancement. The experimental result shows: (1) On the top of copper tube, for the condensation of steam with 10% non-condensable gas, the contact angle hysteresis on super-hydrophobic surface is smaller than that on hydrophobic surface. Compared with pure steam condensation on super-hydrophobic surface, the contact angle hysteresis of mixed steam is smaller because the non- condensable gas fills the micro/nano-structures. However, on the middle and bottom parts of the tube, the contact angle hysteresis on super-hydrophobic surface is greater than that on hydrophobic surface for the condensation of both pure steam and mixed steam. This phenomenon indicates that the contact angle hysteresis is determined by surface wettability instead of inclination angle. (2) The departure droplet size on super-hydrophobic surface increases with the inclination angle and the opposite trend is found on hydrophobic surface. With the increase of inclination angle, the support force provided by the tube would increase and change direction. So the wettability of the surface and departure droplet size would be changed. (3) The sweeping period of droplet on super-hydrophobic surface is longer because the micro/nano-structures increase the adhesion between the surface and the droplets. With the increase of the inclination angle, the sweeping period decreased slightly, shorter than the sweeping time when the tube is vertical. The sweeping period of vapor with non-condensable gas condensation is greater than that of pure steam. The presence of non-condensable gas increases thermal resistance, thus slowing down the drop growth rate and increasing the sweeping period. To sum up, on the top of copper tube, the contact angle hysteresis on super-hydrophobic surface is smaller than that on the hydrophobic surface. However, the totally opposite trend is found on the middle and bottom parts of the tube. The departure droplet size on super-hydrophobic surface increases with the inclination angle. The sweeping period of droplet on super-hydrophobic surface is longer. This work offers a new avenue to further enhance heat transfer of condensation with non-condensable gas.

In the present study, multiscale finite element (FE) models of half-through steel basket-handle arch bridges were established. The eigenvalue analyses were conducted to explore the dynamic characteristics of the arch bridges based on the FE models. In addition, a parametric analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of the inclination angle of the arch rib (0°, 4°, and 7°) on the longitudinal and transverse seismic performances of arch bridges. The results show that with the increase in inclination angle, the out-of-plane stiffness of half-through steel basket-handle arch bridges increases, resulting in the natural period of the structure becoming shorter from 3.09 s to 2.93 s. Adjusting the inclination angle appropriately has a beneficial impact on the overall seismic performance of the structures, affecting both displacement and internal forces, in which the most significant improvements include a 42.8% decrease in displacement and a 62.6% reduction in internal forces. Adjusting the inclination angle can cause the arch springing and transverse brace to undergo larger plastic deformation. It is advisable to judiciously enlarge the sectional dimensions and enhance the material strength of both the arch springing and the transverse bracing in seismic designs.

In a companion paper (Nivlet et al.,2005), we have described an application of seismic pre‐stack inversion to retrieve acoustic and shear impedance models in Girassol field. The next step, which will be discussed in this paper, is the lithoseismic interpretation of the inversion results. Traditional seismic facies analysis consists in extracting various amplitude maps of a reservoir level, and producing probabilistic or deterministic seismic facies maps. In this paper, we will present a workflow reaching beyond this traditional approach, by producing a 3D geological facies proportion model, which can then be used as a direct constraint to high resolution geological modeling techniques. The workflow consists of 5 main steps: • well log interpretation calibrated on core data; • upscaling of the facies database at the seismic scale; • choice of appropriate seismic attributes to discriminate betweenn the different facies, compensating for instance for the shale compaction with depth; • probabilistic seismic facies analysis from the chosen seismic attribute cubes supervised by upscaled well information; • post‐interpretation of seismic facies analysis results in terms of mean proportions of geological facies; • consistency check between the facies model and seismic impedances.

Summary Conventional seismic facies analysis methods are difficult to adapt to the seismic facies analysis that focuses on characterizing the stratigraphic texture. We propose a method for seismic facies analysis via unsupervised dictionary learning for stratigraphic texture enhancement. The method first learns a complete dictionary containing seismic data features through the dictionary learning method. Then clustering method and DBI index are used to cluster the atoms in the dictionary and automatically determine the number of categories to divide multiple sub-dictionaries. Finally, the sub-dictionary is used to perform sparse reconstruction on the seismic data. According to the reconstruction error, it is determined which sub-dictionary the reconstructed seismic signal belongs to. In the process of sparse reconstruction, the amplitude strength of the seismic signal is converted into the coefficient magnitude of the sparse reconstruction. The sparse reconstruction error only reflects the difference in the waveform structure between the reconstructed data and the sub-dictionary, which can alleviate the influence of amplitude strength related to physical property changes, and achieve the purpose of fine identification of geological bodies related to strata structures. Synthetic data and field data tests have confirmed that the proposed method can more effectively characterize the lateral distribution of river channels.

