Учет динамики земной поверхности в координатных преобразованиях для территории Российской Федерации

The recent geodynamics of Sakhalin Island is best described by the convergence of the Eurasian and North American (Sea of Okhotsk) lithospheric plates, which is manifested in the high seismic activity of the island. In North Sakhalin, the plate boundary is thought to correspond to a system of roughly N-S-trending faults, which belong to the North Sakhalin deep fault, and the Upper-Piltun fault; the latter was ruptured by the 1995 M 7.2 Neftegorsk earthquake. This study first confirmed that the stationary motion of the Sea of Okhotsk plate is retarded on this fault to form with time a series of drag folds and stress field anomalies. The latter are released during the subsequent (in a 400⦒o 1000-year period) strong earthquakes by seismic sliding on the flanks of the Upper Piltun fault. The 2003–2006 GPS observations revealed the free state of this fault zone with relative slip rates of 5–6 mm/yr.

The distribution of the hypocenters of great seismic events with M ≥ 7.0 and, consequently, the seismic energy released in their sources is asymmetric along the Earth radius. According to our estimates, 90% of the energy is released relatively close to the Earth’s surface, at the average depth of 50 km. The bulk of the remaining 10% is associated with seismic events that take place at large depths, on average 630–640 km above the boundary between the transition zone and lower mantle. These very deep earthquakes (depth ≥350 km) significantly differ from the shallow events. Their sources, in contrast to the shallow focus events, are located inside the plate. The examination of seven seismic zones described in the present study, except for the Honsu-Kamchatka zone which accommodates both the shallow and deep M ≥ 7.0 earthquakes, shows that the linear distribution of the hypocenters of deep earthquakes is considerably shorter than that of the shallow earthquakes, which, in turn, determines the length of the seismic zones at depth. In the zones of the Solomon Islands and the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc, there are no seismic events with M ≥ 7.0 deeper than 450 km. In the zones of Indonesia, Philippines, Tonga–Kermadec, and Chile–Peru, the mentioned length’s shortening at the top of the lower mantle (660-km discontinuity) relative to the length of the zone observed close to the surface is unequivocal. The relationship between the lithospheric plates is supported by the spatial distribution of the hypocenters. The position of the foci of very deep (≥500 km) earthquakes indicates where the descending lithospheric plates conflict with the upper boundary of the lower mantle, and where in some cases they cross it. This passage generates the compression and elongation inside the slab. A comparison of the time distribution of the shallow and deep seismic events suggests the absence of direct relationship between these two different earthquake activities. For studying the fairly uncommon deep earthquakes, important additional information was provided by the largest of the deep earthquakes, the May 24, 2013 M 8.3 event beneath the Sea of Okhotsk, in an area where significant deep earthquakes have already occurred. Based on our studies of the records provided by the Russian and Hungarian national seismological networks, we concluded that this seismic event was preceded by an earthquake swarm, which consisted of 58 M ≥ 5 events between May 15 and 24, 2013 in the higher part of the sinking slab east of Kamchatka within the segment of increased historical seismicity. Most probably, the interaction of two distinct active source zones took place. The aftershock activity beneath the Sea of Okhotsk was moderate: thirteen events with magnitudes above М ≥ 4.0 were observed by June 27, 2013. Nevertheless, the unusually small number of aftershocks determined a fault area (2.64 × 104 km2), generally similar to that in the case of the assumed shallow M 8.3 event.

