بررسی حرکات فرایشی گسل جرجافک توسط رودخانههای جبهه شمالی رشتهکوه داوران

To characterize production from and to provide reserve estimates for low-permeability gas reservoirs in the Travis Peak Formation, East Texas Basin, reservoir parameters, such as permeability, porosity, water/gas saturation, and formation pressure, were calculated and analyzed. Production characteristics, such as absolute open flow potential, maximum production rate, decline rate, and gas/condensate production ratio, were examined. In addition to the results from completed studies of six gas producing fields, some data from incomplete field studies and from public records were also included in the regional interpretations. The study area lies within the central and eastern parts of the East Texas Basin and includes the western flank of the Sabine Uplift. Thickness-weighted average permeabilities and median permeabilities, which both represent the upper limits of gas permeability in the study area, are less than 0.1 md. Thickness-weighted field-average permeability ranges from 0.006 md in the southeastern part of the study area to 0.1 md in the northern part, with the exception of one field in the central part of the study area, which measured 2 md. About 57 percent of wells that have been completed in the six selected fields have permeabilities of less than 0.1 md. Field-average porosity ranges from 8 percent to 11 percent, with the exception of a field in the central part of the study area, which measured 14 percent. Water saturation varies from 24 percent to 43 percent and decreases from the northeastern part to the southwestern part of the study area. Gas fields in the northern and central parts of the study area are characterized by relatively high productivity and a weak water drive production mechanism, which contrasts with low productivity and a gas expansion production mechanism only in the southern and southeastern parts. Production decline curves from Travis Peak gas fields may be empirically characterized as having two linear sections with different slopes. The first linear section, which represents early production (a period of 3 to 5 years), is followed by a linear section of lesser slope representing later production. For the early years of production, the average production decline rate of the first linear section in the northern part of the study area (0.46 cycle/year) is lower than that of the southern part (1.28 cycle/year). A production decline rate of 0.3 cycle/year characterizes the central part of the study area. Maximum production rate decreases from 82,300 Mcf/month in the northern part of the study area to 11,700 Mcf/month in the southern part with the exception of a rate of 40,890 Mcf/month for a field in the southeastern part. About one-third of the gas wells in the northern area and more than one-half of the gas wells in the southern and western areas initially produced wet gas (gas to condensate ratio between 5 to 100 Mcf/bbl). In the study area, specific gravity of produced gas ranges from 0.62 to 0.66 (air = 1), and API gravity of produced condensate ranges from 50° to 60°. Formation temperature ranges from 200° F to 245° F. Some wells in gas fields in the northern and central parts of the study area produce oil. Potential fluid migration in the study area in the Travis Peak Formation may be from the southwest toward the northwest, in part because initial average formation pressure decreases from 4,540 psi in the southwestern parts of the study area to 3,076 psi in the northeastern parts.

A series of studies were conducted during two cruises between Tokyo and Honolulu in September 2010 and from February to March 2012. The aims of the studies were to (1) compare the distribution of three species of Halobates oceanic skaters, H. germanus, H. micans, and H. sericeus, with respect to their temperature limits; (2) identify the lower temperature limit of H. sericeus, the species that displays the widest distribution range (40°N–35°S) latitude; and (3) test the hypothesis that H. sericeus can change their temperature tolerance to adapt to seasonal changes in sea surface temperatures. The heat coma temperature (HCT) was measured during the two cruises and the values were compared between the two populations of H. sericeus. The species collected in September 2010 were H. germanus, H. micans, and H. sericeus. H. sericeus was dominant, occupying more than 90% of the collecting sites. H. germanus and H. micans were collected in the northern and western part of the cruise track (29–34°N, 141–151°E), and not in the southern and eastern part. The population density of these two species was 9000–150,000/km2 in the first cruise, which took place in summer. On the other hand, H. sericeus was collected throughout the cruise track during that cruise. The population density of H. sericeus was relatively high, at 4000–310,000/km2, in the southern and eastern part of the cruise track (19–29°N, 152°E–165°W). In February and March 2012, only H. sericeus was collected at a density of 17,000–80,000/km2 and only in the eastern and southern part, at 25°–28°N, 169°E–178°W. No Halobates oceanic skaters were found in the western or northern part (30°N and further north, 159°E and further west) during that cruise. The lower limit for the inhabitation of sea surface temperatures appeared to be 27.8 °C or slightly lower for H. germanus and H. micans, but was 22.1 °C or slightly lower for H. sericeus. H. sericeus specimens, mostly adults, that had been collected during the two cruises were used in heat coma experiments. Summer specimens showed significantly higher heat coma temperatures (HCTs) than the winter specimens. This difference in HCTs may be the result of relatively long term temperature acclimation in the summer or winter for the adults that inhabit the temperate and subtropical areas along the cruise tracks between Tokyo and Honolulu in the Pacific Ocean. This temperature plasticity of H. sericeus may be related to the wider latitude area inhabited by this species (main range: 40°N–25°S).