Unsupervised seismic facies analysis provides an effective way to estimate reservoir properties. Independent of the adopted methodology to perform the seismic facies analysis, the geological oriented spatial and temporal segmentation of the reservoir regi

Summary Deep learning have led to a certain extent breakthrough in seismic facies analysis(SFA). The greatest challenge in the SFA domain is how to cope with large seismic datasets and the limited amount of annotated samples, especially when employing supervised machine learning algorithms that require labelled data and larger training sample. we develop a supervised seismic facies analysis via an improved Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network(ACGAN).To solve the problem of imbalanced seismic facies class distribution, and limited training data with labels, we used an improved ACGAN to generate synthetic seismic data sets, and then train Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) using theses generated synthetic data. Fault data and seismic facies data test demonstrated that generated seismic data via the improved ACGAN can be used for synthetic data augmentation as for increased the performance of CNN and avoided overfitting compared to original seismic data training set. Therefore, we believe that the proposed method can effectively alleviate the problems of insufficient and imbalanced seismic data in SFA, and also can generalize to other seismic data classification applications.

Film cooling performances of laidback hole and laidback fan-shaped hole have been investigated using transient liquid crystal measurement technique. For film cooling of laidback hole, the increase of inclination angle reduces the film cooling effectiveness under small blowing ratio, while produces better film coverage and higher film cooling effectiveness under larger blowing ratios. Heat transfer coefficient is higher in the upstream region of laidback hole film cooling with large inclination angle, while laidback hole with small inclination angle has relatively higher heat transfer coefficient in the downstream region. The increase of inclination angle reduces the film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient of laidback fan-shaped hole film cooling, especially in the upstream region. Increase of inclination angle is beneficial to the thermal protection of laidback hole film cooling under large blowing ratio. Film hole with large inclination angle has larger discharge coefficient due to smaller aerodynamic loss in the hole.

Investigation was carried out on the application of coefficient of friction in the separation of cocoa beans–husk mixture. An inclined plane at angles 20, 25 and 35°rotating at different speeds (215, 250 and 260 rpm) and receiving the mixture at heights 30, 60 and 90 mm, was used for the study. The result indicates that within the range of factors considered, the separation efficiency of the beans from the mixture increases with increase in speed of rotation and height of fall, while it decreases with increase in angle of inclination. Statistical analysis shows that the effects of each of the factors and that of their interaction are significant at 99%. The best separation efficiency (99%) was observed at a speed of 250 rpm, an angle of inclination of 25° and a height fall of 90 mm.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSeparation of cocoa beans from the husks has been a serious problem in cocoa processing. Handpicking is still being used to separate the mixture of cocoa beans–husk even with the mechanical pod breaker available. This therefore constitutes a tedious operation. An inclined plane mechanism tested for the separation of the mixture in this study can be incorporated into the design of the cocoa pod processor to reduce the drudgery involved in cocoa processing and improve the quality of the product.

Excavation unloading is a primary stress condition for engineering rock mass in deep underground. Based on the unloading stress condition during the excavation operation, this paper employed a distinct element method (DEM) to simulate the unloading responses of intact and preflawed rock specimens. The simulation results revealed that the unloading failure strength, unloading damage thresholds, and cracking characteristics were largely dependent on the inclination angle α of the preflaws. With the increase in the flaw inclination angle, the unloading failure strength of a preflawed specimen exhibited a sigmoidal curve increasing trend, and it decreased by 5.5%-20% compared to the unloading failure strength of an intact specimen. Based on the crack accumulation in specimens, three damage thresholds were identified under unloading condition and two damage thresholds σci and σdi were found to be increased with the increase in the flaw inclination angle. Furthermore, when the flaw inclination angle was smaller, cracks were initiated around the preflaws, and there were obvious axial splitting cracks in the failure modes of preflawed specimens, while axial splitting cracks were few in the preflawed specimen with a larger flaw inclination angle and none in the intact specimen. These unloading responses indicate that inducing preflaws can reliably reduce the unloading failure strength and promote the cracking process of hard rock during an excavation unloading process. Moreover, inducing preflaws with a smaller inclination angle (e.g., vertical to the unloading direction) will be more helpful for the unloading failure and rock cracking during an excavation unloading process.