The Sumatra (Indonesia) earthquake of December 26, 2004 (M w = 9.0−9.3), is among the strongest seismic events (occupying the second to fourth place) recorded in the epoch of instrumental seismological observations. In addition, this earthquake appears to be the first event of such a scale for which results of up-to-date high-precision geodetic measurements are available. Therefore, it is of particular interest for studies of geodynamics of mobile belts, seismogenic zones, and the Earth’s crust as a whole. The available geological, geophysical, and geodetic data for the Mediterranean-Caucasian segment of the Alpine-Himalayan mobile belt, the Greater Caucasus, and the Tajik depression suggest that the tectonic structure, geological zonality, seismicity, and present-day geodynamics of these structural elements of the Earth’s crust are controlled by the interaction of two different mechanisms of tectogenesis. First, this is the mechanism of independent self-development of the aforementioned structural elements and, first of all, the mobile belt as a whole; this mechanism acts through an intense increase in the volume and area of laminated rocks of the crust/lithosphere, apparently, due to the influx of additional mineral material supplied by an ascending flow of deep fluids. The second type of mechanisms is related to the external plate-tectonic action on the mobile belt and the other structural elements due to lateral movements of lithospheric plates. The joint analysis of geological, geodetic (GPS), and seismological data on the Sumatra earthquake area shows that these two mechanisms also act in the Indonesian part of the Alpine-Himalayan mobile belt. However, the Sumatra earthquake itself is a result of an independent (unrelated to plate tectonics) process in the mobile belt rather than the convergence of adjacent lithospheric plates.

The paper discusses the results of complex geological and geophysical studies of the deep structure of the seabed along the profiles “Magadan – Southern Kurils” (2-DV-M), “Shantar Islands – Northern Kurils” (1-OM) and “Cape Billings – Outer Continental Shelf Limits” (5-AR), carried out in 2006–2009 within the framework of the State program of expeditionary works on substantiation of national sovereignty over the continental shelf in the Sea of Okhotsk and East Siberian Sea. The main executors were the staff of the V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of FEB RAS and Federal State Unitary Scientific and Production Company (FSUSPC) Sevmorgeo. A special role was assigned to gas-geochemical studies with the purpose to establish regional background and anomalous gas fields to assess prospects for oil, gas and gas hydrates. As a result of complex geological and geophysical expeditions led by A.A. Merezhko (Sevmorgeo) in the Sea of Okhotsk, it was established that the enclave outside the 200-mile zone in the central part of the water area does not differ in geological structure from the adjacent parts and is a natural continuation of the framing geological structures of the basement. The evidence obtained was sufficient to successfully justify the application to the UN. On March 11, 2014, after careful consideration of the application and draft recommendations, the enclave of international waters in the Sea of Okhotsk was legally assigned to the Russian Federation. Studies in the East Siberian Sea have provided a huge amount of data on lithology, geochemistry and gas potential of bottom sediments in this area.

Rheological gravity models displaying deep structure of the crust and upper mantle of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt are analyzed and correlated with the composition and age of volcanic events. Volcanic eruptions are established to be spatially connected to areas of minimum density contrast within the astenosphere and (or) sub-crustal layer. Viscous or partially melted magmas, the source of volcanic eruptions, tend to accumulate in these zones. There are signs of magma rising to the surface due to the movement of rigid plates in the subduction zone between the Sea of Okhotsk and Pacific lithospheric plates. Heterogeneity of the structure and composition of the volcanic belt along strike is determined by the structure and composition of the tectonic complexes beneath the belt. On the strength of all the evidence, the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt is a volcanic rift similar in structure and evolution to the East African Rift.

Summary This paper presents the major steps of a new integrated Reservoir Management Plan (iRMP) for the Piltun-Astokhskoye (PA) oil and gas condensate field, located offshore in the Sea of Okhotsk, off the North-Eastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russian Federation (RF). This recaps background information about the previous RMPs which were prepared separately for the Astokh and Piltun Areas, the main challenges, outcomes and perspectives. The new iRMP-PA 2019 elaborates multiple field development scenarios implying large capital expenditures. The main purpose of this is in establishing a sustainable Field Development Plan (FDP) with considering the acquired experience and maximising the hydrocarbon ultimate recovery and the profit both for the Russian State and for the Company. The delivery of the iRMP-PA 2019 project allowed the Company to actualise its portfolio of geological and recoverable reserves in the RF State Reserves Balance. The new FDP with an optimised drilling sequence, long-term forecasts, reservoir data acquisition and pilot production programme has been reviewed and endorsed by the RF Central Development Commission. This will help extend the field life through maturation of contingent resources and through optimising the reservoir management strategy for all the assets.