The Lago Sofia conglomerate in southern Chile is a deep-marine gravelly deposit, which is hundreds of meters thick and kilometers wide and extends laterally for more than 100 km, filling the foredeep trough of the Cretaceous Magallanes Basin. For understanding the depositional processes and environments of this gigantic deep-sea conglomerate, detailed analyses on sedimentary facies, architecture and paleoflow patterns were carried out, highlighting the differences between the northern (Lago Pehoe and Lago Goic areas) and southern (Lago Sofia area) parts of the study area. The conglomerate bodies in the northern part occur as relatively thin (< 100 m thick), multiple units intervened by thick mudstone-dominated sequences. They show paleoflows toward ENE and S to SW, displaying a converging drainage pattern. In the southern part, the conglomerate bodies are vertically interconnected and form a thick (> 400 m thick) conglomerate sequence with rare intervening fine-grained deposits. Paleoflows are toward SW. The north-to-south variations are also distinct in sedimentary facies. The conglomerate bodies in the southern part are mainly composed of clast-supported conglomerate with sandy matrix, which is interpreted to be deposited from highly concentrated bedload layers under turbidity currents. Those in the northern part are dominated by matrix- to clast-supported conglomerate with muddy matrix, which is interpreted as the products of composite mass flows comprising a turbidity current, a gravelly hyperconcentrated flow and a mud-rich debris flow. All these characteristics suggest that the Lago Sofia conglomerate was formed in centripetally converging submarine channels, not in centrifugally diverging channels of submarine fans. The tributaries in the north were dominated by mass flows, probably affected by channel-bank failures or basin-marginal slope instability processes. In contrast, the trunk channel in the south was mostly filled by tractive processes, which resulted in the vertical and lateral accretion of gravel bars, deposition of gravel dunes and filling of scours and channels, similar to deposits of terrestrial gravel-bed rivers. The trunk channel developed along the axis of foredeep trough and its confinement within the trough is probably responsible for the thick, interconnected channel fills. The large-scale architecture of the trunk-channel fills shows an eastward offset stacking pattern, suggesting that the channel migrated eastwards most likely due to the uplift of the Andean Cordillera.

The positive rate of Dirofilaria immitis infection was studied in the eastern, western, southern and northern parts of Nagasaki City 3 times between 1968 and 1983. Chronological changes in the positive rate of dogs for microfilariae in these 4 parts and the roles of epidemic factors in the changes of the positive rate were evaluated. The positive rate decreased in the northern part, where houses and buildings increased annually, whereas the number of dog owners and the density of dogs decreased. Improvements in the drainage such as side ditches, which are primary breeding sites of vector mosquitoes (Culex p. pallens), are assumed to have led to a decrease in the mosquito density, resulting in a decrease in the positive rate of dogs. However, the positive rate increased in the eastern, western, and southern parts. The density of dogs decreased also in these parts, but it remained higher than in the northern part as the number of houses was smaller, and more people kept dogs. Also, as the sewage system did not seem to be so well developed as in the northern part, more mosquitoes might be present. The high positive rates in these parts may be ascribed to these conditions.

The study is geographically focused on the Manila Trench, located in the west Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, west Philippines. The research aims at the geological mapping, analysis and visualizing variations in the submarine geomorphology of the Manila Trench. Technically, the work was done using Generic Mapping Tools scripting toolset (GMT). A combination of various GMT modules was applied for geospatial modelling. Methodology includes cartographic data integration and interpretation through approaches of data analysis: topographic plotting, geophysical modelling, geological mapping and statistical analysis. The data included SRTM, ETOPO1, geoid and gravity grids (CryoSat-2, Jason-1). Two sets of the cross-section profiles of the trench were automatically digitized. The profile transects were compared and differences in the geomorphic shape in southern and northern parts revealed. Southern part has steeper slope on the western part. Northern part is steeper on the continental slope part. The submarine terraces are located on the northern segment at depths -2,000 m. The depth and geomorphology of the slope vary for the range -3,500 to -4,500 m: minimals for the northern part with 526 samples (18.2%) for the depths -4,000 to -4,200 m. The histogram for the northern part has bimodal distribution with two peaks. The southern part shows 142 values for the minimals -3,500 to -3400 m. The statistical analyses revealed that northern part of the trench is deeper. The GMT functionality shown in this paper enabled integration and interpretation of the multi-source data: automatically digitized profiles, geological mapping, 2D and 3D bathymetric modelling, statistical analysis, mathematical approximation of the trend modelling. The GMT proved to be capable of visualizing geodata that can significantly improve Earth studies and interpretation of submarine geomorphology of the oceanic trenches through the advanced data analysis.

The Tug Hill aquifer, in northern New York, is a 47-mile-long, 0.25-to-3.5-mile-wide, crescent-shaped Pleistocene sand and/or gravel deposit. The northern and central parts of the aquifer are under water-table conditions; the southern part has both water-table and discontinuous confined conditions. Groundwater and streams in the northern and central parts flow westward; those in the southern part flow from the edges of the valley to West Branch Fish Creek, which flows southeastward along the center of the valley. Principal sources of aquifer recharge are (1) infiltration of precipitation on the aquifer, estimated to be 137 million gallons per day, (2) infiltration form small streams that cross the north half of the aquifer, estimated to be 4.9 million gallons per day, and (3) seepage of runoff from adjacent till and bedrock, estimated to be 11.4 million gallons per day. Groundwater discharges from the aquifer (1) by evapotranspiration, (2) through pumping, (3) as subsurface flow the southern end of the aquifer at McConnellsville, (4) as seepage to springs, wetlands, and streams along the western margin of the central and northern parts of the aquifer, and (5) as seepage to tributary streams and West Branch Fish Creek on the valley flat. Good-quality water thatmore » is suitable for drinking and most other uses is found in most parts of the aquifer. The pH of the groundwater in the study area ranges from 5.9 to 8.0, with a median of 7.5. Water in the northern part, which is underlain by limestone, has a specific conductance and higher concentrations of hardness, alkalinity, calcium, and sulfate than water in other parts of the aquifer, which are underlain by shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Median concentrations of hardness, dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate in the Tug Hill aquifer were less than those in six other upstate New York aquifers.« less

Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China

This study sheds light on the dynamic nature of the Abu Jir fault zone, uncovering intriguing contrasts along its path. It was conducted to know the variation through the zone, western Iraq, that starts at Razzazah Lake’s west and continues to Anah city. It is divided into two parts, southern and northern, utilized seismic sections for the southern part whereas fieldwork for the northern part. Seismic sections indicate that the southern part of the fault zone is negative flower structure which develops depressions, while field studies reveal that the northern part is positive behaviour forms some structures such as ridges, relay ramps and controlled the distribution of valleys within its zone. The Abu Jir fault zone not continuous fault but consists of many segments that subject to differential forces of strike-slip movements during Early-middle Miocene. The variation of behaviours is attributed to the difference of the direction between the northern and southern parts of the fault with sense of movement.