In Precise Point Positioning (PPP), the coordinates estimated at the epoch of the survey are referenced to the materialization of the global reference system used in the orbits of the satellites, currently IGb14 (epoch of observation). However, regional geodetic systems are officialized and adopted in different countries, such as in Brazil, which adopts SIRGAS2000 (epoch 2000.4). One way of dealing with these differences is to use the Helmert transformation in conjunction with a velocity model (which also has a reference system) to make both the reference and the epoch compatible. This work aims to evaluate the performance of the VEMOS2009 and VEMOS2017 models in the application of the coordinate update procedure for high precision GNSS positioning, considering or not the compatibility of the reference velocities obtained. It was used GNSS data in the RINEX format from 175 RBMC stations processed with the IBGE-PPP online service. In view of the results found, it was possible to verify that the compatibility of the velocities reference proved to be effective for the process of updating the coordinates obtained in the IBGE-PPP. Of the 1513 coordinates obtained with each of the four velocities, VEMOS2009-CCR presented 62.92% of the smallest discrepancies, followed by VEMOS2017-CCR with 29.54%, VEMOS2009-SCR with 7.21% and VEMOS2017-SCR with 0, 33%. Regarding the decrease in discrepancies after the compatibility of the velocities reference, it was found that, for VEMOS2009, 85.86% of the coordinates presented a smaller discrepancy after the update. For VEMOS2017, this decrease occurred in 98.61% of the coordinates.

Within the work being carried out at Heidelberg on the establishment of the new fundamental reference coordinate system, the FK5, the determination of the location of celestial equator and the equinox form an important part. The plane of the celestial equator defined by the axis of rotation of the Earth and the plane of the ecliptic defined by the motion of the Earth about the Sun are both in motion due to various causes. The intersection of the equator and the ecliptic, the dynamical equinox, is therefore in motion. Great efforts have been made in the past to determine the location and motion of the dynamical equinox by means of observations of Sun, Moon and planets in such a manner that the dynamical equinox can serve as the origin of the right ascension system of a fundamental catalogue. The results have not been satisfactory, and we have some important evidence that the catalogue equinox of the FK4 is not identical with the “dynamical equinox”. Moreover, is has turned out that the difference α(DYN) - α(FK4) = E(T) depends on the epoch of observation T. Duncombe et al. (1974) have drawn attention to the possible confusion between the catalogue equinox and dynamical equinox; they mention the difference between two Earth longitude systems, one established by the SAO using star positions on the FK4 and the other one established by the JPL using planetary positions measured from the dynamical equinox. This is undoubtedly one legitimate explanation of the difference, even if other sources of errors may also have contributed.

INTRODUCTION.Based on the study of the international law, doctrine and practice of states, the article analyzes the content of the institution of the historical rights of the state to the sea areas, its correlation with the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as the legal status of the Sea of Okhotsk and the possibility of its adjustment in in the context of a possible statement by Russia that it has historical rights to its water area. MATERIALS AND METHODS.The issues raised in the article are structurally divided into three main groups. The first one is related to the study of the rea­sons for the emergence of the institution of historical rights of states to maritime areas in the international law of the sea, as well as its correlation with the legal mechanisms for the delimitation and use of maritime spaces defined by the 1982 UN Convention. The second is devoted to studying the structure of this institution and definition of the concept and content within its framework of such key notions and categories as “historical bays”, “historical waters”, “historical legal foundations”, “historical title of the state” and some others. The third group is directly connected with the definition of the fundamental possibility and potential scope of the extension of the Russian Federation historical rights to the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk. RESEARCH RESULTS.When writing the work, the authors proceeded from the fact that despite the limited potential of Russia's possible actions to defend its his­torical title to the Sea of Okhotsk, they can not be considered unpromising in the foreseeable historical per­spective. At the same time it should be borne in mind that the way to achieve success in solving this problem should not lie in declaring its water area an inland sea or historical waters of Russia, but in legitimizing by our state a number of its exclusive historical rights in this maritime area based on Russia's vital interests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.The content of the institution of the historical rights of states to maritime spaces, as well as the new political reality, give the Government and the State Duma of the Russian Federation all the necessary grounds for raising the question of a partial change in Russia's position on the legal status of the Sea of Okhotsk and the development of a new strategy for upholding Russia's historical rights to its water area, as through the adoption of unilateral internal legal acts, and through the implementation of a consistent policy to disseminate and uphold this point of view in international relations within the framework of negotiations with foreign states and the activities of relevant international bodies and organizations.