The western Sulawesi region has the main structural boundary, the Palu Koro Fault which divides from Palu Bay at the northest part to Central Sulawesi and continues into the Bone Gulf in southest part. In the southern part of this region, namely the South Sulawesi Arm zone, there is a Walanae fault which is defined as a sinistral wrench with a NW-SE direction that divides the South Arm of Sulawesi. This fault in the northern part is expected to continue to the northwest intersecting the Makassar Strait and unite with Paternoster-Lupar (Kalimantan) sutures and at the southest ending in Flores thrust fault. Walanae fault system did not only have one strand but was divided into 4 parts, namely the northern East Walanae Fault with a slip rate of 6.634 mm/year and the southern part with a 7.097 mm/year of slip rate, as well as the northern part of West Walanae Fault with a slip rate of 4.528 mm/year and the southern part with a slip rate of 3.270 mm/year. The northern part of Walanae fault system has opening or spreading pattern occurs that is in harmony with the formation of Walanae depression. By using simple geometric modeling, we found the fault system have 2 strain partitions with dominant sinistral strike slip pattern at southern part and combination between left lateral strike slip with thrust fault pattern at northern part.

Highly refractory peridotites are defined here as peridotites more depleted in melt components than abyssal peridotite, i.e. peridotites with spinel showing Cr# (Cr/(Cr+Al) atomic ratio) higher than 0.6. These correspond to the type III peridotite defined by Dick and Bullen (1984) and are reported from forearc regions, such as Izu-Ogasawara, Mariana and Tonga trenches (e.g. Bloomer and Hawkins, 1983; Bloomer and Fisher, 1987; Ishii et al., 1992) and from the Kamuikotan belt, the central axial zone of Hokkaido, northern Japan (e.g. Katoh and Nakagawa, 1986; Makita and Arai, 1997). These peridotites are, however, not common in the upper mantle and their genesis has not been explained thoroughly. We discuss the genesis of highly refractory peridotite from three complexes, the Takadomari, Iwanaidake and Nukabira, in the Kamuikotan belt, Japan, and its bearing on the process of high-Mg andesite magma genesis. The Kamuikotan belt is a tectonic melange zone composed of metamorphic rocks, ultramafic rocks, greenstones and sedimentary rocks. The metamorphic rocks are of typical high-pressure/low-temperature type and ophiolitic rocks which recorded low-pressure ocean-floor metamorphism are distributed in the Horokanai area, northern part of the belt (Ishizuka et al., 1983). Ultramafic rocks form the basal member of the ophiolite in the northern part and are exposed as peridotite complexes of various size in the southern part of the Kamuikotan belt. They are generally in fault contact with surrounding Kamuikotan metamorphic rocks, sediments and mafic volcanic rocks (e.g. Niida and Katoh, 1978). The peridotite complexes mainly consist of harzburgite and dunite which suffered serpentinization to various extent. The Takadomari complex from the northern part, and the Iwanai-dake complex from the southern part of the belt consist of harzburgite, dunite and small amounts of orthopyroxenite. The Nukabira complex (southern part of the belt) consists of lherzolite and harzburgite with dunite and pyroxenites. Podiform chromitite deposits sometimes accompany dunite in the latter two complexes. Primary hydrous minerals are sometimes included in chromian spinel of the former two complexes. The Cr# of chromian spinel and Fo (forsterite) content of olivine in peridotites from the Takadomari complex are high (Cr#=0.64-0.92, Fo=91.9- 94.0), and are higher in dunite than in harzburgite on average. The Cr# and Fo are also high (Cr#=0.43-0.87, Fo=90.8-93.5) in the Iwanai-dake complex and have wider ranges (Cr#=0.18-0.86, Fo=89.0-93.2) in the Nukabira complex. The Cr# of spinel and Fo of olivine in dunite complexes are sometimes similar to or even lower than the values in harzburgite from Iwanai-dake and Nukabira complexes. The mineral chemistry of dunites in the Iwanai-dake and Nukabira complexes depends on their thickness within harzburgite or lherzolite bodies. Thicker dunite layers tend to show higher Cr# of chromian spinel and Fo content of olivine. In addition to this, there are clear systematic variations in lithology across dunite layers and surrounding peridotites. In the case of thick dunite layers, the Cr# of chromian spinel and the Fo content of olivine gradually increase from the surrounding peridotite to the central part of the dunite layer (Cr#>0.6 and Fo>91.5 in dunite). In contrast to this fact, these values in thin dunite layers are similar to the surrounding peridotite, lherzolite or harzburgite (Cr#=0.4- 0.6 and Fo=89-91). These values are generally lower in thinner dunite layers than in the thick ones compared at the center. The harzburgites and dunites in the Takadomari complex are interpreted to be a series of refractory residue after extraction of high-Mg andesite magma; partial melting of the fertile peridotite possibly occurred under hydrous conditions. Harzburgite and lherzolite are mostly simple residue in the Iwanai-dake and Nukabira complexes but their dunites are not simple residue because the Cr# and Fo content are not systematically higher in the dunite than in the harzburgite (e.g. Arai, 1987; 1994). The dunite may be produced by a reaction between wall peridotite and a melt formed at higher pressures (e.g. Quick, 1981; Fisk, 1986; Kelemen, 1990). The differences in thickness and mineral chemistry of dunite layers are due to the difference of the melt/wall peridotite volume ratio. Supplying a large amount of melt caused formation of thick dunite layers and generated high-Mg andesitic magma by the reaction process.

Data for the vegetation periods (May–November) of 1985–2003 were used to collate the nutrient content and biomass of the most important phytoplankton groups in Lake Peipsi (Estonia). Two periods differing in external nutrient load and water level were compared by analysis of variance. The years 1985–1988 were characterized by the highest loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, high water level and cool summers. The years 2000–2003 were distinguished by low or medium water levels and warm summers. The first period showed statistically significantly higher values of total nitrogen (Ntot) and a higher Ntot:Ptot mass ratio. The second period showed a higher content of total phosphorus (Ptot), a higher ratio of dissolved inorganic compounds N to P and higher phytoplankton and cyanobacterial biomasses. Comparison between parts of the lake demonstrated that the differences between the two periods were more evident in the shallower and strongly eutrophic parts, Lake Pihkva and Lake Lammijarv, than in the largest and deepest part, the moderately eutrophic Lake Peipsi s.s. Temperature and water level acted synergistically and evidently influenced phytoplankton via nutrients, promoting internal loading when the water level was low and the temperature high. The effect of water level was stronger in the shallowest part, Lake Pihkva. The difference in Ptot content between the southern and northern parts was twofold; the Ntot:Ptot mass ratio was significantly lower in the southern parts, and phytoplankton biomass (particularly the biomass of cyanobacteria) was significantly higher for Lake Pihkva and Lake Lammijarv than for Lake Peipsi s.s.