Systematic studies of the western (Okhotsk-Korean) population of the Gray Whale, listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, have been carried out since 1997. Since the early 2000s, these studies have been of a monitoring nature and are carried out by a group of oil producing companies active on the Sakhalin shelf. To date, a large amount of information has been accumulated relating to various aspects of the life of the gray whale. Estimates of the population size of the gray whale were obtained, its size and sex composition was studied, as well as the feeding and migratory behavior of these animals off the coast of Sakhalin. Previously, we analyzed monitoring materials relating to 2001–2012. The work done was aimed at assessing the spatial contingency in the dynamics of the distribution of gray whales and their food items. A GIS project was created, with the help of which approaches to assessing the spatial correspondence of elements of the whales-benthos system were tested and implemented. The analysis showed that the most attractive for whales are vast fields lying at shallow depths with a high, relatively evenly distributed amphipod biomass. The whale feeding area is adjacent to areas where oil production platforms and elements of the hydrocarbon transport system are installed. The activities of engineering systems can have a negative impact on animals, disorient them, scare them away, disrupt communications and even lead to physical damage. Continuous acoustic monitoring data was included in a previously created GIS to assess the impact of industrial noise on whale behavior. The results obtained do not allow us to consider acoustic impact as a significant factor influencing the spatial distribution of the feeding gray whale population in the Piltun area.

The problem for the research. Today’s priorities in teaching foreign languages are the communicative organization of the educational process and taking into account schoolchildren’s intellectual capabilities. These trends define the problem of the present study: how to implement the formation of pronunciation skills based on the positions of the communicative and cognitive approach in elementary school? Methods of investigation. An experimental test of the model of methodology for the formation of pronunciation skills based on the communicative and cognitive approach in primary schools was carried out on the basis of Secondary School No. 42 and Gymnasium “Success” in Kirov, Russian Federation (20 teachers and 50 second grade pupils). The model contains interrelated target, content, process, and productive components. The criteria and levels of formation of pupils’ pronunciation skills, as well as their communicative universal educational actions are determined. G. A. Zuckerman’s method “Mitten” is used. KEYWORDS The findings of the study. At the end of the formative experiment, the average-level indicators of the formation of pupils’ pronunciation skills in the experimental group turned out to be higher than those in the control group (the success rate was 0.9 versus 0.82). The indicators of the development of younger schoolchildren’s communicative universal educational activities improved in 20 % of participants in the experimental group and in 30 % of participants in the control group. In the first case, the pupils’ average cumulative score increased by 0.4, and in the second – by 0.2 points. The use of mathematical statistics methods (calculation of the standard deviation σ) revealed that the results of verification in the experimental group are no less reliable than in the control group (the values of the standard deviation σ at different stages of control experiment range from 0.16 to 0.24). Conclusion. The theoretical justification and experimental verification of the model of methodology for the formation of pronunciation skills based on the communicative and cognitive approach in elementary school are presented. The effectiveness of this methodology for the formation of younger schoolchildren’s pronunciation skills and communicative universal educational activities was proved