Coastal marine pollution is a growing problem worldwide and ascertaining its impacts to aquatic biota is a growing concern. This study investigated the toxicity effects of sediments from Dar es Salaam harbor on the survival of Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780), fertilization and embryo development of Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) benthic biota along Dar es salaam harbor. Dar es salaam harbor is the main effluent receiving area along Tanzanian coastal marine waters associated with port operations. Sediment samples were collected at 35 sampling stations, C. capitata were collected at Msasani bay, 40 km from the harbor and E. mathaei were collected at Oysterbay rock shore about 10 km from the harbor. Sediments were collected along Dar es Salaam harbor using 50 cm long light piston corer and analyzed for heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon levels and were used for toxicity testing. Higher concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, As, Ni, Fe, Ba, Mn were observed in the southern and central part of the harbor as compared to the northern par. However, Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn had the highest concentrations at the center of the harbor. Hydrocarbons included tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), their levels were low though was higher in the southern part of the harbor than in the central and northern part. Survival toxicity bioassay of C. capitata was conducted in sediments and seawater made from 1:4 sediments: seawater and 1:20 ratio, in a static and 48 hours’ replaceable seawater, similarly fertilization and embryo development bioassay of E. mathaei were conducted in elutriates made from similar sediment – seawater ratios in a static and 24 hours’ replaceable seawater. Higher mortality of C. capitata, lower fertilization and embryo development of E. mathaei were observed in sediments from the central part of the harbor and in the southern part, corresponding with the observed higher heavy metals and hydrocarbons levels. Revealing that higher heavy metal and hydrocarbons levels were the cause of the observed toxic effects. Comparison of the observed toxic effects showed that fertilization bioassay is the most sensitive test, thus making it suitable as bioindicator for the tropical costal marine pollution monitoring.

In light of the tremendous pressure for improving urbanization levels and expanding construction land on ecosystems, regional sustainable development is premised on the coordinated development of the ecological environment and urbanization. This paper focuses on the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region and assesses the ecosystem service value (ESV) and urbanization level using the equivalence factor and entropy-weighted TOPSIS methods. Based on these assessments, it examines the coupling coordination between the ESV and urbanization as well as the obstacles to this coordination, utilizing the coupling coordination degree model, spatial autocorrelation model, and obstacle model. The results revealed several key findings. First, the Circum-Bohai-Sea Region experienced a continuous improvement in the urbanization level from 2005 to 2020, which presented a “center–periphery” spatial pattern. Overall, the ESV exhibited an N-shaped trend, namely, initially increasing, then decreasing, and then rapidly increasing. The ESV per unit of area exhibited a spatial difference, with the boundary of Baoding and Cangzhou as the dividing line. The ESV per unit of area in the northern parts was higher than that in the southern parts. Second, the degree of the coupling coordination between the ESV and urbanization exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend, initially increasing and then slightly decreasing. It also exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity, with the degree of the coupling coordination in the northern parts being higher than that in the southern parts and that in the central parts being higher than those in the eastern and western parts. Additionally, the ESV showed a significant spatially positive correlation with urbanization. H-H clusters were predominantly found in central and southern Liaoning Province, while L-L clusters were primarily located in southern Hebei Province and western Shandong Province. Third, the obstacle factors remained stable during the study period. The top five obstacles in the ESV system were the water resource supply, nutrient cycling maintenance, raw material production, aesthetic landscape, and food production. Moreover, the top five obstacles in the urbanization system were the number of college students per 10,000 people, population density, number of health technical personnel per 10,000 people, per capita road area, and proportion of secondary and tertiary industry output values.

The parentage of low-grade metasediments in the Sanbagawa Metamorphic Belt, Shikoku, southwest Japan, based on whole-rock geochemistry

A geophysical survey was performed in the Dead Sea costal area of Israel and Jordan. It was carried out in framework of NATO project SfP N° 981128. The goal was trying to understand the processes of sinkholes development caused by the fresh water flow towards the Dead Sea. For that, the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) method was applied. &lt;br&gt;Our results reveal a very heterogeneous aquifer with two orders of the transmissivity variation around the investigated area that could be divided into two parts. In the northern part, the aquifer allows intensive circulation of groundwater. It was identified as a karst aquifer thus validating the salt dissolution mechanism of sinkholes development known from the literature. In the southern part, the subsurface is composed of compact clay-type material with low hydraulic conductivity. Development of the karst was not observed. &lt;br&gt;Basing on MRS results, we suggest that development of the karst in the northern part have changed the local hydraulic gradient and consequently, smaller amount of water is flowing towards the south. Change of the water path may explain why these sinkholes are slowing down their development while in the northern part they continue growing up. &lt;br&gt