This paper presents the results of experimental studies and verification of software tools for three-dimensional radiotomographic monitoring of electron concentration fields in the ionosphere over Europe. The input data comprised measurements from 100 stations (including 10 in Belarus) of the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) and navigation data from high-orbit navigation satellites in RINEX format. The developed software implements a complete data processing cycle, including primary information structuring, preliminary processing with anomalous value filtering, total electron content calculation, and three-dimensional ionosphere reconstruction. Examples of total electron content calculations over the Republic of Belarus from various ground stations (Brest, Novopolotsk, Vitebsk) are demonstrated for different time points on May 11, 2024, when Earth’s magnetosphere experienced the strongest disturbance of the current century. The results of three-dimensional radiotomographic monitoring of electron concentration fields in the ionosphere with 15-minute temporal resolution are presented, including visualization of reconstructed region cross-sections at constant latitude 50°, constant longitude 19°, and the total vertical electron content obtained by summing the reconstructed field along vertical columns. The effectiveness of the developed algorithms under strong geomagnetic disturbance conditions has been experimentally confirmed. The obtained results are suitable for ionospheric monitoring to ensure reliable radio system operation, detection of natural and artificial ionospheric anomalies, and prediction of natural phenomena based on these observations.

Welcome to the special issue dedicated to the selected extended papers of the Software Verification and Testing (SVT 2012) track held at the 27th ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (ACM SAC 2012). SVT 2012 attracted 43 submissions of which 12 papers were selected for presentation and publication in the proceedings of ACM SAC 2012. From these 12 papers, six were invited to the special issue and after several rigorous rounds of reviews (by at least three expert reviewers), five papers were accepted for inclusion in this special issue. This means that less than 12 percent of our initial submissions, after several rounds of review and revision, made their way into the special issue before you. The SVT track brings together academic researchers and industry R&D expertise to discuss new results in formal verification and testing, as well as development of technologies to improve the usability of formal methods in software engineering. The SVT track’s topics of interest include:

In the weak-field and slow-motion approximation of the General Relativity theory the relativistic theory of construction of nonrotating harmonic coordinate reference systems is developed. The general case of an isolated astronomicalN-body system is considered. The bodies are assumed to consist of a perfect fluid and to possess any number of the internal mass and current multipole moments characterizing the internal structure and own gravitational field of the bodies. The description of the coordinate reference systems and gravitational field is realized by the specific forms of the metric tensor. A metric is determined by the method of the Post-Newtonian Approximations (PNA) from the inhomogeneous Einstein equations under the harmonic coordinate condition. We have obtained two different specific forms of a metric, which are related to the inertial and quasiinertial coordinate reference systems. The metric in inertial coordinates is a near-zone solution of the Einstein equations for anN-body system. The metric in quasi-inertial coordinates is a solution of Einstein equations in the body's neighborhood, which is a world tube surrounding the body under consideration and extending up to another nearest body. The coordinate transformation between the inertial and quasiinertial reference systems is derived by a matching of both solutions in the body's neighborhood. A new method is proposed for construction of the body's proper reference system. This coordinate system has an origin which moves along a nongeodesic (in the general case) worldline of the body's center of inertia. The proper reference system is used for derivation of the Newtonian equations of translational and rotational motion of the body. The equations give us exhaustive information about the nonlinear Newtonian interaction between gravitational fields of the bodies in terms of internal mass multipole moments. Finally, the coordinate transformation between the inertial and proper reference systems is discussed in the first PNA.

Many problems, related with safety, frequently occur because Digital Instrument & Control Systems are widely used and expanding their ranges to many applications in Nuclear Power Plants. It, however, does not hold a general position to estimate an appropriate software quality. Thus, the Quality Characteristic Value, a software quality factor through each software life cycle, is suggested in this paper. The Quality Characteristic Value is obtained as following procedure: 1) Scoring Quality Characteristic Factors (especially correctness, traceability, completeness, and understandability) onto Software Verification and Validation results, 2) Deriving the diamond-shaped graphs by setting values of Factors at each axis and lining every points, and lastly 3) Measuring the area of the graph for Quality Characteristic Value. In this paper, this methodology is applied to Plant Control System. In addition, the series of quantification frameworks exhibit some good characteristics in the view of software quality factor. More than any thing else, it is believed that introduced framework may be applicable to regulatory guide, software approval procedures, due to its soundness and simple characteristics.